Syllabus for the Course work of Doctor of Philosophy in ... · PHY 302 Advanced Solid State Physics...

Syllabus for the Course work

of

Doctor of Philosophy in Physics

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Jnana Sangama, Belgaum −−−− 590 018

Karnataka

May −−−− 2012

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

2

INDEX

S. N. Course no. Course Title Page no.

GROUP-I: TOOLS FOR THEORY

1. PHY 101 Mathematical Physics 5

2. PHY 102 Quantum Mechanics 6

3. PHY 103 Electrodynamics 7

4. PHY 104 Classical Mechanics 8

5. PHY 105 Statistical and Thermal Physics 9

6. PHY 106 Group Theory and Tensors 10

GROUP-II: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

7. PHY 201 Advanced Mathematical Physics 11

8. PHY 202 Advanced Quantum Mechanics 12

9. PHY 203 Nanoscience and Technology 13

10. PHY 204 Atomic and Molecular Physics 14

11. PHY 205 Solid State Physics 16

12. PHY 206 Nuclear Physics 17

13. PHY 207 Electronics 18

GROUP-III: APPLIED / INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS

14. PHY 301 Materials Science 19

15. PHY 302 Advanced Solid State Physics 20

16. PHY 303 Properties of Nanomaterials 21

17. PHY 304 Polymer Science and Technology 22

18. PHY 305 Physics of Liquid Crystals 23

19. PHY 306 Ceramics and Glasses 24

20. PHY 307 Laser Physics 25

21. PHY 308 Advanced Nuclear Physics 26

22. PHY 309 Biophysics 27

23. PHY 310 Astrophysics 28


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24. PHY 311 Plasma physics 29

25. PHY 312 Composite materials 30

26. PHY 313 Advanced Semiconductor Physics 31

27. PHY 314 Gravitation and Cosmology 32

28. PHY 315 Non-linear dynamics 33

29. PHY 316 Atmospheric Science 34

30. PHY 317 Energy Physics 35

31. PHY 318 Computational techniques 37

32. PHY 319 Radiation Physics 38

33. PHY 320 Computational heat transfer and fluid flow

[09MCS23]

39

34 PHY 321 Semiconductor Physics and Technology

40

35 PHY 322 Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical

Sciences

41

36 PHY 323 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 41

37 PHY 324 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOPHYSICS &

CHEMISTRY

42

38 PHY 325 Fundamentals of solar energy and solar cells

43

GROUP-IV: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

39 PHY 401 Experimental Techniques [10MEA31] 44

40 PHY 402 Electronics and Instrumentation 44

41 PHY 403 Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials 45

42 PHY 404 Growth and characterization of thin films 47

43 PHY 405 X-ray Crystallography 48

44 PHY 406 Advances in Laser Physics and non linear optics 49

45 PHY 407 Ultrasonics 50

46 PHY 408 Optical fiber communication 51

47 PHY 409 Experimental stress analysis [10MDE14] 51

48 PHY 410 Energy storage devices [10EEM12] 51


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49 PHY 411 Antenna theory and design [10EC011, 10LDC11] 51

50 PHY 412 Theory of elasticity [10MDE13] 51

51 PHY 413 Crystal Growth and Characterization 52

52 PHY 414 Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature

Physics

52

53 PHY 415 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION 53

54 PHY 416 Solar energy devices 54


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GROUP-I: TOOLS FOR THEORY

PHY 101: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Differential equations

Ordinary differential equations: First order homogeneous and non-homogeneous

equations with variable coefficients. Second order homogeneous and non-homogeneous

equations with constant and variable coefficients.

Partial differential equations: Classifications, systems of surfaces and characteristics,

examples of hyperbolic, parabola and elliptic equations, method of direct integration,

method of separation of variables.

UNIT-2: Special differential equations

Power series method for ordinary differential equations, Legendre’s differential

equation: Legendre polynomials and their properties, Generating functions, Recurrence

Formulae, orthogonality of Legendre’s polynomial. Bessel’s differential equation: Bessel’s

polynomial - generating functions, Recurrence Formulae, orthogonal properties of Bessel’s

polynomials. Laguerre’s equation, its solution and properties. Hermite differential equation:

Hermite polynomials, generating functions, recurrence relation.

UNIT-3: Laplace transforms

Laplace transforms: Linearity property, first and second translation property of LT,

Derivatives of Laplace transforms, Laplace transform of integrals, Initial and Final value

theorems, Transform of Dirac delta function, periodic function and derivatives. Methods for

finding LT: direct and series expansion method, Method of differential equation. Inverse

Laplace transforms: Linearity property, first and second translation property, Convolution

property, Solution of linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Physical

applications.

UNIT-4: Fourier series and integrals

Fourier series definition and expansion of a function, Fourier’s theorem. Cosine and

sine series. Change of interval. Complex form of Fourier series. Fourier integral. Extension

to many variables. Fourier transform. Transform of impulse function. Constant unit step

function and periodic function. Some physical applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Mathematical Physics by P K Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Mumbai.

2. Mathematical Physics, B D Gupta, 3rd

Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2006.

3. Mathematical Physics by Satya Prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi.

4. Introduction to Mathematical Physics by C Harper, PHI.

5. Mathematical Physics, B S Rajput, 17th

Edition, Pragati Prakasam, 2004.

6. Advanced Engineering mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 7th

Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited

Publications, 1993.

7. Mathematical Methods for Physics, G Arfken, 4th edition, 1992.

8. Special Function, W W Bell, 1996.


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PHY 102: QUANTUM MECHANICS

UNIT-1

a. Physical basis of quantum mechanics: Experimental background, inadequacy of

classical physics, summary of principal experiments and inferences, Uncertainty and

complementarity. Wave packets in space and time, and their physical significance.

b. Schrodinger wave equation: Development of wave equation: One-dimensional and

extension to three dimensions inclusive of forces. Interpretation of wave function:

Statistical interpretation, normalisation, expectation value and Ehrenfest’s theorem.

Energy eigen functions: separation of wave equation, boundary and continuity

conditions.

UNIT-2: Some exactly soluble eigen value problems

One dimensional: Square well and rectangular step potentials, Rectangular barrier,

Harmonic oscillator.

Three dimensional: Particle in a box, Particle in spherically symmetric potential, Rigid

rotator, Hydrogen atom.

UNIT-3: General formalism of quantum mechanics

Hilbert space. Operators-definition and properties, eigen values and eigen vectors of an

operator; Hermitian, unitary and projection operators, commuting operators, complete set

of commuting operators. Bra and Ket notation for vectors. Representation theory: matrix

representation of an operator, change of basis. Co-ordinate and momentum representations.

The basic formalism: The fundamental postulates, expectation values and probabilities;

quantum mechanical operators, explicit representation of operators, uncertainty principle.

Matrix method solution of linear harmonic oscillator.

Quantum dynamics: Equations of motion, Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Interaction

pictures. Poisson brackets and commutator brackets.

UNIT-4

a. Approximation methods for stationery states: Time-independent perturbation theory;

non-degenerate and degenerate cases, perturbed harmonic oscillator.

The variation method: Application to ground state of Helium.

WKB method: Application to barrier penetration. Bohr-Sommerfield quantum condition.

b. Theory of scattering: Scattering cross-section, wave mechanical picture of scattering,

scattering amplitude. Born approximation. Partial wave analysis: phase shifts, scattering

amplitude in terms of phase shifts, optical theorem; exactly soluble problem- scattering

by square well potential.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Quantum Mechanics: L. I. Schiff (McGraw-Hill, 1968).

2. Quantum Mechanics: F. Schwabl (Narosa, 1995).

3. Text book of Quantum Mechanics: P. M. Mathews and K. Venkateshan (TMH, 1994).

4. Quantum Mechanics: V. K. Thankappan (Wiley Eastern, 1980).

5. Quantum Mechanics: B. K. Agarwal and Hari Prakash (Prentice-Hall, 1997).


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PHY 103: ELECTRODYNAMICS

UNIT-1: Electrostatics

Static electric charge, Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic field and Gauss law. The static

field laws in integral and differential forms. The electrostatic scalar potential, Poisson and

Laplace equations. The potential energy of charges and field energy density. The electric

potential and fields due to monopole, dipole and quadrupole. The dipole in an external field

and the dipole interaction energy. The multipolar expansion of potential and for the energy

of localised charge distribution in an external field, the physical significance of various

multipoles. The electrostatic fields in matter, polarisation, macroscopic field equations. The

electrostatic energy in dielectric media. The electrostatic boundary conditions.

UNIT-2: Magnetostatics

The steady electric current, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field and Ampere's law. The

magnetostatic field laws in integral and differential forms. The magnetic scalar and vector

potentials. Potential and field of a circular current element- magnetic dipole. The dipole in

an external field and the dipole interaction energy. The multipolar expansion for the

potential of localized current distribution, the physical significance of multipoles.

Magnetic fields in matter, magnetisation of the microscopic equations. The energy in the

magnetic field. The magnetostatic boundary conditions.

UNIT-3: Electromagnetics

The nonsteady currents and charges, Lorentz force law and Faraday's law of induction.

The displacement current. Maxwell's electromagnetic field laws in integral and differential

forms. The macroscopic equations and boundary conditions. The electromagnetic potential,

Coulomb, and Lorentz gauges. Energy in the electromagnetic field. Poynting’s theorem and

energy momentum conservation.

UNIT-4: Electromagnetic waves

The wave equation, light and its electromagnetic character. Plane Waves in free space,

waves in non conducting media and polarisation. Electromagnetic waves in conducing

media, skin depth. Electromagnetic waves in bounded media; Reflection and refraction of

waves. Energy flux in a plane wave. The retarded potentials, Lienard-Wiechart potentials

and fields for a moving point charge.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D J Griffith (Prentice-Hall, 1989).

2. Classical Electromagnetic Radiation: J B Marion (Academic, 1968).

3. Classical Electrodynamics: C D Jackson (Wiley Eastern, 1978).

4. Electromagnetics: B B Laud (Wiley Eastern, 1987).

5. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, R P Feynman et al, Narosa Publishing, 2008.

6. Classical Electricity and Magnetism: W Panofsky & M Philips (Addision Wesley, 1962).


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PHY 104: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

UNIT-1: Newtonian mechanics

Single and many particle systems - Conservation laws of linear momentum, angular

momentum and energy. Application of Newtonian mechanics: Two-body central force field

motion, Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Scattering in a central force field; Scattering

cross-section; The Rutherford scattering problem.

UNIT-2: Lagrangian formulation

Constraints in motion. Generalised co-ordinates, Virtual work and D'Alembert's

principle. Lagrangian equations of motion. Symmetry and cyclic co-ordinates. Hamilton

variational principle, Lagrangian equations of motion from variational principle. Simple

applications.

UNIT-3: Hamiltonian formalism

Hamilton's equations of motion - from Legendre transformations and the variational

principle. Simple applications. Canonical transformations. Poisson brackets - Canonical

equations of motion in Poisson bracket notation. Hamilton-Jacobi equations.

UNIT-4

a. Relativistic mechanics: Four-dimensional formulation-four-vectors, four-velocity, four-

momentum, and four-acceleration. Lorentz co-variant form of equation of motion

b. Continuum mechanics: Basic concepts, Equations of continuity and motion; Simple

applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Classical Mechanics: H Goldstein, (Addison-Wesley, 1950).

2. Introduction to Classical Mechanics: R G Takawale and P S Puranik (TMH, 1979).

3. Classical Mechanics: N C Rana and P S Joag (Tata McGraw, 1991).

4. Mechanics: Landau L D and Lifshitz E M (Addition-Wesley, 1960).


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PHY 105: STATISTICAL AND THERMAL PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Microcanonical, Canonical and Grandcanonical ensembles

Microcanonical distribution function, Two level system in microcanonical ensemble,

Gibbs paradox and correct formula for entropy, The canonical distribution function. Contact

with thermodynamics - Two level system in canonical ensemble, Partition function and free

energy of an ideal gas, Distribution of molecular velocities.

Equipartition and Virial theorems, The grand partition function, Relation between grand

canonical and canonical partition functions.

Fluctuations in canonical, grand canonical and microcanonical ensembles. The Brownian

motion and Langevin equation. Random walk, diffusion and the Einstein relation for mobility.

Fockker-Plank equation. Johnson noise and shot noise.

UNIT-2: Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions

Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions, Thermodynamic quantities, Fluctuations in

different ensembles, Bose and Fermi distributions in microcanonical ensemble - Maxwell-

Boltzmann distribution law for microstates in a classical gas - Physical interpretation of the

classical limit, Derivation of Boltzmann equation for change of states without and with

collisions, Boltzmann equation for quantum statistics, Equilibrium distribution in Boltzmann

equation.

UNIT-3: Heat Capacities, Ising Model and Phase Transitions

Heat capacities of heteronuclear diatomic gas, Heat capacities of homonuclear diatomic

gas, Heat capacities of solids; Dulong and petit law, Einstein temperature and Debye theory,

Heat capcities of metals, Heat capacitiy of Bose gas, One-dimensional Ising model and its

solution by variational method, Exact solution for one-dimensional Ising model, Bragg-

Williams approximation for Ising model - Phase transitions and criterion for phase transitions,

Classification of phase transitions by order and by symmetry, Phase diagrams for pure systems.

UNIT-4: Thermodynamics, Microstates and Macrostates

Basic postulates of thermodynamics, Fundamental relations and definition of intensive

variables, Intensive variables in the entropic formulation, Intensive variables in the entropic

formulation - Equations of state, Euler relation, densities - Gibbs-Duhem relation for entropy -

Thermodynamic potentials and extensivity properties, Maxwell relations, Energy differential

and thermodynamic potentials of systems in external magnetic field - Thermodynamic

relations, Microstates and macrostates, Ideal gas, Microstate and macrostate in classical

systems, Microstate and macrostate in quantum systems, Density of states.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. An Introductory Course of Statistical Mechanics, Palash B. Pal, Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi, 2008.

