Symbiotic SpeciesSymbiotic Species

Matt WojickMatt Wojick

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ExamplesOfMutualism.htm

Parasitism Parasitism ParasitismParasitism: Type : Type

of symbiotic of symbiotic relationship relationship between organisms between organisms of different species of different species where the where the parasiteparasite benefits at the benefits at the expense of the expense of the hosthost. .

ExampleExample:: Brown- Brown-headed Cowbird headed Cowbird ((Molothrus aterMolothrus ater) and ) and Eastern Bluebird (Eastern Bluebird (Sialia Sialia sialissialis))

http://fatfinch.wordpress.com/2008/01/03/cowbirds/

Cowbird / BluebirdCowbird / Bluebird

ParasiteParasite HostHost

http://didyouknowf.blogspot.com/ http://thetravelingwheelchair.com/bluebirds-nesting-in-my-yard-in-middleboro/

Parasitic relationshipParasitic relationship

Forces the host bird to Forces the host bird to raise the cowbirds raise the cowbirds youngyoung

Allows cowbirds more Allows cowbirds more time to breed and less time to breed and less time spent building time spent building nests and feeding youngnests and feeding young

Cowbird chicks hatch Cowbird chicks hatch earlier and are bigger so earlier and are bigger so they end up with more they end up with more food then host’s chicksfood then host’s chicks

Can lead to Can lead to endangerment of host endangerment of host speciesspecies

http://fatfinch.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/cowbird-baby.jpg

Cowbirds lay their Cowbirds lay their eggs in nests of other eggs in nests of other species of birdsspecies of birds

Physical Characteristics – Physical Characteristics – Cowbird vs. BluebirdCowbird vs. Bluebird

– Cowbird eggs have Cowbird eggs have shorter gestation period shorter gestation period than bluebirdsthan bluebirds

– Cowbird Hatchlings are Cowbird Hatchlings are largerlarger

– Cowbird chick’s mouths Cowbird chick’s mouths are bigger with red are bigger with red coloration coloration

– Also cowbirds are louderAlso cowbirds are louder– Cowbirds lay up to 40 Cowbirds lay up to 40

eggs per season and can eggs per season and can lay almost daily through lay almost daily through the breeding season the breeding season

– Bluebirds only lay 10 Bluebirds only lay 10 eggs per yeareggs per year

http://www.allaboutbirds.org/NetCommunity/page.aspx?pid=1058

HabitatHabitat

Brown-headed Brown-headed CowbirdCowbird

Eastern Bluebird Eastern Bluebird

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Eastern_Bluebird-rangemap.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Molothus_ater_Map.svg/515px-Molothus_ater_Map.svg.png

Habitat cont.Habitat cont.

Both species prefer open grassland with Both species prefer open grassland with scattered treesscattered trees

Both live in temperate climateBoth live in temperate climate

http://wanicke09.wikis.birmingham.k12.mi.us/Migration+Glossary

Food webFood web

http://juetaofanclub.blogspot.com/2008/12/biology-homework.html

Major role of bluebird and Major role of bluebird and cowbirdcowbird

– Feed on many Feed on many insect pestsinsect pests

– Spread seeds Spread seeds from eating from eating berriesberries

http://www.flickr.com/photos/granny_to_3/3528877773/

MutualismMutualism

Mutualism: Mutualism: symbiotic symbiotic relationship relationship between two between two different species different species that interact in that interact in ways that benefit ways that benefit both of themboth of them

Example: Example: Juniper Juniper ((Juniperus Juniperus communiscommunis) and ) and Mycorrhizal FungiMycorrhizal Fungi

http://www.ktsa.com/Mycorrhizae----what-is-it-/6505797?contentRating=1

Juniper TreeJuniper Tree Mycorrhizal FungiMycorrhizal Fungi

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Mycorrhizal_root_tips_%28amanita%29.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Jeneverbes.jpg

MutualismMutualism

Symbiotic relationship - Symbiotic relationship - MutualismMutualism

Mycorrhizal Fungi Mycorrhizal Fungi attach to the roots of attach to the roots of Juniper seedlings to Juniper seedlings to get nutrition from get nutrition from plant’s rootsplant’s roots

Fungi uses hair like Fungi uses hair like extensions to improve extensions to improve juniper’s ability to get juniper’s ability to get nutrients from soilnutrients from soil

Fungi also boosts Fungi also boosts plants immune system plants immune system

http://kevingong.com/Hiking/FreelPeak.html

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics Juniper TreeJuniper Tree