2. Elements of Statistical Mechanics, Kamal Singh & S. P. Singh, S. Chand & Company, New

Delhi, 1992.

3. Statistical Mechanics an Elementary Outline, Avijit Lahiri, University Press, Hyderabad,

2002.


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PHY 106: GROUP THEORY AND TENSORS

GROUP THEORY

Groups, subgroups, classes. Homomorphism and isomorphism. Group representation.

Reducible and irreducible representations. Character of a representation, character tables.

Construction of representations. Representations of groups and quantum mechanics. Lie

groups. The three dimensional rotation group SO(3). The special unitary groups SU(2) and

SU(3). The irreducible representations of SU(2). Representations of SO(3) from those of

SU(2) Some applications of group theory in physics.

TENSORS

Definition of tensors, tensors in physics, notation and conventions. Covariant vector,

contravarient vector, tensors of higher rank. Algebra of tensors: addition, subtraction, outer

product, inner product; contraction of tensor; symmetric and antisymmetric tensors;

Kronecker delta function; Quotient law. Fundamental tensor: length of vector, covariant

metric tensor, associate tensor, raising and lowering of indices, Orthogonality. Tensor

calculus: differentiation of tensor, Christoffel symbols, Covariant differentiation.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Matrices and Tensons in Physics by A W Joshi.

2. Introduction to mathematical physics by C Harper, PHI.

3. Mathematical Physics by Satya prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi.


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GROUP-II: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

PHY 201: ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Tensors

Definition of tensors, tensors in physics, notation and conventions. Covariant vector,

contravarient vector, tensors of higher rank. Algebra of tensors: addition, subtraction, outer

product, inner product; contraction of tensor; symmetric and antisymmetric tensors;

Kronecker delta function; Quotient law. Fundamental tensor: length of vector, covariant

metric tensor, associate tensor, raising and lowering of indices, Orthogonality. Tensor

calculus: differentiation of tensor, Christoffel symbols, Covariant differentiation.

UNIT-2: Group theory

Groups, subgroups, classes. Homomorphism and isomorphism. Group representation.

Reducible and irreducible representations. Character of a representation, character tables.

Construction of representations. Representations of groups and quantum mechanics. Lie

groups. The three dimensional rotation group SO(3). The special unitary groups SU(2) and

SU(3). The irreducible representations of SU(2). Representations of SO(3) from those of

SU(2) Some applications of group theory in physics

UNIT-3: Complex analysis

Properties of analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, singularities, Cauchy’s

residue theorem, evaluation of definite integrals.

UNIT-4: Numerical Techniques

Numerical Methods. Solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations: Bisection,

iterative and Newton-Raphson methods. Interpolation: Newton's and Lagrange's methods.

Curve fitting: Method of least squares. Differentiation: Newton’s formula. Integration:

Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules. Eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix.

Solutions of ordinary differential equations: Euler's modified method and Runge-Kutta

methods.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Matrices and Tensons in Physics by A W Joshi.

2. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis: S. S. Sastry, PHI, 1995.

3. Numerical Methods: E. Balagruswamy (TMH, 20001).

4. Mathematical physics by P K Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Mumbai.

5. Mathematical Physics, B D Gupta, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2006.

6. Introduction to Mathematical Physics by C Harper, PHI.

7. Mathematical Physics by Satya prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi.

8. Advanced Engineering mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 7th Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited

Publications, 1993.

9. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, 17th Edition, Pragati Prakasam, 2004.


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PHY 202: ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS

UNIT-1: Time-dependent phenomena

Perturbation theory for time evolution, first and second order transition amplitudes and

their physical significance. Applications of first order theory: constant perturbation, wide

and closely spaced levels-Fermi's golden rule, scattering by a potential. Harmonic

perturbation: interactions of an atom with electromagnetic radiation, dipole transitions and

selection rules; spontaneous and induced emission, Einstein A and B coefficients. Sudden

approximation.

UNIT-2

a. Identical particles and spin: Indistinguishability of identical particles. Symmetry of

wave function and spin. Bosons and Fermions. Pauli exclusion principle. Singlet and

triplet states of He atom and exchange integral Spin angular momentum, Pauli matrices.

b. Angular momentum: Definition, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, matrix representation,

orbital angular momentum. Addition of angular momenta, Clebsch-Gordon coefficients

for simple cases: j1 = ½, j2 = ½ and j1 = 1, j2 = ½ .

UNIT-3

a. Symmetry principles: Symmetry and conservation laws, symmetry and degeneracy.

Space-time symmetries, Displacement in space- conservation of linear momentum,

Displacement in time, conservation of energy, Rotation in space, conservation of angular

momentum, Space inversion,parity. Time reversal invariance.

b. Relativistic wave equations: Schrodinger’s relativistic equation: free particle,

electromagnetic potentials, separation of equations, energy level in a coulomb field.

Dirac’s relativistic equation: free particle equation, Dirac matrices, free particle

solutions, charge and current densities. Electromagnetic potentials. Dirac’s equation for

central field: spin angular momentum, approximate reduction, spin orbit energy.

Separation of the equation. The Hydrogen atom, classification of energy levels and

negative energy states.

UNIT-4: Quantization of wave fields

Classical and quantum field equations; co-ordinates of the field, classical Lagrangian

equation, functional derivative; Hamilton’s equations, quantum equations for the field;

Quantization of non-relativistic Schrodinger wave equation: classical Lagrangian and

Hamiltonian equations. Second Quantization.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Quantum Mechanics: L. I Schiff (McGraw-Hill, 1968).

2. Quantum Mechanics: F. Schwabl (Narosa, 1992).

3. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics: P.M.Mathews and K Venkateshan (TMH, 1994).

4. Quantum Mechanics: V. K. Thankappan (Wiley Eastern, 1980).

5. Quantum mechanics: B K Agarwal and Hariprakash (Prentice-Hall, 1997).


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PHY 203: NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-1

a. Introduction: Origin of Nanotechnology, Nano materials, Types of nonmaterials,

Surface area to volume ration, Quantum confinement effect, band theory of

nonmaterials. Physical and chemical properties of nonmaterials.

b. Synthesis of nanomaterials: Bottom-up approach and Top-down approach with

examples. Physical methods: Inert gas condensation, Arc Discharge, RF-plasma, plasma

arc technique, electric explosion of wires, lasers ablation, laser pyrolysis, ball milling,

molecular beam epitaxial, electro deposition. Sol-gel technique, Combustion synthesis,

ultrasonic precipitation process, chemical vapour deposition.

UNIT-2: Characterization of Nanomaterials

Structural characterization techniques: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS), X-Ray

topography, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDAX), Principles and applications of X-

Ray Diffraction: Small angle X-Ray Diffraction and Wide angle X-Ray Diffraction;

Electron Diffraction, Electro probe microanalysis (EPMA), Ion beam techniques: RBS.

Surface characterization Techniques: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission

electron microscopy, Basic principles and applications of scanning probe techniques

(SPM), Atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy.

Spectroscopic techniques: UV-Visible spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) & Fourier Transform

infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy techniques: Photo luminescence

Spectroscopy.

Electrical characterization Techniques: Hall Measurement, capacitance, and voltage

measurements, I-V analysis. Magnetic & Dielectric Characterization: SQUID, Dielectric

measurements, impedance and ferroelectric measurements.

UNIT-3

a. Carbon nanostructures: Allotropes of Carbon, Graphene, Properties of Graphene,

Applications of graphene, Fullerenes, Fullerene synthesis and purification, Properties of

fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes, Structure, Types of Carbon nanotubes, Synthesis of

Carbon nanotubes, Purification of Carbon nanotubes, Properties of Carbon nanotubes,

Applications of Carbon nanotubes.

b. Inorganic nanostructures: Overview of relevant semiconductor physics - Quantum

confinement in semiconductor nanostructures - The electronic density of states -

Fabrication techniques - Physical processes in semiconductor nanostructures - The

characterisation of semiconductor nanostructures, Applications of semiconductor

nanostructures.

UNIT-4: Nanotechnology and Society

Introduction to Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,

Nanotechnology Goals: Knowledge and scientific understanding of nature, Industrial

manufacturing, materials and products, Medicine and the human body, Sustainability:


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Agriculture, water, energy, materials and clean environment, Space exploration, National

security, Moving into the market.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Nano: The Essentials: Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotecnology, T. Pradeep, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008.

2. Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert W. Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley and Mark

Geoghegan, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005.

3. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole Jr and Frank J. Owens, Wiley

Interscience, 2003.

4. Principles of Nanotechnology by Phani kumar (Scitech Publications, Chennai).

5. Nanotechnology by Schmid etal (Spriger International edition).

6. Nanomaterials by A.K.Bandhyopadhyay (New Age International Pub. New Delhi).

7. Fundementals of Nanoelectronics by George W. Hanson (Perason education, NewDelhi).

8. MEMS & Microsystems: Design & Manufacture by Tai-Ran Hsu, (Tata Macgraw Hill,

New Delhi).

9. Concept Document “Nanoscience & Technology Initiative” of DST, GOI, New Delhi,

2002.

10. Winner, Langdon, “Societal Implications of Nanotechnology”, Testimony to - on science

of the US House of Representatives, 2003.

11. Ethics in Engineering, M. Martin & R. Schinzinger, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill.

12. Nanotechnology Regulation and Policy Worldwide (Artech House), Jeffrey H. Matsuura

2006.

PHY 204: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. One electron System: Quantum states of one electron atoms, atomic orbitals, hydrogen

spectrum. Spectra of alkali elements, spin-orbit interaction and fine structure in alkali

spectra. (Ref: 1, 6, 7)

b. Two electron Systems: LS-coupling, equivalent and non-equivalent electrons, spectral

terms, Pauli exclusion principle, coupling schemes for two electrons, interaction energies

for LS coupling, fine structure splitting for sp electron configuration, Lande interval rule.

jj-coupling– spectral terms, interaction energies for jj-coupling, fine structure splitting

for sp electron configuration. Qualitative consideration of selection and intensity rules

for LS and jj–coupling. Hyperfine structure for one and two electrons and Lande interval

rule. (Ref: 1, 6, 7)

UNIT-2

a. Weak magnetic field effects: Normal and anamolous Zeeman effect, magnetic moment

of a bound electron and Lande g-factor, magnetic interaction energy, selection rules,

Zeeman pattern for principal series doublet, intensity rules. Zeeman effect for two


15

electrons–magnetic moment of the atom and g-factors, expression for magnetic

interaction energy, selection rules, Zeeman pattern transitions for diffuse-series singlet,

intensity rules. (Ref: 1, 6, 7)

b. Strong magnetic field and Electric field effects: Paschen-Back effect, expression for

total energy shift, transitions for principal series doublet. Qualitative treatment of

Paschen–Back effect and complete Paschen- Back effect for two electrons. Isotope

structure. Stark effect–first and second order Stark effects in hydrogen. Width of spectral

lines (qualitative). (Ref: 1,6,7)

UNIT-3: Microwave and Infra-red spectra

Types of molecules- linear, symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top

molecules. Theory of rotational spectra for rigid and non-rigid rotator diatomic molecules,

energy levels, intensity of rotational lines. Microwave spectrometer and applications.

Vibrational energy of diatomic molecule as simple harmonic and anharmonic

oscillators, Morse potential energy curve, energy levels and vibrational spectra. Diatomic

molecule as a vibrating-rotator, vibration-rotation spectra-P,Q,R branches. IR- spectrometer

and applications. (Ref: 2-7)

UNIT-4: UV-Visible spectra

Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, Born-Oppenheimer approximation,

vibrational coarse structure- band progressions and sequences, Frank-Condon principle-

intensity of vibrational-electronic spectra, dissociation energy and dissociation products.

Rotational fine structure of electronic-vibration transitions, determination of vibrational and

rotational constants. Molecular orbital. Classification of electronic states and multiplet

structure, selection rules for electronic transitions and simple electronic transitions. UV-

Visible absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometers and applications. (Ref: 2-7)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra : H E White, McGraw Hill,

2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy: C N Banwell and E M McCash, Tata

McGraw Hill, 1999, 4th Edition.

3. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Vol. 1: Spectra of Diatomic Molecules:

G. Herzberg, Von Nostrand.

4. Spectroscopy, Vols. 1, 2 and 3: B P Straughan and S Walker ,Chapman and Hall

5. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy: G M Barrow, McGraw Hill.

6. Physics of Atoms and Molecules: B H Bransden and C J Joachain, Longman, 1983.

7. Spectra of Atoms and Molecules: P F Bernath, Oxford University Press 1995.


16

PHY 205: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Crystal structure: Crystal systems, Crystal classes, Bravais lattice. Unit cell: Wigner-

Seitz cell, equivalent positions in a unit cell. Notations of planes and directions. Atomic

packing: packing fraction, Co-ordination number. Examples of simple crystal structures:

NaCl, ZnS and diamond. Symmetry operations, point groups and space groups. (Ref: 1-3)

b. X-ray diffraction: X-ray diffraction, Bragg law. Laue equations. Atomic form factor

and Structure factor. Concept of reciprocal lattice and Ewald’s construction.

Experimental diffraction methods: Laue, Rotating crystal method and Powder method.

(Ref: 1-3)

UNIT-2

a. Crystal binding: Types of binding. Van der Waals-London interaction, Repulsive

interaction. Modelung constant. Born’s theory for lattice energy in ionic crystals and

comparison with experimental results. Ideas of metallic binding, Hydrogen bonded

crystals. (Ref: 1-3)

b. Lattice vibrations: Vibrations of monoatomic lattices. First Brillouin zone.

Quantization of lattice vibrations - Concept of Phonon, Phonon momentum. Specific

heat of lattice (qualitative). (Ref: 1-3)

UNIT-3

a. Energy bands in solids: Formation of energy bands. Free electron model: free electrons

in one and three dimensional potential wells, electrical conductivity, heat capacity,

paramagnetism, Fermi-Dirac distribution, density of states, concept of Fermi energy.

Kronig-Penny model. Nearly Free Electron Model (qualitative). Tight Binding model

(qualitative). (Ref: 1-3)

b. Defects in solids: Point defects: Schottky and Frenkel defects and their equilibrium

concentrations. Line defects: Dislocations, multiplication of dislocations (Frank-Read

mechanism). Plane defects: grain boundary and stacking faults. (Ref: 1-3)

UNIT-4

a. Semiconductors: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, concept of majority and

minority carriers. Statistics of electrons and holes, electrical conductivity. Hall effect.

Experimental determinations of resistivity of semiconductor by four probe method. (Ref:

1 and 4)

b. Superconductors: Superconductivity, Zero resistance,. Meissner effect, Critical field,

Classification into Type I and Type II, Thermodynamics of superconducting transition,

Electrodynamics of superconductors. (Ref: 1 and 2)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Elementary Solid State Physics: Principles and applications, M. A. Omar, Addison-

Wesley.


17

2. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern.

3. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekkar, Prentice Hall Inc.

4. Semiconductor Physics, P. S. Kireev, MIR Publishers.

5. Solid State Physics, S. O. Pillai, New Age Publisher, 2010.

PHY 206: NUCLEAR PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear constitution. The notion of nuclear radius and its

estimation from Rutherford’s scattering experiment; the coulomb potential inside the

nucleus and the mirror nuclei. The nomenclature of nuclei, and nucleon quantum

numbers. Nuclear spin and magnetic dipole moment. Nuclear electric moments and

shape of the nucleus.

b. Nuclear Forces: General features of nuclear forces. Bound state of deuteron with square

well potential, binding energy and size of deuteron. Deuteron electric and magnetic

moments - evidence for non-central nature of nuclear forces. Yukawa’s meson theory of

nuclear forces.

UNIT-2

a. Nuclear Reactions: Reaction scheme, types of reactions and conservation laws.

Reaction kinematics, threshold energy and Q-value of nuclear reaction. Energetics of

exoergic and endoergic reactions. Reaction probability and cross section. Bohr's

compound nucleus theory of nuclear reactions.

b. Nuclear Models: The shell model; Evidence for magic numbers, energy level, scheme

for nuclei with Infinite Square well potential and the ground state spins. The extreme

single particle prediction of nuclear spin and magnetic dipole moments -Schmidt limits.

The liquid drop model: Nuclear binding energy, Bethe-Weizsacker's semi empirical

mass formula; stability limits against spontaneous fission and nuclear decay.

UNIT-3

a. Nuclear Decays: Alpha decay: Quantum mechanical barrier penetration, Gammow's

theory of alpha decay and alpha half-life systematics. Beta decay: Continuous beta

spectrum, neutrino hypothesis, and Fermi’s theory of beta decay, beta comparative half-

life systematics. Gamma decay: Qualitative consideration of multipole character of

gamma radiation and systematics of mean lives for gamma multipole transitions.

b. Interaction of Radiation with Matter: Interactions of charged particles with matter,

ionisation energy loss, stopping power and range energy relations for charged particles.

Interaction of gamma rays; photoelectric, Compton and pair production processes.

Nuclear radiation detectors-G M counter and Scintillation detector.

UNIT-4

a. Nuclear Energy: Fission process, fission chain reaction, four factor formula and

controlled fission chain reactions, energetics of fission reactions, fission reactor. Fusion


18

process, energetics of fusion reactions; Controlled thermonuclear reactions; Fusion

reactor. Stellar nucleo synthesis.

b. Fundamental Interactions and Elementary Particles: Basic interactions and their

characteristic features. Elementary particles, classification; Conservation laws in

elementary particle decays. Quark model of elementary particles.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. The Atomic Nucleus: R D Evans (TMH).

2. Nuclear and Particle Physics : W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Addison Wesley, 1998).

3. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern).

4. Physics of Nuclei and Particles: P Mermier and E Sheldon (Academic Press).

5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand).

6. Nuclei and Particles: E Segre (Benjamin).

7. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya).

8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: S B Patel (Wiley Eastern).

PHY 207: ELECTRONICS

UNIT-1: Operational amplifiers

The ideal Op-Amp-inverting, non-inverting and differential amplifiers-CMRR; Op-

Amp IC building blocks-emitter coupled differential amplifier, active load, level shifting

and output stage; Op-Amp characteristics-open-loop input output characteristics, frequency

response and slew rate; Op-Amp applications-adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator,

comparator, voltage-to-current converter, current-to-voltage converter and logarithmic

amplifier.

UNIT-2

a. Digital electronics: Logic gates-Boolean algebra and De-Morgan’s theorem; Boolean

laws and theorem-Sum-of-Products and Products-of-Sums method-Karnaugh

simplifications; Multiplexers and Demultiplexers; BCD-to-Decimal decoders-Seven-

segment decoders; Decimal-to-BCD encoder; Half-adder and Full-adder circuits.

b. Flip-Flops: Types of Flip-Flops-RS Flip-Flop, Clocked RS Flip-Flop, D Flip-Flop, J-K

Flip-Flop and J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flops; Schmit Trigger; 555 Timer-Astable and

Monostable circuits.

UNIT-3: Registers and Counters

Types of Registers-Serial in-Serial out, Serial in-Parallel out, Parallel in-Serial out,

Parallel in-Parallel out Registers; Types of Counters-Ring Counters, Asynchronous and

Synchronous Counters, Shift Counters; D/A and A/D Converters.

UNIT-4: Molecular electronics

Molecular Scale Electronics, Introduction, Nanosystems, Engineering Materials At the

Molecular Level - Molecular Device Architectures, Molecular Rectification, Electronic


19

Switching and Memory Devices, Single Electronic Devices, Optical and Chemical

Switches, Nanomagnetic Systems, Nanotube Electronics, Molecular Actuation, Logic

Circuits, Computing Architectures, Quantum Computing.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Text Book of Electronics, S. Chattopadhyay, New Central Book Agency Pvt., Ltd.,

Kolkata, 2006.

2. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach, Tata McGraw-Hill,

Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1986.

3. Molecular Electronics from Principle to Practice, Michael C. Petty, John Wiley & Sons.

Ltd., 2007.

4. Electronics Principles, Malvino, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New

Delhi, 2001.

5. Electronics Principles and Applications, A.B. Bhattacharya, New Central Book Agency

Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, 2007.


20

GROUP-III: APPLIED / INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS

PHY 301: MATERIALS SCIENCE

UNIT-1

a. Engineering Materials: Materials science and engineering, Classification, Levels of

structure, Structure-property relationship in materials. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3)

b. Structure of Solids: The crystalline and Non-crystalline states, Covalent solids, Metals

and alloys, Ionic solids, The structure of silica and silicates. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3)

UNIT-2

a. Crystal growth: Crystal growth from melt: Bridgemann technique, Crystal pulling by

Czochralski’s method, Growth from solutions, Hydrothermal method, Gel method, Zone

refining method of purification. (Ref: 2 and 5)

b. Crystal imperfections: Point imperfections, Dislocation, Edge and Screw dislocation,

Concept of Burger vector and Burger circuit, Surface imperfections, Colour centres in

ionic solids. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3)

UNIT-3

Solid Phases and Phase diagrams: Single and multiphase solids, Solid solutions and

Hume-Rothery rules, Intermediate phase, The intermetallic and interstitial compounds,

Properties of alloys: solid solutions and two component alloy systems; Phase diagram,

Gibbs phase rule, Lever rule; First, second and third order phase transitions with examples;

Some typical phase diagrams: Pb-Sn and Fe-Fe2O3; Eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and

peritectoid systems. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3).

UNIT-4

a. Phase transformation: Time scale for phase changes; Nucleation and growth,

nucleation kinetics; Growth and overall transformation kinetics, Applications:

transformation in steel; Precipitation processes, solidification and crystallization; Glass

transition, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3)

b. Diffusion in Solids: Theory of diffusion, Self-diffusion, Fick’s law of diffusion,

Kirkindal effect, Activation energy for diffusion, Applications of diffusion. (Ref: 1, 2, 3)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Elements of Materials science and Engineering, L. H. Van Vlack, Addison Wesley (6th

edition, 1989).

2. Materials Science and Engineering, V. Raghvan, Printice Hall of India, 5th edition, 2009.

3. Materials Science and Processes, S. K. Hazra Chaudary, Indian Distr Co. (1977).

4. Introduction to Solids, L. V. Azaroff, Tata McGraw Hill education Pvt. Ltd., 1984.

5. Crystal Growth, B. R. Pamplin, Pergamon Press.


21

PHY 302: ADVANCED SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Transport properties of metals: Boltzman equation, Electrical conductivity,

Calculation of relaxation time. Impurity scattering, Ideal resistance. General transport

coefficients, Thermal conductivity, Thermoelectric effects, Lattice conduction, Phonon

drag. (Ref: 1 and 2)

b. Transport properties of semiconductors: Thermal conductivity. Thermoelectric and

magnetic effects. Hot electron and energy relaxation times. High frequency conductivity.

Acoustic (deformation and piezoelectric) and optical (polar and non polar) scattering by

electrons. (Ref: 1)

UNIT-2

a. Dielectric properties of solids: Macroscopic description of static dielectric constant,

Electronic, ionic and orientational polarisation, Lorentz field, Dielectric constant of

solids, complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses. Theory of electronic

polarisation and optical absorption. (Ref: 2 & 3)

b. Ferroelectricity: General properties, Classification, Dipole theory and its drawbacks,

Thermodynamics of ferroelectric transitions, Ferroelectric domains. (Ref: 2 & 3)

UNIT-3: Magnetic properties of solids

Classification, Langevin theory of diamagnetism, Quantum theory of paramagnetism.

Ferromagnetism: Concept of domains, thermodynamics, thickness of Bloch wall, Molecular

field concept, Weiss theory, Heisenberg exchange interaction, Ising model, Spin waves -

dispersion relation (one dimensional case), quantization of spin waves, Concept of

magnons and thermal excitation of magnons, Bloch T3/2 law for magnetization.

Antiferromagnetism: Two sublattice model. Ferrimagnetism in the context of Iron garnets.

(Ref: 2-4)

UNIT-4: Superconductivity

Review of basic properties, classification into type I and type II. Energy gap and its

temperature dependence. Super currents and Critical currents.

London’s phenomenological equations, Penetration depth. Cooper pairs, Coherence length.

Instability of Fermi surface and cooper pairs. BCS theory and comparison with

experimental results. Ground state energy of superconductor. Quantization of magnetic

flux. Josephson effects (AC and DC) and applications.

High TC materials: Structure and properties, Some applications. (Ref: 1-3 and 5).

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Principles of the Theory of Solids, J. M. Ziman, Cambridge University Press.

2. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern.

3. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekkar, Prentice Hall Inc.

4. The Physical Principles of Solids, A. H. Morrish

5. Introduction to Superconductivity, M. Tinkham, McGraw-Hill, International Editions.


22

PHY 303: PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS

UNIT-1: Electrical and mechanical properties

Introduction, Energy Storage Basics, General Information: Electrical Energy Storage

Devices and Impact of Nanomaterials, Batteries, Capacitors - Gold Standards (State of the

Art) for Both Batteries and Capacitors - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials

- Aerogels and Structure-Directed Mesoporous and Macroporous Solids - Nanoparticles -

Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanorolls. Nanoscale Mechanics - Introduction, Mechanical

properties, Density Considered as an Example Property, The Elasticity of Nanomaterials,

Elasticity of Bulk Nanomaterials, Plastic Deformation of Nanomaterials - The Physical

Basis of Yield Strength, Crystals and Crystal Plasticity, From Crystal Plasticity to

Polycrystal Plasticity.

UNIT-2: Nanooptics

Absorption: direct and indirect bandgap transitions - Emission: photoluminescence and

Raman Scattering, Emission: Chemiluminescence and Electroluminescence, Shape

dependent optical properties, Optical absorption, Optical emission, Surface plasmon

resonance (SPR) - Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).

UNIT-3: Nanocatalysis

Introduction, nanomaterials in catalysis, metals, recent progress, nanostructured

adsorbant, metals, controlled pore size materials, pelletized nanocrystal, nanoparticles as

new chemical reagents, metals, metal oxide reactions, nanocomposite polymers, fluids, inks

and dyes, block co polymers and dendrimers, nanocrystal superlattices.

UNIT-4: Nanomagnetism

Introduction, fundamental concepts, magnetic materials, dia, para and ferromagnetism -

magnetic phenomena in ferromagnetic materials, magnetic anisotropy, magnetic domains,

hysteresis small particle magnetism, single domain particles, coercivity of single domain

particles, superparamagnetism, the coercivity of small particles - review of some issue in

nanoscale magnetism.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Nanomaterials: Mechanics and Mechanisms, K. T. Ramesh, Springer, 2009.

2. Nanoscale materials in chemistry, Kenneth J. Klabunde, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

3. Nanoscale materials in chemistry, Kenneth J. Klabunde, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

4. Nanoscopic materials; Size dependent phenomena, Emil Roduner, RSC publishing,

2006.

5. Optical properties and spectroscopy of nanomaterials, Jin Zhong Zhang, World

Scientific, 2009.

6. Nanoelectronics and nanosystems, K. Goser, P. Glösekötter and J. Dienstuhl, Springer

2008.


23

PHY 304: POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-1

a. Introduction and methods of synthesis: Macromolecular concepts, structural feature of

polymers, correlation between structure and properties of various polymerization

methods.

b. Industrial methods for polymer production & characterization techniques: Bulk,

solution, suspension and emulsion polymerization techniques, interfacial, melt and

solution polycondensation, some other miscellaneous techniques.