– Slow growing Slow growing evergreen shrubevergreen shrub

– 5-10m tall5-10m tall– Can grow in both acid Can grow in both acid

and alkaline soilsand alkaline soils– Has small blue-green Has small blue-green

needles up to 1cm needles up to 1cm longlong

– Dioecious tree - Dioecious tree - plants are either plants are either male or female; male or female; different from most different from most treestrees

http://www.danish-schnapps-recipes.com/juniper.html

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics

Mycorrhizal FungiMycorrhizal Fungi– Heterotrophic Heterotrophic

organismorganism– tubular filaments tubular filaments

called called hyphaehyphae – the – the cellular unit of the cellular unit of the fungi fungi

– Mycorrhizal mycelia Mycorrhizal mycelia (the vegetative part (the vegetative part of a fungus) are of a fungus) are much smaller than much smaller than the smallest root = the smallest root = larger surface arealarger surface area http://lh5.ggpht.com/_6LWjP0sZ22w/

St8Avb2MyfI/AAAAAAAAGcw/-RKkRM0iUpc/s1600-h/hyphae5.jpg

HabitatHabitat

Juniper tree:Juniper tree:– Has the largest Has the largest

geographic range of geographic range of any woody plant in any woody plant in the worldthe world

– Circumboreal – Circumboreal – found throughout found throughout northern regionsnorthern regions

– Also in North Africa Also in North Africa and Mediterraneanand Mediterranean http://blass.com.au/definitions/juniper%20berries

Food webFood web

Juniper Tree:Juniper Tree:– Foliage is eaten by Foliage is eaten by

animals: red deer animals: red deer and rabbitsand rabbits

– Humans use berries Humans use berries to flavor ginto flavor gin

– Birds eat berries Birds eat berries and seedsand seeds

– The juniper berry The juniper berry miner moth also miner moth also eats the seedseats the seeds

Mycorrhizal FungiMycorrhizal Fungi– Gets nutrients from Gets nutrients from

juniper treejuniper tree

http://www.flickr.com/photos/16607532@N00/36749157

CommensalismCommensalism Commensalism:Commensalism: A A

relationship between relationship between two species that two species that benefits one species benefits one species but has no significant but has no significant effect on the othereffect on the other

Example:Example: Grey Grey Whales (Whales (Eschrichtius Eschrichtius robustus)robustus) and and Barnacle Barnacle ((Cryptolepas Cryptolepas rhachianecti)rhachianecti)

http://scienceblogs.com/shiftingbaselines/2007/09/a_whale_of_a_baseline.php

CommensalismCommensalism

Host: Grey whaleHost: Grey whale Commensal: Acorn barnacleCommensal: Acorn barnacle

http://www.ontheroadin.com/miscellasneouspictures/california_grey_whales_scammon.htm

http://score.dnr.sc.gov/species/barnacles.htm

Symbiotic relationship - Symbiotic relationship - CommensalismCommensalism

Barnacles are unable Barnacles are unable to move from place to move from place to place on their ownto place on their own

They attach They attach themselves to themselves to whales to gain whales to gain access to nutrient access to nutrient rich watersrich waters

This does not harm This does not harm or affect the whaleor affect the whale

http://bealbio.wikispaces.com/Period+2+GR+53

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics

Grey whale:Grey whale:– Baleen whaleBaleen whale– MammalMammal– 40 to 50 ft long40 to 50 ft long– Weigh 30 to 40 tons Weigh 30 to 40 tons – OmnivoresOmnivores– produce primarily produce primarily

low-frequency low-frequency sounds for long-sounds for long-distance distance communication and communication and navigationnavigation

http://www.marineecotours.com/recreation/whale-watching-victoria/whales

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics

Acorn barnacle:Acorn barnacle:– Arthropod (closely Arthropod (closely

related to crabs)related to crabs)– Traps plankton with Traps plankton with

cirri (its legs) and cirri (its legs) and draws it back into draws it back into mouth.mouth.