UNIT-2: Concepts on chemical & physical properties

Chemical bonds, polymer solubility, chemical reactivity, polymer degradations,

toxicity, diffusion and permeability, flammability, recycling, reclamation etc.

UNIT-3: Rheology of polymers

Stress and strain, types of deformation, Newtonian and non-newtonian fluid, apparent

viscosity, the power law, molecular hole concept, Weisenberg effect, melt fracture, ideal

elastic behaviour, viscoelastic behaviour, plastic stress-strain behaviour, creep, toughness,

measurement methods.

UNIT-4

a. Microstructure of polymers and order in crystalline polymers: Microstructures based

on chemical and geometrical structures, properties related to structures, crystalline and

non-crystalline polymers degree of crystallinity, factors affecting crystallinity and

crystallisability, helix structure, spherulites

b. Transition temperatures & properties of polymers: Glass transition temperature,

melting temperature, measurement methods, factors affecting transition temperatures as

well as properties, Heat distortion temperature.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Polymer Science by V. R. Gowarikar.

2. Polymer Science and Tech. of Plastics and Rubber by P. Ghosh.

3. Plastic materials and processing by A. Brent strong.

4. Introduction to polymers by Young & Lovell.


24

PHY 305: PHYSICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS

UNIT-1: Liquid crystals

Introduction, classification of liquid crystals, thermotropic liquid crystals (rod like

molecules), chirality in liquid crystals, nematic, cholestrric and smectic mesophases,

polymorphism in thermotropic liquid crystals, polymer liquid crystals and their

applications, distribution functions and order parameter, measurement of order parameters

by X-ray diffraction.

UNIT-2

a. Theories of phase transition: Nature of phase transitions and critical phenomena in

liquid crystals, Mier-Saupe theory for nematic-isotropic and nematic-smectic A

transitions, optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals, the blue phases, pressure

induced mesomorphism.

b. Continuum Theory: Continuum theory of the nematic state, liquid crystals in electric

and magnetic fields, magnetic coherence length, Freedericksz transitions, field-induced

cholesteric-nematic transition, continuum theory of smectic. A Phase, Reentrant

phenomena in liquid crystals.

UNIT-3: Ferroelectric and discotic liquid crystals

Ferroelectric liquid crystals, applications of ferroelectric liquid crystals, discotic liquid

crystals, he columnar liquid crystal, the discotic nematic phase. Lyotropic liquid crystals,

constituents of lyotropic liquid crystals, structures of lyotropic liquid crystal phases,

biological membranes.

UNIT-4: Identification of liquid crystal phases and liquid crystal technology

Identification of nematic, smectic and chiral liquid crystal phases by optical polarizing

microscopy (Visual appearance and texture), Phase identification with Differential

Scanning Calorimetry, liquid crystal display, the twisted nematic liquid crystal displays,

liquid crystal displays using polymers, applications of liquid crystals.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Liquid Crystals by S. Chandrasekhar.

2. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals by Vertogen and Jeu.

3. The Physics of Liquid Crystals by de Geenes and Prost.

4. Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals by Goodby et al.


25

PHY 306: GLASSES AND CERAMICS

UNIT-1

a. Introduction to glass: Definition, Enthalpy / Temperature diagram, Principles of glass

formation, Kinetic theories of glass formation, Determination of glass forming ability

and glass stability.

b. Glass melting: Raw material, Compositinal nomenclature, Batch calculations,

Mechanism of batch melting, Fining of melts, Homogenizing of melts.

c. Immiscibility and phase separation: Mechanism for phase separation, Immiscibility of

glass forming systems.

UNIT-2

a. Structure of glasses: Fundamental law of structural model, Elements of structural

model, elements of structural models for glasses, Structural models for different oxide

glasses.

b. Density of glasses, Thermal expansion of glasses: Measurement technique, Transport

properties of glasses, Fundamentals of diffusion, Ionic diffusion, Ionic conductivity.

c. Transport properties: Introduction to ionic conduction, Compositional effect,

Activation energy for electronic conduction, Effect of thermal history on electronic

conduction.

UNIT-3

a. Ceramic phase-equilibrium diagrams: Gibb’s phase rule, One-component phase

diagrams, Technique for determining phase-equilibrium diagrams, Two-component

system, Two-component phase diagrams, Three-component phase diagrams, Phase

composition versus temperature, The systemAl2O3-SiO2, The system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2,

Non equilibrium phase.

b. Phase transformation and glass ceramics: Theory of transformation kinetics,

Nucleation, Crystal growth, Glass-ceramic formation by controlled crystallization,

Properties of glass ceramic materials.

UNIT-4

a. Grain Growth, Sintering, and Vitrification: Recrystalization and grain growth,

Solidstate sintering, Vitrification, Sintering with a reactive liquid, Pressure sintering and

hot pressing.

b. Thermal Properties: Introduction, Heat capacity, Density and thermal expansion of

Crystal and glasses.

c. Dielectric Properties: Electrical phenomenon, Dielectric constants, of crystal and

glasses, Dielectric loss factor for crystal and glasses, Dielectric conductivity,

Polycrystalline and polyphase ceramics, Dielectric strength, Ferroelectric ceramics.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, 2nd Edition, J.E. Shelby.

2. Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd Edition, W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen and D.R. Uhlmann.


26

3. Glass Science, R. H. Doremus (Wiley, New York, 1973)

4. Glasses for Photonics, Masayuki Yamane, Yoshiyuki Asahara (Cambridge University

Press, 2000)

5. Properties, processing and applications of glass and rare earth-doped glasses for optical

fibres, Dan Hewak (INSPEC, London, 1998.)

3. Glass ceramics, P.W. Mc Millan (Academic Press, New York, 1964)

4. Fundamentals of Ceramics, M. W. Barsoum (Taylor & Francis Group, NY, 2003)

PHY 307: LASER PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Coherence: Coherence, spatial and temporal coherence, measurement of spatial and

temporal coherence, coherence time, coherence length, line width and

monochromaticity; coherence time and line width via Fourier analysis, complex degree

of coherence and fringe visibility in Young’s double hole experiment.

b. Laser rate equations: Basic structure of a Laser, theory of laser oscillations, round-trip

power gain and threshold condition. Rate equations for two, three and four level lasers;

variation of laser power around threshold, optimum output coupling.

UNIT-2

a. Optical resonators: Plane-parallel resonator, spherical resonator, confocal resonator,

unstable resonator, losses in optical resonator, quality factor Q.

b. Line broadening mechanisms and laser modes: Line shape broadening: Doppler

broadening, collision broadening, natural radiative lifetime broadening, homogeneous

and inhomogeneous broadening.

Laser modes: Longitudinal and transverse modes, experimental arrangement for mode

selection. Gain saturation, gain saturation in homogeneously and inhomogeneously

broadened lasers, hole burning.

UNIT-3

a. Single and multimode oscillations: Multimode oscillations, single-line and single-mode

oscillation, frequency pulling, Lamb dip and laser frequency stabilization; ultimate line

width of the laser (limit to monochromaticity), laser spiking in time-dependent

condition.

b. Q-switching and mode locking techniques: Q-switching, production of a giant pulse;

methods of Q-switching: Mechanical shutters, electro-optical shutters, acousto-optic Q-

switches, shutter using saturable dyes, peak-power emitted during the pulse, giant pulse

dynamics.

Mode locking: Active and passive mode locking techniques, ultrashort laser pulses,

Laser amplifiers.


27

UNIT-4: Types of Lasers

Solid state Lasers: Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass lasers. Gas Lasers: Ionic Lasers: Ar+ Laser,

Metal vapour Lasers: He-Cd laser and copper vapour laser. Molecular Laser: CO2 Laser

and its types. Liquid Lasers: Dye lasers, ring dye laser, tuning techniques. Excimer laser,

chemical laser, semiconductor laser, colour center laser, free-electron laser, X-ray laser and

gamma laser.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Optics: Ajoy Ghatak, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Co., 1994, 2nd Ed.

2. Lasers: Theory and Applications, K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak, Mc-Millan India

Ltd., 1997.

3. Optical Electronics: Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994.

4. Principles of Lasers: Orazio Svelto, Plenum Press, NY, 1986, 2nd Ed.

5. An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications: D. C. OShea, W. R. Callen and W. J.

Rhodes, Addision, Wiley Publishing Co., 1978.

6. Lasers and their Applications: M. J. Beesley, Taylor and Francis Ltd, London ,1971.

7. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics: B. B. Laud, New Age Intl. (P) Ltd. Publ, 1996, 2nd Ed.

8. Source Book on Lasers: Hecht.

PHY 308: ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Formal theory of nuclear reactions: Nuclear reactions, general formalism and cross

sections. Principle of detailed balance. Resonance reactions, Breit-Wigner formula for

l = 0, level widths and strength functions.

b. Statistical model: Statistical theory of nuclear reactions, evaporation probability and

cross sections for specific reactions. Experimental results.

c. Optical model: Optical potentials and optical model parameters. Optical model at low

energy, Kapur-Pierls dispersion formula for potential scattering and experimental results.

UNIT-2

a. Direct reactions: Transfer reactions. Theory of stripping and pickup reaction. Plane

wave Born approximation and qualitative consideration of distorted wave Born

approximation.

b. Heavy ion physics: Special features of heavy ion reactions. Qualitative treatment of

remote electromagnetic interaction-Coulomb excitations; close encounters, grazing

collisions and particle transfer. Direct and head on collision, compound nucleus and

quasi molecule formation.

UNIT-3

a. Particle detectors and accelerators: Gas filled ionisation detectors: Current mode

and pulse mode operation; proportional counter, position sensitive ionisation chamber

and multi-wire proportional counter. Semiconductor detectors: Semiconductor P-N


28

junction as a detector. Types of semiconductor detectors; surface barrier, Si(Li), Ge(Li)

and high purity germanium detectors. Pelletron accelerator.

b. Radiation protection: Dose units, estimation and measurement of dose from beta,

gamma and neutron sources. Dosimeters. Biological effects of ionising radiation.

Radiation protection, tolerance limits of exposure to radiation and late effects of

radiation. Radiation shielding.

UNIT-4

a. Neutron diffraction: Classification of neutrons in terms of energy. Bound and free atom

cross section, coherent and incoherent cross sections. Neutron diffraction from single

crystals and powders, advantages of neutron diffraction over X-ray diffraction.

Refractive index of neutrons and mirror reflection of cold neutrons. Neutron

interferometer and its application.

b. Nuclear techniques: Basic principles, instrumentation and application of positron

annihilation spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced x-ray emission

(PIXE), Rutherford back scattering (RBS).

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Kapoor and Ramamurthy.

2. Radiation Detection and Measurement: G F Knoll.

3. Measurement and detection of radiation: Nicholas Tsonlfanidis.

4. Physics of Nuclei and Particles : Marmier and Sheldon (Academic Press)

5. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics : Singru.

6. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern)

7. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya)

8. Atomic and Nuclear Physics : S N Ghoshal (S. Chand)

9. Neutron Diffraction: G F Bacon

PHY 309: BIOPHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Cell biophysics: Cell doctrine; General organisation and composition of the cells.

b. Bioenergetics: The biological energy cycle and the energy currency. Thermodynamic

concepts; Free energy of a system- Gibb’s free energy function, Chemical potential and

redox potentials. Energy conversion pathways-Kreb's cycle; respiratory chain, oxidative

phosphorylation. Photosynthesis- photosynthetic apparatus; mechanisms of energy

trapping and transfer; photophosporylation.

UNIT-2

a. Membrane biophysics: Cell membranes- structure, function and models; Transport

across membranes- passive and active processes; Chemiosmotic energy transduction-

van't Hoff equation; Ionic equilibrium-electrochemical potential; Nernst's equation; Flow

across membranes- membrane permeability.


29

b. Neurophysics: The nervous system. Synaptic transmission; information processing in

neuronal systems. Physical basis of biopotentials; Action potential; Nernst-Planck

equation. Nerve excitation and conduction; Hodgkin-Huxley model.

UNIT-3: Physiological biophysics

Physics of sensory organs- the transmission of information; Generator potentials. Visual

receptor- mechanism of image formation; Auditory receptor- mechanism of sound

perception; Mechanisms of chemical, somatic and visceral receptors. Mechanism of muscle

contractility and motility. Temporal organisation- basis of biorhythms.

UNIT-4

a. Biophysics of the immune system: The Immune system; cellular basis of immunal

responses; antibodies and antigens; Immunological memory.

b. Genetic engineering: Gene-Structure, expression and regulation; Genetic code and

genome organisation; Recombinant technology. Transgenic systems. Cybernetics-

Genetic information and the brain; neural nets.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. An introduction to biophysics, C Sybesma, Academic, 1977.

2. Biophysics, V Pattabhi and N Gautham, Narosa 2002.

3. Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age 2001.

4. Molecular biophysics: R B Setlow and E C Polland (Addition Wesley, 1962).

5. Biophysics, W Hoppe, W Lohmann, H Markl, H Ziegler (Springer Verlag, 1983).

6. Biophysics and Human Approach, I W Sherman and V G Sherman (Oxford, 1979)

7. Molecular biology of the cell, B. Alterts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raft, K. Roberts and J D

Watson (Garland, 1984).

8. Molecular Cell Biology, H Lodish, A Berk, S L Zipursky, P Matsudaira, D Baltomore

and J Darnel (Freeman, 2000).

9. Biophysical principles of structure and function: F M Snell, S Shulman, R P Spensor and

C Moos, Addition Wesley, 1965.