– Attaches to host by Attaches to host by secreting barnacle secreting barnacle cement from its cement from its basebase

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1144/1447802729_04ecb6bb1a.jpg

HabitatHabitat

Grey Whale Range: pacific ocean in Grey Whale Range: pacific ocean in northern hemisphere close to shorenorthern hemisphere close to shore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetacea_range_map_Gray_Whale.png

Food WebFood Web

Grey whale:Grey whale:– Eats 2000 pounds of Eats 2000 pounds of

food each dayfood each day– Eats small, shrimp Eats small, shrimp

like animals called like animals called amphipods, which amphipods, which feed on feed on phytoplankton and phytoplankton and zooplanktonzooplankton

Only major predator Only major predator is humans (now an is humans (now an endangered species)endangered species)

http://www.nilesbio.com/prod295.html

Food WebFood Web

Barnacles eat:Barnacles eat:– PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton– ZooplanktonZooplankton– Small BacteriaSmall Bacteria

Whelks Whelks (Gastropods) eat (Gastropods) eat barnaclesbarnacles http://www.midnightsunschool.com/Katchemak_Bay/graphics/5Giant-barnicle.jpg

Mitigations – Grey whaleMitigations – Grey whale 1840s to 1940s: 1840s to 1940s:

Whalers killed Whalers killed thousands of whales, thousands of whales, decreasing their decreasing their population from 24,000 population from 24,000 to only a few thousandto only a few thousand

They were given They were given protection in 1946protection in 1946

over the last half over the last half century their numbers century their numbers have increased to over have increased to over 20,00020,000

They are still protected They are still protected under the US Marine under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act Mammal Protection Act

http://brighteststars.wordpress.com/2008/03/09/stop-norwegian-whaling-pt2/

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<http://www.the-crankshaft.info/2010/11/barnacles-marine-mammals.html>. <http://www.the-crankshaft.info/2010/11/barnacles-marine-mammals.html>. "The Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi." "The Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi." Clean Air Gardening Supply, Reel Mowers, Composters, Clean Air Gardening Supply, Reel Mowers, Composters,

Garden ToolsGarden Tools. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.cleanairgardening.com/mycorrhizal.html>. . Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.cleanairgardening.com/mycorrhizal.html>. "Cowbirds vs. Songbirds." "Cowbirds vs. Songbirds." NCWC: Faculty PagesNCWC: Faculty Pages. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Web. 22 Nov. 2010.

<http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mbrooks/pif/Fact Sheets/Cowbirds.htm>. <http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mbrooks/pif/Fact Sheets/Cowbirds.htm>. "Gray Whales, Gray Whale Pictures, Gray Whale Facts - National Geographic." "Gray Whales, Gray Whale Pictures, Gray Whale Facts - National Geographic."

Animals, Animal Pictures, Wild Animal Facts - National GeographicAnimals, Animal Pictures, Wild Animal Facts - National Geographic. Web. 22 . Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-Nov. 2010. <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-whale.html>. whale.html>.

Miller. “Chapter 7: Community Ecology”, Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Miller. “Chapter 7: Community Ecology”, Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism. Commensalism. Living In The EnvironmentLiving In The Environment. 15th ed. 153-155. . 15th ed. 153-155.

"Mycorrhiza." "Mycorrhiza." Australian Botany PagesAustralian Botany Pages. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/mycorrhiza.html>. <http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/mycorrhiza.html>.

"Species Profile: Juniper." "Species Profile: Juniper." Trees for LifeTrees for Life. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/tfl.juniper.html>. <http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/tfl.juniper.html>.

Truax, Samuel. ""Irresponsible" Cowbirds and the Decline of Songbirds." Truax, Samuel. ""Irresponsible" Cowbirds and the Decline of Songbirds." Prairie Fire - The Prairie Fire - The Progressive Voice of the Great PlainsProgressive Voice of the Great Plains. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.prairiefirenewspaper.com/2010/07/irresponsible-cowbirds-and-the-decline-of-<http://www.prairiefirenewspaper.com/2010/07/irresponsible-cowbirds-and-the-decline-of-songbirds>. songbirds>.

Wood, Andy. "How Do Bluebirds Protect Themselves?: Bluebirds | EHow.com." Wood, Andy. "How Do Bluebirds Protect Themselves?: Bluebirds | EHow.com." EHow | How EHow | How To Do Just About Everything! | How To Videos & ArticlesTo Do Just About Everything! | How To Videos & Articles. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.ehow.com/video_5112928_do-bluebirds-protect-themselves_.html?<http://www.ehow.com/video_5112928_do-bluebirds-protect-themselves_.html?cp=1&wa_vlsrc=continuous&pid=1&wa_vrid=46996509-f3e1-43e6-bb0b-cfce13a3d51e>. cp=1&wa_vlsrc=continuous&pid=1&wa_vrid=46996509-f3e1-43e6-bb0b-cfce13a3d51e>.