10. Principles of Neural science: E R Kendel and J H Schwar (Elsevier, 1982).

PHY 310: ASTROPHYSICS

UNIT-1: Spherical Astronomy

Formulas of spherical trigonometry, celestial sphere, celestial and terrestrial co-

ordinates, diurnal and rotation of the sky. Raising setting and culminations, ecliptic and

annual motion of sun, Sideral Time (ST), True Solar Time (TST). Mean Solar Time (MST),

Local Time (LT), Universal Time (UT) and Zonal time, Julian dates and heliocentric

correction.


30

UNIT-2: Telescope and detectors

Optical Telescope: Schmidt Cassegrain Telescope. Detectors for optical and infrared

region: Photomultiplier Tube (PMT), Semiconductor PIN photodiode. Charge Coupled

Devices (CCD) image sensor. Photometer head, Analog card, pulse counting

electronics,DC amplifier, V to F convertor, DC Electronic data display system.

UNIT-3: Practical Observation Techniques

Finding charts, comparison stars, single star measurements: pulse-counting

measurements, DC photometry, differential photometry. Faint stars and photometry of

astronomical sources from space. Data reduction procedure: statistic error analysis.

Techniques of observation of radio astronomy in far infrared EUV, X-ray and gamma ray

region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

UNIT-4

a. Properties and application of photometry: Photometric system: properties of UBV

system, UBV photometry, Transformation equation, other photometric systems. Basic

light curve analysis, eclipsing binaries interinsicvariable solar system objects, spoted,

stars, pulsating stars and extragalctic photometry.

b. Radio Astronomy: The radio window. Resolution and sesitivity of radio telescope

synthesis of telescopes. Thermal and non-thermal emission- synchrotron radiation.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Text book on spherical astronomy: Smart W. M, Cambride Univ. Press, 1962

2. Astronomical photometry: Henden. A. A and Kaitchuck. R. H, Willmann-Bell inc.,

Virginia 1990

3. Photoelectric photometry of variable stars: Douglas S. Hall, Russell M. Genet,

Willmann-Bell inc., Virginia.

4. Observational astronomy: Binney Scott D, Cambridge University, 1991.

PHY 311: PLASMA PHYSICS

UNIT-1

a. Plasma properties: Occurrence of plasmas in nature. Definition of plasma, Concept of

temperature, Debye shielding, Plasma parameter, Criteria for plasmas.

b. Single particle motions: Uniform E and B fields, Nonuniform B field, Nonuniform E

field, Time-varying E field, Time-varying B field, Guiding centre drifts, Adiabatic

invariants.

UNIT-2: Plasmas as fluids

Relation of plasma physics to electromagnetics, The fluid equation of motion, Fluid

drifts perpendicular to B, Fluid drifts parallel to B, Plasma approximation.


31

UNIT-3: Kinetic approach to plasma

Equations of kinetic theory, Derivation of the fluid equations, Plasma oscillations and

Landau damping, Physical derivation of Landau damping, Ion Landau damping, Kinetic

effects in a magnetic field.

UNIT-4: Waves in plasmas

Representation of waves, Plasma oscillations, Electron plasma waves, Sound waves,

Ion waves, Validity of plasma approximation, Comparison of ion and electron waves,

Electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasma. Hydromagnetc waves, Magnetosonic waves.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion: F F Chen (Plenum, 1984).

2. Principles of plasma physics: N A Krall and A W Trivelpiece (McGraw Hill, 1973).

3. Plasma physics: R A Cairns (Blackie, 1985).

4. Introduction to plasma theory: D R Nicholson (John Wiley, 1983).

5. Plasma physics for nuclear fusion: K Myamoto (MIT, 1980).

6. The theory of plasma waves: T H Stix (McGraw Hill, 1962).

7. Magnetohydrodynamics: T G Cowling (Interscience, 1957).

8. Foundations of plasma dynamics: E H Holt and R E Huskell (McMillan, 1965).

9. Plasma diagnostic techniques: R H Huddlestone and L S Leonard (Eds, Academic,

1965).

10. Methods in nonlinear plasma physics: R C Davidson (Academic, 1972).

11. MHD instabilities: G. Bateman (MIT, 1978).

12. Cosmical Magnetic fields: E N Parker (Clerendon, 1980).

PHY 312: COMPOSITE MATERIALS

UNIT-1

a. Introduction to composites: Types of composite materials – Dispersion strengthened

composites, particulate composites, concretes, laminar composites and introduction to

fiber reinforced composites.

b. Reinforcements: Types of reinforcements – Whiskers and fibers, preparation, structure

and properties of different reinforcing fibers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, polymer fibers

and alumina fibers.

UNIT-2

a. Types of composites: Fiber reinforced composites with different matrix systems,

polymer matrix (thermoset and thermoplastic) matrix composites, metal matrix

composites and ceramic matrix composites.

b. Test procedures: Test procedures for mechanical testing, physical properties, void

content for fiber reinforced composites.


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UNIT-3: Fabrication techniques

Interfaces in composites and micromechanics of composites molding processes for

reinforced composites – contact molding, vacuum bag molding, pressure bag molding,

vacuum impregnation and injection molding, transfer molding, pultrusion, filament

winding, Fabrication of Metal and Ceramic matrix composition.

UNIT-4: Properties and applications of composites

Mechanical Properties of composite, Effect of fiber volume content, orientation of

fibers & void contents on mechanical properties of composite, fracture behaviour of

composites, Thermal properties of composites. Applications of composites in different

fields.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Science and Engineering of Materials by D. R. Askeland.

2. Science of engineering materials by Manas Chandra.

3. Hand Book of composites by G. Lubin.

4. Composites Materials by K. K. Chawla.

5. An introduction to composites materials by D. Hull.

PHY 313: ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Properties of semiconductors

An overview of theory of free electron, nearly free electron and tight binding, Band

structure and effective masses of some real semiconductors, semiconductor statistics,

density of states, electron concentration, Fermi energy, Impurities, lattice vibrations,

distribution function for phonons. Electron scattering processes: An overview of first and

second order perturbation theories, Dirac delta function; Transition probability, matrix

elements due to impurity Scattering, acoustic phonon (deformation potential &

piezoelectric) and polar optical phonon scattering, screening.

UNIT-2

a. Electronic and thermal transport properties in degenerate and non-degenerate

semiconductors: Boltzmann transport equation for electrons, collision term, relaxation

time and its relation with the transition probability, Boltzmann equation solution in

relaxation time approximation mobility, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity,

thermoelectric coefficients Relaxation times : due to ionized impunity scattering,

acoustic phonon scattering, polar optical phonon scattering. Boltzmann transport

equation for phonons and its solution in the relaxation time approximation, Phonon

thermal conductivity due to boundary, phonon-phonon and impurity scattering.

b. Optical properties: Reflection and absorption, their classical theory of absorption,

electron-photon matrix element, direct transitions and absorption coefficient, joint

density of states, indirect transitions, excitonic absorption, free carrier absorption.

Polaritons, plasmons.


33

UNIT-3: Transport in magnetic fields and high electric fields

Hall effect, magneto-resistance and cyclotron resonance in relaxation time

approximation and Landau quantization, cyclotron mass High field transport: High field

mobility, hot electrons, Gunn effect, momentum loss rate and energy loss rate.

UNIT-5: Semiconductor nanostructures

Semiconductor nanostructures: Heterojunction, quantum well, quantum wire,

superlattice, electron states, energy eigen values and density of states, electron

concentration. Transport phenomena of two- dimensional election gas: Boltmann transport

equation for 2DEG and its solution in relaxation time approximation, mobility of 2DEG.

scattering rate due to acoustic phonon scattering and surface roughness scattering, quantum

Hall effect (qualitative), heterojunction lasers.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Basic semiconductor physics, C. Hamaguchi, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2005).

2. Theory of electrical transport, B. R. Nag, Pergammon Press (1972).

3. Semiconductor physics, K. Seeger, Springer-Verlag (1973).

4. Elementary solid state physics, M. A. Omar, Addison-Wesley (2001).

5. Physics of low-dimensional semiconductors, J. H. Davies, Cambridge University Press

(1998).

6. Fundamentals of carrier transport (2nd ed.), M. Lundstrom, Cambridge University Press

(2000).

7. Quantum wells, wires and dots, P. Harrison, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2000).

8. Transport in nanostructures (2nd ed.), D. K. Ferry, S. M. Goodnick and J. Bird,

Cambridge University press (2009).

PHY 314: GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY

UNIT-1: Equality of gravitational and inertial mass, the equivalence principle, clocks in

gravitational field, the global positioning system, Newtonian gravity in spacetime terms,

coordinates in curved spacetime, local inertial frames, lightcones and world lines, Vectors

in curved spacetime, three dimensional surfaces, the geodesic equation, solving geodesic

equation with symmetries and conservation laws, local inertial frames and freely falling

frames.

UNIT-2: Schwarzschild geometry, gravitational red shift, particle orbits, precession of the

perihelion, light ray orbits, the deflection and time delay of light, PPN parameters,

measurement of the PPN parameter gamma, PPN parameter beta, precession of mercury’s

perihelion.

UNIT-3: Gravitational lensing, microlensing, accretion disks in astrophysics, binary pulsars,

the Schwarzschild black hole, light cones of the Scwarzschild geometry, collapse to a black

hole, Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates, non-spherical gravitational collapse, black holes in X-


34

ray binaries, black holes in galaxy centers, quantum evaporation of black holes, Hawking

radiation.

UNIT-4: Composition of the universe, the expanding universe, mapping the universe,

evidence for homogeneity, homogeneous, isotropic spacetimes, the cosmological redshift,

matter, radiation and vacuum, evolution of the flat FRW models, big bang origin of the

universe, age and size of the universe, the Friedman equation, general solution of the

Friedman equation.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. J B Hartle: Gravity-an introduction to Einstein’s general relativity, Pearson education,

2003.

2. Wheeler, Thorn, Misner: Gravitation, Freeman, 1973.

3. J A peacock: Cosmological Physics, CUP, 1999.

4. S Weinberg: Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, 1972.

5. K D Krori: Special and general Relativity, PHI, 2010.

PHY 315: NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS

UNIT 1: Dynamical systems

An introduction, 1D Dynamical systems: Fixed points, Some canonical forms, 2D

Dynamical systems: Fixed points and stability, Bifurcation: Hopf bifurcation, Saddle, node

bifurcation, Examples from Newtonian dynamics, Simple pendulum, cubic potential,

bistable potential, conical pendulum. Anharmonic oscillator: Frequency of undamped

anharmonic oscillator, Lindstedt Poincare perturbation theory, Multiple time scale

perturbation theory, coordinate perturbation , Limit cycles, Limit Cycle in van-der pol

oscillator, Poincare Bendixon theorem, Unforced damped linear oscillator, Linear and non-

linear oscillator, van-der pol oscillator, weak nonlinear limit, strong nonlinear limit,

Parametric oscillators, Floquet theory, Mathieu equation, Forced nonlinear oscillator, Hard

Duffing oscillator, Stability analysis, superharmonic and subharmonic response.

UNIT 2: Fluid dynamics

Units of measurement, solids, liquids and gases, continuum hypothesis, Transport

phenomena, surface tension, Fluid statics, Conservation laws: Introduction, Time

derivatives of volume integrals, conservation of mass, Stream functions: Revisited and

Generalized, origin of forces in fluid, stress at a point, conservation of Momentum,

Momentum principle for a fixed volume, Angular Momentum principle for a fixed volume,

Constitutive equation for Newtonian fluid, Navier-Stokes Equation, Rotating frame,

Mechanical Energy Equation, First law of thermodynamics: Thermal Energy Equation,

Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy Production, Bernoulli Equation, Applications of

Bernoulli Equation, Boussinesq Approximation, Boundary conditions.


35

UNIT 3: Overview of mathematical techniques to solve non linear differential equations,

Homotopy perturbation method, Differential transform method, accelerating convergence

by multi stepping and Pade approximation methdos. Solution of non linear oscillator

(Duffing Oscillator) using homotopy perturbation method, Differential transform method,

Pade method, Solution of Van der Pol equation by Homotopy Perturbation method,

Differential transform method, Lorentz equation, solution by Homotopy Perturbation

method, Differential Transform Method.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Non Linear Dynamics Integrability, Chaos and Patterns, M Lakshmanan, S Rajashekar,

Springer, 2008.

2. Non Linear Dynamics Primer with application to Magnetohydradynamics, J K

Bhattacharjee, S Chakraborthy, A K Malik, Prism Books, 2011.

3. Fluid Mechanics (Fourth Edition), Pijush K Kundu, Ira M Cohen, Academic Press, 2008.

PHY 316: ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

UNIT-1: Introduction to the atmosphere

Evolution of the atmosphere, hypothesis, theory and scientific methods involved in the

atmosphere, observation of the atmosphere, different spheres of the atmosphere,

composition of the atmosphere, ozone depletion, extent of the atmosphere, thermal

structure of the atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere,

ionosphere, vertical variations in composition, temperature variation in the boundary layer

and free atmosphere, water vapour in the air, static stability, change of pressure with

altitude, weather and climate, annual mean conditions, dependence on time of the day,

seasonal dependence and variability.

UNIT-2: Atmospheric interactions

Earth-Sun relationships, earth’s motion and orientation, different seasons, solstices and

equinoxes, energy heat transfer, form of energy, temperature, heat, mechanisms of heat

transfer, conduction, convection, radiation, reflection and scattering, absorption by earth’s

surface and atmosphere, radiation emitted by the earth’s surface, heating the atmosphere,

greenhouse effect, role of clouds in heating earth, heat budget, latitudinal heat balance,

Models of the atmosphere, constant density model, isothermal model, polytropic model, US

standard atmosphere, atmospheric reduced height, geometry of atmospherics scattering,

particles in the atmosphere, dust particles, hygroscopic particles, aerosols and size

distribution.

UNIT-3: Atmospheric observations

Importance of meteorological observations, measurements of temperature, mechanical

and electrical thermometers, wet and dry bulb thermometers, maximum and minimum

thermometers, cycles of air temperature, importance of temperature measurement in the


36

atmosphere, absolute and relative humidity, hygrometers, movement of water through the

atmosphere, dew point temperature, atmospheric stability and daily weather, pressure-

barometer, wind-anemometers, horizontal and vertical distribution of pressure, surface

winds, rainfall rate-rain gauges, formation and classification of clouds, types of fog,

precipitation and its forms, air borne instruments-Radiosonde, Rawinsonde, Rocketsonde,

Ozonesonde, Pyroheliometer, Pyregeometer, weather radar, space borne instruments,

Radar applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Atmospheric Science by John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs, Academic Press,

Elsevier, 2006.

2. Atmospheric Physics: J.V. Iribrine and H.R. Cho, D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1980.

3. Radar Meteorology by Henry Sauvageot. Artech House Publishers, 1992.

4. Radar Meteorology by S Raghavan, Kulwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

5. Sun, weather and climate by J Herman and RA Goldberg, NASA , Washington, USA,

1978.

6. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward K. Tarbuk, Prentice Hall Inc.,

2007.

7. The Physics of Atmosphere by John Hougton, Cambridge University Press, 1976.

8. Basics of Atmospheric Science, A Chandrashekar, PHI Publications, 2010.

9. Atmosphere, weather and climate, K Siddhartha, Kisalaya Publications, 2007.

PHY 317: ENERGY PHYSICS

UNIT-1:

a. Sources of energy: A brief survey of various energy sources, present and future needs.

Energy conservation, replenishable and non-replenishable energy sources. Estimated

reserves of non-replenishable energy sources. Problems and viable solutions of energy

utilisation in ecological and sociological perspectives.

b. Thermodynamics of energy conversion: Principles of energy conversion and

conversion between different forms of energy. Thermodynamics of various conversion

processes and their comparison in terms of efficiencies. Heat engines and

thermodynamic cycles-Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Rankine cycles and their efficiencies;

Comparison of Carnot and other cycles.

UNIT-2: Nuclear energy

Fission chain reaction, Energy release in fission, Nature of fission fragments, Energy

distribution between fission fragments, Emission of neutrons in fission, energetics of

fission process, Bohr-Wheeler theory, Particle induced and photo-fission, Reactor

materials, Typical power reactors: Gas cooled and graphite moderated reactors, pressurised

water reactor, heavy water moderated reactor and fast breeder reactors. Biological and other

effects of nuclear radiations. Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy.


37

UNIT 3: Solar energy

a. Solar radiation: Sun as source of radiation, spectral composition, solar constant; the

basic earth-sun angles, solar time and the equation of time. Effect of earth’s atmosphere

on solar radiation, terrestrial insolation and its measurements.

b. Direct electrical conversion of solar energy: Photovoltaic effect, solar photoemissive

and photovoltaic cells. Solar cell characteristics, efficiency and spectral response.

Description and comparison of different types of solar cells, homojunction and

hetrojunction cells. Factors affecting efficiency of solar cells. Solar panels and their

performances.

c. Storage and utilisation of solar energy: Types of storage, brief description of thermal,

electrical and chemical storage. Solar production of hydrogen and solar pond. Heating

systems: Water heating systems, solar drying, space heating and solar cooler. Power

generation, solar thermal generation and tower power generation.

UNIT 4

a. Wind, Tidal, Geothermal and Ocean thermal energies: Energy in the wind.

Horizontal and vertical axis windmills. Power in waves, tidal energy and its utilisation.

Sources of geothermal energy and its utilisation: Energy in the ocean, thermal gradient

and ocean electric power generation.

b. Electrochemical energy: Fuel cells, types of reactions and efficiency of conversion.

Solid state batteries, photochemical cells, working and efficiency.

c. Bioenergy: Bioconversion and mechanism of photosynthesis, microbial and plant

photosynthesis. Biomass systems, assessment, conversion, utilisation and conservation.

Types of conversion of biomass, anaerobic conversion and biogas generation, enzymatic

conversion and liquid fuel production.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Renewable Energy: Sorenson.

2. Principles of Energy Conversion: A Culp.

3. Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand).

4. Treatise on Solar Energy: H P Garg.

5. Solar Energy Utilisation: G D Rai.

6. Fundamentals of Solar Cells: Fahrenbruch and Bube.

7. Solar Cell device Physics: Fonasn.

8. Physics of Semiconductor Devices: S M Sze.

9. Non-conventional Energy Sources: G. D. Rai


38

PHY 318: COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT-1: Programming (Fortran)

Representation of integers, reals, characters, constants and variables, arithmatic

expressions and their evaluation using rules of hierarchy. Assignment statements, Logical

constants variables and expression, control structures, sequencing alternation, arrays,

Manipulating vectors and matrices, Subroutines, I/O statements.

UNIT-2: Interpolation

Interpolation, Newton's formula for forward and backward interpolation, Divided

differences, Symmerty of divided differences, Newton's general interpolation formula,

Lagranges interpolation formula.

UNIT-3: Numerical Differentiation and Integration

Numerical integration, A general quadrature formula for equidistant ordinates,

Simpson, Weddle and Trape rules, Monte-Carlo Method.

UNIT-4

a. Roots of Equation: Approximate values of roots, Bisection Method, Regula-Falsi

Method, Newton-Raphson method. Bairstow Method. Simultaneous Linear Algebraic

Equations. Solution of Simultaneous Linear equation, Gauss elimination method, Gauss-

Jordon method, Matrix inversion.

b. Ordinary Differential Equation: Euler's method, Modified Euler's method, Runge-

Kutta Method.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Programming with Fortran-77 (Tata Mc-Grew Hill), Ram Kumar.

2. Programming with Fortran-77 (Wiley-Eastern Ltd), R S Dhaliwal.

3. Mathematical Numerical Analysis (Oxford and IBH), James Scarborough.

4. Elementary Numerical Analysis (McGraw Hill), S D Conte.

5. Numerical methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering (Prentice Hall of India),

John H Methews.

6. A Modern Approach to Programming in Fortran: R S Salaria.

7. V Rajaraman, Computer Programming in Fortran 77.

8. H M Antia, Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers.


39

PHY 319: RADIATION PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Interaction of Radiation with Matter

Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, Basic principles of production of X-rays and gamma

rays. Interaction of gamma rays and X-rays with matter, Attenuation coefficients: Mass

attenuation coefficient, Mass energy-absorption coefficient. Interaction cross-sections:

Absorption and scattering cross-sections. Interaction mechanisms: Photoelectric absorption,

Compton scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Pair production, Triplet production. Relative

predominance of individual effects. Attenuation coefficients in practical conditions:

Measurement of K and L edge and their applications in physical and biological science.

Theory and general features for charged particles – Energy loss mechanism, the Bethe-

Bloch equation, Energy loss of β-particles and Range-energy relation. (Ref. 1, 2, 3, 4)

UNIT-2: Radiation Effects and Protection

Biological effects of radiation at molecular level, acute and delayed effects, stochastic

and non-stochastic effects, Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Linear energy

transformation (LET), Dose response characteristics. Permissible dose to occupational and

non-occupational workers, maximum permissible concentration in air and water, safe

handling of radioactive materials. The ALARA, ALI and MIRD concepts, single target,

multitarget and multihit theories, Rad waste and its disposal. (Ref. 5, 6, 7, 8)

UNIT-3: Radiation Shielding

Thermal and biological shields, shielding requirement for medical, industrial and

accelerator facilities, shielding materials, radiation attenuation calculations – The point

kernal technique, radiation attenuation from a uniform plane source. The exponential point-

Kernal. Radiation attenuation from a line and plane source. Practical applications and some

simple numerical problems. (Ref. 5, 6, 7, 8)

UNIT-4

a. Radiation Detectors: Gas-filled counters - ionization chambers, proportional and Geiger

counters, Scintillators-properties of different phosphors, Semiconductor detectors:

silicon, germanium & Si(Li) detector, Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD)

Plastic detector. (Ref. 9, 10, 11)

b. Statistics for Data Analysis: Energy Peak Analysis: Measures of Centroid, Dispersion,

Full Width Half Maximum, Distribution function: Binomial distribution, polynomial

distribution, Poisson distribution, Gaussian distribution, χ2 distribution, Measurement

uncertainty: systematic errors, Random errors, counting statistics. (Ref. 1, 9, 10, 11)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Radiation detection and measurement, G F Knoll, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

2. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern).

3. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya).

4. Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand).


40

5. Nuclear Reactor Engineering, S Glasstone and A Seasonke, Reinhold, 1981.

6. Radiation Biology, A Edward Profio, Prentice Hall, 1968.

7. Radiation Theory, Alison P Casart.

8. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, F.H. Attix, Wiley VCH,

1986.

9. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Kapoor and Ramamurthy.

10. Measurement and detection of radiation: Nicholas Tsonlfanidis.

11. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics: Singru.

PHY 320: COMPUTATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW

VTU Subject Code: 09MCS23

PHY 321 Semiconductor Physics and Technology

Chap – 1: Semiconductor fundamentals – intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors – p and n type materials – electrical conductivity in intrinsic semiconductors – direct and indirect

band gap semiconductors.

Chap – 2: Charge carriers in semiconductors – Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductors – Fermi

level in n type and p type semiconductor and their dependence of temperature –

electron hole concentration at equilibrium – time dependence of carrier concentration

– compensation and space charge neutrality.

Chap – 3: Drift of carriers in electric and magnetic fields – conductivity and mobility – drift and

resistance – effects of temperature and doping on mobility – Hall Effect.

Chap – 4: Optical processes in semiconductors – Non radiative recombination processes–

radiative recombination processes – photoluminescence – band to band transition –

free to bound transition – bound to bound transition – defect related recombination

processes (Qualitative) – Electroluminescence.

Chap – 5: Carrier life time and photo conductivity – direct recombination of electrons and holes

– indirect recombination – trapping – steady state carrier generation – quasi Fermi levels.

Chap – 6: Diffusion of carriers – diffusion processes – diffusion and drift of carriers – diffusion and recombination – steady state carrier injection – diffusion length.

Chap – 7: Fabrication of p-n junctions: Thermal oxidation – diffusion – rapid thermal processing – ion implantation – chemical vapour deposition – photolithography –

etching metallization. Chap – 8: Equilibrium conditions in p-n junction: Contact potential – equilibrium Fermi levels

– space charge at a junction – qualitative description of current flow at a junction.

Ref:

1. Solid state electronics devices – Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banerjee.

2. Physics of semiconductor devices - S. M. Sze, New York, Wiley 1981


41

PHY 322 Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences Chap – 1: Systematic and random errors: Errors – uncertainties.

Chap – 2: Mean and standard deviation: Parent population – sample parameters.

Chap – 3: Distribution: Binomial distribution – Poisson distribution – Gaussian or normal error

distribution – Lorentzian distribution.

Chap – 4: Propagation of errors: General methods – Special methods.

Chap – 5: Estimates of mean and errors: Methods of least squares – instrumental uncertainties – statistical fluctuations - test of distribution.

Chap -6: Least squares fit to a straight line: Dependent and independent variables – method of

least squares – instrumental uncertainties – statistical fluctuations – estimation of

errors.

Chap – 7: Correlation probability: Linear correlation coefficient – correlation between many variables.

Chap – 8: Least squares fit to a polynomial: Analytical methods – independent parameters – matrix inversion.

Chap – 9: Multiple Regressions: Multiple linear regression – polynomials – non linear

functions.

Chap – 10: Goodness of fit: test – F test.

Chap – 11: Least squares fit to an arbitrary function: General method – searching parameters

space – parabolic extrapolation of - linearization of function – error

determination.

Chap – 12: Fitting composite curves: Area determination curves – background subtraction.

Chap -13: Data manipulation: Smoothing – interpolation and extrapolation – area integration.

Ref:

1. Data reduction and error analysis for the physical science – Philip R. Bevington, McGraw

Hill Book company.

PHY 323 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY

Chapter - 1: Solvent and Environmental Effects on Fluorescence spectra Stokes’ shifts and solvent relaxation, general and specific solvent effects, other mechnisms for

spectral shifts. Lippert equation, Derivation of Lippert equation, Applications of Lippert

equation, Specific solvent effects. Temperature effects, Additional factors that affects the

emission spectra – locally excited and internal charge transfer states, excites state intramolecular

proton transfer, effects of viscosity, probe-probe interaction and effect of solvent mixtures.

Chapter - 2: Fluorescence Quenching Introduction, quenchers of fluorescence, Theory of collidal quenching, Derivation of Stern-

Volmer equation, Interpretation of bimolecular quenching constants, theory of static quenching,

Comparision between static and dynamic quenching. Combined dynamic and static quenching

with examples. Deviation from the Stern-Volmer equantion – Quenching sphere of action.

Derivation of the quenching sphere of action, Origin of the Smoluchowski equation.

Chapter - 3: Mechanisms and Dynamics of Fluorescence Quenching Introduction, comparision of quenching and resonance energy transfer, distance dependence of

resonance energy transfer and quenching, encounter complexes nd quenching efficiency,

mechanisms of quenching: Intersystem crossing or heavy atome effect, electron exchange,

photoinduced electron transfer. Transient effects in quenching,


42

Chapter - 4: Fluorescence Sensing Optical Clinical Chemistry and spectral observable, spectral observable for fluorescence sensing,

Mechanism of sensing, sensing collisional quenching – oxygen sensing, chloride sensors, energy

transfer sensing – pH and pCO2 sensing by energy transfer, glucose sensing by energy transfer,

ion sensing by energy transfer, theory of energy transfer sensing.

Text Book:

1. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R Lakowicz, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1986

References:

2. Fundamentals of Photochemistry, Rohtagi – Mukherjee K K, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1992.

3. Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Birks J B, Wiley - Interscience, London

1970.

PHY 324 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOPHYSICS & CHEMISTRY

Chapter - 1: Introduction to photochemistry

Importance of photochemsitry, Laws of photochemistry, photochemistry and spectroscopy, thermal emission and luminescence, notations for excited states of organic molecule.

Chapter- 2:Mechanism of Absorption and Emission of Radiation Einsteins treatment of absorption and emission phenomenon, probability of induced emission,

time dependent Schrondinger wave equation, Time dependent perturbation theory, correlation

with experimental quantities, intensity of electronic transition – theoretical absorption intensity,

strength of electronic transition – oscillator strength. The rules for transitions between two

energy states – basis of selection rule, selection rule for molecular transitions, lifetime of excited

electronic states of atoms and molecules.

Chapter – 3: Photophysical processes in electronically excited molecules Types of photophysical pathways, radiationless transitions – internal conversion(IC), inter

system crossing (ISC), theory of radiationless transitions and slection rule radiationless

transitions. Fluorescence emission - phenonmenon of flurescence, Characteristics of

fluorescence emission, invariance of emission spectrum with excitation wavelength,

Fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield. Time scale molecular process in solution, Flurophores

– Intrinsic or natural flurophore, extrinsic flurophore, delayed fluorescence.

Chapter - 4: Fluorescence polarisation Definnitions of polarisation and anisotropy, Theory of polarisation, Measurement of fluorescence anisotropy – L format or single channel method, T-format or two channel method,

alignment of polarisers, eilimination of polrisation effects on fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements – magic angle polarisation conditions.


43

Text Book: 1) Fundamentals of Photochemistry, Rohtagi – Mukherjee K K, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1992.

References:

1) Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R Lakowicz, Plenum Press, NewYork,

1986. 2) Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Birks J B, Wiley - Interscience, London 1970.

PHY 325 Fundamentals of solar energy and solar cells

Unit I: Solar radiation analysis; Solar radiation measurements, data and data estimation

Solar energy and its prospects, radiation, reflectivity, transmissivity, Transmittanace-

absorption product, Conversion, structure of Sun, Solar constant, Electromagnetic energy

Spectrum: solar radiation: at the earth surface, outside the Earth’s atmosphere, solar time derived

solar angles. Measuring equipements, solar radiation data, estimation of average solar radiation

data

Unit II: storage of Solar energy and its utilization

Introduction, types of energy storages: Thermal, electrical, fuel (chemical storage), hydro

storage: solar furnace, solar pumping, Solar distillation, Solar cooking, Solar Green House, solar energy in space

Unit III: solar photovoltaics: electrical power generation

Introduction, semiconductor principles, types of Solar cells, Solar cell construction,

design of photovoltaic systems, PV technology in India.

Unit IV: Deposition of thin films: Antireflective coatings

Deposition of films using Physical methods: Thermal evaporation, Cathodic Sputtering;

Deposition of films using Chemical methods: Chemical vapour deposition, Solution deposition,

Electrodeposition, Epitaxial growth of films. Reference books:

1. Solar energy utilization –G.D.Rai, Khanna publishers (2001)

2. Photovoltaic-Robert G Seippel, Reston publishing company

3. Preparation of thin films- Joy George, Marcel & Dekker (1992)

4. Physics of thin film –L. Eckert ova. Plenum press, N.Y (1986)


44

GROUP-IV: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

PHY 401: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

VTU Subject Code: 10MEA31

PHY 402: ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-1: Analog IC s and Applications

Integrated Circuits, microelectronics technology; IC packages relevant to BJT and

MOS. Basic characteristics of operational amplifier: Offset error voltage and currents,

inverting and non-inverting amplification using closed loop concept, input and output

impedance. Adder and subtractor circuits, voltage to current convertor, current to voltage

converter, analog integration and differentiation, analog computation, logarithmic and

exponential amplifiers, comparators and voltage regulators. Waveform generators: RC-

oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, multivibrators, square and triangle wave generator,

Schmitt trigger. Digital to analog convertor, analog to digital converters. (Ref.: 1 and 2)

UNIT-2: Digital IC s and applications

Combinational digital system: Binary adders, arithmetic function, decoder-

demultiplexer, data selector, multiplexer, encoder, read only memory(ROM), PROMs and

EPROMs. Sequential circuits and systems: 1 bit memory, clocked flip-flops, S-R, J-K, T

and D-type flip-flops, shift registers, asynchronous and synchronous counters and their

applications (qualitative). Microprocessors: architecture and operation, memory,

input/output, timing instructions.(Ref.1-5)

UNIT-3: Transducers

Electrical transducer types and their selection. Resistive Transducers: Strain Gauges-

resistance wire gauge and semiconductor gauge. Thermometer, Platinum resistance and

thermistor. Inductive Transducer: Principle, variable reluctance type, differential output

transducer, linear variable differential transducer (LVDT). Piezoelectric transducer.

Photoelectric transducerss: Photomultiplier tube, Photoconductive cell, Photovoltaic cell,

semiconductor photo diode, phototransistor. Thermoelectric transducers: Resistance

temperature detector (RTD), Thermocouples. Signal conditioning: Need, methods,

instrumentation amplifier. (Ref.: 1 and 2)

UNIT-4: Physical methods of analysis

Thermal methods: Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA); Differential Scanning

Calorimetry (DSC); Thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA). Electron microscopy: Scanning

electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning

tunnelling electron microscopy (STEM). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: NMR-

principle, spectrometer, application. ESR- principle, spectrometer, applications. Vacuum

Technique: Production by rotary and diffusion pumps, measurement by Pirani and Penning

gauges. (Ref.: 1 and 2)


45

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Microelectronics: J Millman and Arvin Grabel.

2. Electronic Fundamentals and Application: J D Ryder.

3. Digital Principles and Application: Malvino and Leach.

4. Microcomputers/Microprocessors: John L lHiburn and Paul M Julich.

5. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications: Ramesh S Gaonkar.

6. Electronic Instrumentation, H. S. Kalsi, TMH, 1995.

7. Handbook of Analytical Instruments, R. S. Khandpur, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Ltd., New Delhi.

8. Instrumental method of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, 6th Edition, CBS

Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.

9. Instruments methods of Chemical analysis, Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishing

House.

PHY 403: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS

UNIT-1: Physical and chemical methods

Ball Milling, Electrodeposition - Spray Pyrolysis - Flame Pyrolysis - Inert Gas

Condensation Technique (IGCT), Thermal evaporation, Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD),

DC/RF Magnetron Sputtering - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), Sol-Gel Process, Self

assembly, Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction - Solvothermal Synthesis - Photochemical

Synthesis - Sonochemical Routes, Reverse Micelles and Micro emulsions - Combustion

Method, Template Process - Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Metal Oxide Chemical

Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)

UNIT-2: Biological synthesis and nanocomposites

Introduction - Natural Nanocomposite Materials - Biologically Synthesized

Nanoparticles, Nanostructures and Synthetic Nanocomposites - Protein-Based

Nanostructure Formation - DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation - Protein Assembly -

Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites - Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal Templating - Liquid-

Crystal Templating of Thin Films - Block-Copolymer Templating - Colloidal Templating.

Ceramic/Metal Nanocomposites - Metal Matrix Nanocomposites - Nanocomposites for

Hard Coatings, Polymer based nanocomposites, nanoscale fillers, processing of polymer

nanocomposites, Properties of polymer nanocomposites.

UNIT-3

a. Characterization methods-I: X-ray diffraction - Debye-Scherer formula, dislocation

density, micro strain, Synchrotron Radiation, Principle and Applications,Raman

Spectroscopy and its Applications, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Electron

microscopes: scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope

(TEM); atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM) - XPS,

Working Principle, Instrumentation and Applications.


46

b. Characterization methods-II: Impedance Analysis - Micro hardness - nanoindentation,

vibrating sample magnetometer, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Differential

scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer

(TG/DTA), UV, Visible Spectrophotometer - FTIR, Principle and Applications,

Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy.

UNIT-4: Lithographic methods

Introduction, Lithography, Photolithography - Phase-shifting photolithography -

Electron beam lithography - X-ray lithography - Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography -

Neutral atomic beam lithography - Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography, Soft

Lithography - Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires Other Methods for

Microfabrication.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Recent Advances in the Liquid-phase syntheses if inorganic nanoparticles, Brain

L.Cushing, Vladimir L.Kolesnichenko, Charles J. O’Connor, Chem Rev. 104 (2004)

3893-3946.

2. Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, C. N. R. Rao, P. J. Thomas and G.

U. Kulkarni, Springer (2007).

3. Nanotechnology - Enabled Sensors, Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh and Benjamin Fry,

Springer (2008).

4. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications, Guozhong Gao,

Imperial College Press (2004).

5. Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials, Royal Society of Chemistry,

Cambridge, UK (2005).

6. Nanocomposite science and technology, Pulickel M.Ajayan, Linda S.Schadler, Paul

V.Braun, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weiheim (2003).

7. Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, C. Richard Brundle, Charles A. Evans Jr.,

Shaun Wilson, Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers (1992).

8. Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology, Ed. By Nan Yao and Zhong Lin Wang,

Kluwer Academic Press (2005).

9. Nanochemistry, G. B. Sergeev, Elsevier (2006).

10. Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies, Mick Wilson, Kamali

Kannangara, Geoff Smith, Michelle Simmons, Burkhard Raguse, Overseas Press (2005).

11. Handbook of Analytical Techniques, Edited By Helmut Günzler and Alex Williams,

Wiley VCH, 2002.


47

PHY 404: GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS

UNIT-1: Growth of Thin Films

a. Physical Methods: Vacuum evaporation: Types of evaporation sources, Resistive

heating, electron beam evaporation, Two-source evaporation, Flash evaporation, Laser

ablation, Reactive evaporation, Sputtering technique.

b. Chemical Methods: Electroplating, Spray pyrolysis, chemical vapour deposition

(CVD); Sol-Gel process; Screen printing, Plasma Chemical vapour deposition (PCVD),

Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

UNIT 2

a. Thickness measurement: optical methods, interferometry, ellipsometry, spectral

reflectometry, quartz crystal microbalances.

b. Characterization: Surface analytical techniques: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

(XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)

and Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS). Imaging and optical analytic techniques:

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM),

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Optical analytical techniques: Fourier Transform

Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)-Photo Luminescence (PL).

UNIT-3

a. Transport Properties: Metallic films: Sources of resistivity in metallic conductors,

sheet resistance and temperature coefficient of resistance of thin films, Influence of

thickness on the resistivity of structurally perfect thin films, Fuchs Sondhemier theory,

Hall effect, Annealing, agglomeration and oxidation.

b. Optical Properties: Reflection and transmission at an interface, Reflection and

transmission by single film, Reflection from an absorbing films, Optical absorption,

Determination of optical constants by ellipsometry.

UNIT-4: Applications

Thin film resistors, Thin film capacitors, Thin film solar cells, Gas sensors, Transparent

conducting coatings, Thin films for superconducting devices, hard coatings,

Photolithography.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Hand book of thin film technology by L. I. Maissel and R. L. Glang, Mc Graw Hill Book

Co., 1970.

2. Thin Film Phenomena by K. L. Chopra by Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York, 1969.

3. Hand Book of Technologies for Films and Coatings by R. F. Bunshah, Noyes

publication, 1996.

4. Materials Science of Thin Films, Deposition and Structure, Milton Ohring, Academic

Press (2002).

5. Thin Film Phenomenon, K.L. Chopra, McGra-Hill (1969).


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PHY 405: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Crystal and Symmetry: Growth of single crystals, different methods, Optical properties,

ferroelectric, piezoelectric, thermal properties of crystal, Crystal system- Bravais lattices-

point group and space group, symmetry elements.

Quasicrystals: definition, preparation, symmetry orientation order in quasicrystals,

Quasi-periodic space tiling procedure.

Macromolecules: definition, examples of macromolecules or Bio-molecules-symmetry.

X-rays: Production, white radiation characteristics, radiation - absorption edge, filters -

absorption by crystals.

DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS

Direct and reciprocal lattice, Ewald’s sphere and Bragg’s law, Spacing

formula,Transformation equations, Interpretation of rotation photograph.

Scattering of X-rays by a distribution of electron, structure factor, calculation of

electron density function, Fourier synthesis, the crystal symmetry and x-ray diffraction

pattern, Friedel’s law and its break down.

Electron and neutron diffraction, comparison with X-ray diffraction, significance of

electron and neutron diffraction, characterization of quasicrystalline sample using electron

diffraction.

The Laue method, The Powder method, rotation and Weissenberg methods, The Burger

precession method.

INTENSITY DATA COLLECTION, STRUCTURE SOLUTION AND REFINEMENT

The single crystal diffractometer method, intensity data collection, corrections to

intensity data- Lorentz, polarization, spot shape and absorption effects, primary and

secondary extinction effects, absolute scaling and temperature factors.

Fourier techniques, Phase problem, Patterson function and its significance, Heavy atom

methods, Isomorphous replacement method, anomalous scattering method, direct methods.

Cyclic Fourier refinement, the difference Fourier refinement, correction for series

termination effects, temperature correction, Least squares refinement.

Derived results- bond lengths, bond angles, standard deviations in bond lengths and

angles, comparison and averaging of bond lengths and angles, least square planes, absolute

configuration and thermal motion.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Azaroff. L.V.: Introduction to Solids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.

2. Phillips. F.C. : Inroduction to Crystallography, Longmans, London, 1966.

3. Cullity. B. D.: Elements of X-ray crystallography, prentice hall, 2001.

4. Ponerger. J. J.: X-ray Crystallography, John Wiley, New York, 1942.

5. Burger. M. J.: Crystal Structure Analysis, John Wiley, New York, 1960.

6. Stout. H & Jensen. L. H.: X-ray Structure determination, McGraw Hill, London, 1973.


49

7. Duncan Mc Kie & Christins Mc Kie: Crystalline Solids, Nelson, London, 1973.

8. Azaroff. L.V. Elements of X-ray crystallography, McGraw-Hill , New York, 1968.

9. Woolfson, M. M.: X-ray Crystallography, Cambridge University Press, 1978.

10. Glusker, J. P. & True blood. K.N.: Crystal Structure Analysis, Oxford Univ. Press,

1985.

11. Bacon. G. E.: Neutron Diffraction, Oxford Univ. Press, 1962.

12. Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 6: Part A, Associate Press.

13. Ladd. M. F. C. & Palmer. R. A., Structure Determination, Plenum Press, New York &

London, 1985.

14. Janot. C, Quasicrystals, Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1992.

15. David Blow, Outline of crystallography for Biologists, Oxford University press, 2004.

PHY 406: ADVANCES IN LASER PHYSICS AND NON LINEAR OPTICS

UNIT-1: Holography

Spatial frequency filtering, review of recording and reconstruction of hologram, theory

of holography, diffuse object illumination, Fourier transform holograms, volume

holograms, thick holograms and coloured reconstructions, speckle pattern. Applications of

holography: Holographic interferometry, particle analysis, character recognition,

holographic microscope, holographic diffraction gratings, data storage by holography,

holographic memories

UNIT-2

a. Laser Raman Spectroscopy: Normal Raman effect, inverse Raman effect, stimulated

Raman effect, hyper-Raman effect, Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS),

spin-flip Raman laser.

b. Other Applications: Lasers in Chemistry, Biology, Materials Processing, Medicine and

Surgery, Meterology, Metrology, LIDAR, Laser printers, CD-players, Laser fusion,

Astronomy, Military Applications.

UNIT-3: Fiber Optics

Optical fiber communication, optical fiber, step index fiber and graded index fiber,

numerical aperture, attenuation, modes of a fiber, dispersion in optical fibers- waveguide

dispersion, material dispersion; losses in optical fiber and low loss fibers. Multiplexing and

demultiplexing. Optical power meter, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer(OTDR) and its

analysis, applications of optical fiber. Optical solitons, optical fiber communication

through solitons.

UNIT-4: Non-Linear Optics

Electro-optic effect: Pockles and Kerr effect. Harmonic generation: Second

harmonic generation, experimental set-up for second harmonic generation, third harmonic

generation. Phase matching, optical mixing, parametric generation of light, frequency up


50

and down conversion, self focusing of light, optical phase conjugation, four wave mixing,

optical stability.

Two photon processes, theory for two photon processes, experiments in two photon

processes, multiphonon processes.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Lasers:Theory and Applications: K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak. Mc-Millan India

Ltd., 1997.

2. Optical Electronics:A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press 1994.

3. Principles of Lasers : Orazio Svelto, Plenum Press, NY ,1986, 2nd Ed.

4. An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications: D.C.O’Shea, W.R.Callen and

W.J.Rhodes, Addision, Wiley Publishing Co., 1978.

5. Lasers and their Applications: M. J. Beesley, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 1971.

6. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics : B.B. Laud, New Age Intl. Publ.,1996, 2nd Ed.

7. Fiber Optics through Experiments: A. K. Ghatak and M. R. Shenoy, Viva Books , 1994.

8. An Introduction to Fiber Optics: R. Allen Shotwell, PHI, 1999.

9. Fiber Optics: Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.

10. Optical Fiber Communications: Gerd Keiser, McGraw Hill Interl., 3rd Ed.,2000.

11. Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communications: C.K.Sarkar and D.C.Sarkar, New

Age Intl., 2001.

12. Optoelectronics-An Introduction, J. Wilson and J.F.B.Hawkes, PHI,1996, 2nd Ed.

13. Nonlinear Optics: E.G.Sauter, John Wiley, NY, 1996.

14. Photonics: Elements and Devices, V.V.Rampal, Wheeler Publ., 1992.

15. Nonlinear Optics: D.L.Mills, Springer-Verlag, 1991

16. Raman Spectroscopy: D. A. Long, Mc. Graw-Hill International Book Company.

17. Fundamentals of Photonics: B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, John-Wiley, 1991.

18. Photonics: Principles and Applications, Pampal, Wheeler Publications.

PHY 407: ULTRASONICS

UNIT 1: Interaction of ultrasonic waves with solids

Basic principles and production of Ultrasonic Waves in Solids, intraction of

Ultarasonic waves in solids, formulation of Ultrasonic intraction in solids and its relation to

physical parameters. Principles of measurements of Ultrasonic Waves in solids and

determination of elastics constants and its relation to thermodynamic variables like thermal

expansion, heat capacity Grunessien's parameter.

UNIT 2: Interaction of ultrasonic waves with liquids

Properties of liquids: polar and nonpolar liquids, mixtures and solutations; liquid

mixtures: Perfect (ideal) solutions, regular solutations, electrolytic solutations and binary

mixtures.

Production and propagation of ultrasonic waves in liquids, trasducers, ultrasonic

velocity in liquids, attenuation of ultrasonic waves, relaxation effects, relaxations process,


51

relaxation time, velocity disperson, relaxation frequency, losses due to viscosity and heat

conduction, excess or anomalous absorption, molecular relaxations, thermal relaxation and

vibrational, structural relaxations, rotational, isomerism.

Ultrasonic stressing of liquid, tensile strength of liquids thermodynamics and excess

parameters. General futures of velocity data for electrolytic solutions, comparision of

velocity and compressibility data with predications based on the Debye-Huckel theory, ion-

solvent intractions, effects of chemical equilibrium on ultrasonic velocity and

compressiblity relaxations processes in electronic solutions.

UNIT 3: Experimental techniques

Methods of measurement of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic waves in

liquids: Ultrasonic velocity, pulse-echo-overlap method, mathematical analysis, McSkimint

criterion, pulse superposition method, Sing-Around system.

UNIT 4: Attenuation

Pulse-echo measurements with bonded transducers methods with buffer rods between

transducers and specimen, applications of Ultrasonics.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Ultrasonic Absorption, A B Bhatia (Dover Publications Inc., NY, 1967).

2. Liquids and their Properties, (Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1978).

3. Physical Acoustics: Principles and Method Vol.I-XIII, W P Mason (Academic Press,

NY).

4. Analytical Acoustics (Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc./ Butterworth Group, Michigan

1980).

5. Ultrafast Phenomenon, Springer-Verlag, Inc, Series.

PHY 408: OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

VTU Subject Code: 10EC / TE72

PHY 409: EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

VTU Subject Code: 10MDE14

PHY 410: ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES

VTU Subject Code: 10EEM12

PHY 411: ANTENNA THEORY AND DESIGN

VTU Subject code: 10EC011, 10LDC11

PHY 412: THEORY OF ELASTICITY

VTU Subject Code: 10MDE13


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PHY 413 Crystal Growth and Characterization

Chap – 1: Nucleation phenomenon – Homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation,

Super saturation and nucleation time, Rate of nucleation. Chap – 2: Kinetics of crystal growth – The rate determining process, diffusion, crystal surfaces,

crystal growth as a consecutive reaction, reaction steps in interfacial process., movement of steps, nucleation, effect of rate on distribution constant, constitutional

super cooling. Formation of growth facets.

Chap – 3: Crystal defects – Vacancies (point defects). Dislocations, grain boundaries, Twins,

Stacking faults.

Chap – 4: Phase equilibria and phase diagrams. Mono component systems, Binary systems,

Ideal solutions, Real solutions.

Chap – 5: Crystal growth by solid-solid equilibria – Recrystalization by annealing out strain,

Growth by sintering.

Chap – 6: Crystal growth by mono component liquid-solid equilibria – Basic principles –

Bridgeman Stockbarger method – Czochralski technique – Zone melting technique.

Chap – 7: Growth by vapour-solid equilibria – Sublimation condensation – Sputtering.

Chap – 8: Characterization – Photoluminescence spectroscopy – Infrared (IR) spectroscopy – Raman spectroscopy – Basic principles of working.

Ref: 1. The growth of single crystal – R. A. Laudise, Printice Hall Inc 1970.

2. The art and science of growing crystals – Ed by J. J. Gilman, New York 1963.

3. Bruton W. K. and N. Cabrera, Discussions Faraday Soc. 1949

4. Guggenhein H. , J. Appl Phys 1961

5. Brenner S. S., J. Appl Phys 27, 1956.

PHY 414 Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics

Chap -1: Production of low temperatures: Isentropic cooling – isenthalpic cooling – air

liquefiers – hydrogen liquefiers – helium liquefiers – helium purification. Chap – 2: Storage and transfer of liquefied gases: Dewar vessels – transfer siphons – liquid level

indicators – liquid level controllers. Chap – 3: Cooling with helium-3: Introduction – helium 3 cryostats (evaporation) – helium 3

dilution.

Chap – 4: Introduction to cryostat 4.1 Cryostats for Hall effect measurements.

4.2 Cryostats for optical and X-ray examination of materials.

Chap – 5: Heat transfers 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Conduction of heat by a gas.

5.3 Heat transfer through solids.

5.4 Heat transfer by radiation.

5.5 Other causes of heat transfer.

5.6 Heat transfer through pressed contacts.

5.7 Heat switches.

Chap – 6: Temperature control 6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Control of vapour pressure.

6.3 Control by electrical heating.


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6.4 Controlled refrigeration

6.5 Swenson’s method of control.

Chap – 7: Vacuum technology 7.1 Importance of vacuum technology in cryogenics.

7.2 Flow regimes in vacuum systems.

7.3 Conductance in vacuum systems.

7.4 Components of vacuum pumps.

7.5 Mechanical vacuum pumps.

7.6 Diffusion pumps.

7.7 Ion pumps.

7.8 Cryopumping.

Ref: 1. Experimental techniques in low temperature physics. – Guy Kendall White.

2. Cryogenic systems – II Edition – Randall F. Barron, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1985.

PHY 415 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION SECTION-A. ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY

1. Atomic spectrometry: Some general features of Atomic spectrometry, Mass spectrometers, inductively

coupled plasma mass spectrometry, spark source mass spectrometry, glow discharge mass spectrometry,

elemental surface analysis by mass spectrometry.

2. Atomic X-ray spectroscopy: Fundamental principles, instrument components, X-ray fluorescence

methods, X-ray absorption methods, X-ray diffraction methods, the electron microprobe.

SECTION-B. MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY

3. Introduction to ultraviolet/visible molecular absorption spectrometry: Measurement of transmittance

and absorbance, Beer’s law. The effect of instrumental noise on spectrometric analysis, instrumentation.

4. Applications of ultraviolet/visible molecular absorption spectrometry: The magnitude of molar

absorptivities, absorbing species, application of absorption measurement to quantitative and qualitative

analysis by absorption measurements, photometric titrations, photoacoustic spectroscopy.

5. Molecular luminescence spectrometry: Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence, instruments of

measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence. Applications and photoluminescence methods and

chemiluminescence.

6. Introduction to infrared spectrometry: Theory of infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared sources and

transducers, infrared instruments.

7. Applications of infrared spectrometry: Mid infrared absorption spectrometry, Mid infrared reflection

spectrometry, photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy,

infrared emission spectroscopy, infrared microspectrometry.

8. Raman spectroscopy: Theory of Raman spectroscopy, instrumentation, applications of Raman

spectroscopy, other type of Raman spectroscopy.

9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance, environmental

effects on NMR spectra, NMR spectrometers, Applications, proton NMR, carbon-13 NMR, Application of

NMR to other nuclei. Two dimensional Fourier Transform NMR, Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

10. Molecular spectroscopy: Molecular mass spectra, ion sources, mass spectrometers, applications of

molecular mass spectrometry, qualitative applications of mass spectrometry.

11. Surface characterization by spectroscopy and microscopy: Introduction to the study of surfaces,

spectroscopic surface methods, scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopes.

SECTION-C. Miscellaneous Methods

12. Thermal Methods: Thermo gravimetric methods (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Differential

scanning calorimetry (DSC).


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Text Books:

1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis- Douglas A Skoog, E J Joller, & T A Neiman, Harcourt Asia Pte

Ltd. Singapore, 1998. 2. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS- WILIARD H H.

Reference:

1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis-CHATWAL (GR) AND ANAND (SK)

PHY 416 Solar energy devices

Unit I: Solid state junction Solar cells

Principle of solar cells, Fabrication of CdS / Cu2S and CdS / CuInSe2 solar cells, Manufacturing costs, Environmental issues, Challenges for the future.Performance testing,

stability and efficiency consideration. Organic solar cells. Silicon solar cells- Opportunities for improvement, amorphous silicon solar cells, amorphous silicon-based materials,

Unit II: Photo electrochemical Solar Cells

Basic principle, fabrication of CdSe/Polysulphide/Pt cell, band diagram, Stability of PEC

cells.

Unit III: Dye sensitized Solar cell

Photoelectrochemical solar cell, semiconductor electrolyte interface, Basic principle and

working of Graetzel Cell i.e., dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), Derivation of the Lifetime in

DSSCs, theory of EIS, IMPS-IMVS for DSSCs, factors affecting on efficiency of DSSCs,

present DSSCs research and developments, limitations of DSSCs.

Unit IV: Polymer based and Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells

Introduction to conducting polymers, basic principle of HOMO & LUMO, bulk

heterojunction polymer: solar cell Basic working principles, device architectures, Quantisation effects in semiconductor nanostructures, optical spectroscopy of quantum wells, Basic principle

and working of quantum dot sensitized solar cells, effect of device architecture, theory of electron and light dynamic in QDSSCs.

Reference books:

1. Solar cells: Martin A. Green

2. Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells: Suresh Chandra

3. Solid State electronic Devices: B.G. Streetman

4. Nanostructured and photoelectrochemical systems for solar photon conversion:

Mary D.Archer & Arthur. J. Nozik

5. Solar cell technology and applications: A. R. Jha

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