No.S.W.O.T Analysis

Country

1 Indonesia

2 Malaysia

2 Malaysia

Strengths(S)

Indonesia memiliki Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) yang melimpah diiringi dengan kemampuan untuk mengolah dan meningkatkan kualitas SDAnya dengan cepat jika pemerintahnya menginginkan (melalui kebijakan-kebijakannya).

Karet. Indonesia masih memegang rekor penghasil karet salah satu yang terbesar di dunia, hal ini tentunya menguntungkan karena luas wilayah daratan indonesia, hampir 3/4 nya adalah hutan. Hutan lindung diperlukan untuk melindungi ekosistem yang ada di dalamnya, sehingga eksploitasi karet tetap menguntungkan tanpa menimbulkan degradasi lingkungan.

Pertambangan.Indonesia memiliki high grade mineral dalam jumlah besar. Selain itu Thermal & Coking Coal juga merupakan sumber daya mineral hasil tambang yang sangat besar kuantitasnya.

Indonesia memiliki keuntungan ekspor bahan tambang, seperti Coking Coal, High grade Coal, Gold, Silver, Zircon, dan lain sebagainya.

Malaysia diberkati dengan sumber daya alam semisal sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan. Di sektor pertanian, Malaysia adalah salah satu pengekspor terbesar karet alam dan minyak sawit, yang bersama-sama dengan damar dan kayu gelondongan, kakao, lada, nenas, dan tembakau mendominasi pertumbuhan sektor itu. Minyak sawit juga merupakan pembangkit utama perdagangan internasional Malaysia.

Malaysia memiliki area seluas 500,000 km2 untuk eksplorasi migas. 51 dari 70 producing fields di Malaysia adalah oil fields.

Gerakan Lingkungan (green movement) sangat gencar dilakukan di Malaysia dengan orientasi eco-tourism. beberapa masalah polusi di Malaysia merupakan imbas dari kebakaran hutan yang terjadi di Indonesia. Namun, Malaysia memiliki masalah tersendiri mengenai industri dan sistem pembuangan limbah, tetapi dengan komitmen dan manajemen yang kuat, masalah tersebut bisa diatasi. Jika dibandingkan negara-negara berkembang di sekitarnya, penanganan masalah lingkungan di negara ini sangat baik.

Weaknesses(W)

Masalah polusi (bersifat regional). Artinya tidak semua wilayah di Indonesia memiliki tingkat polusi yang tinggi sehingga dapat mengganggu keberlangsungan ekosistem alam. Seperti misalnya, Bali termasuk wilayah yang bersih, dibandingkan Jakarta dan Surabaya atau kota-kota industri yang sudah sangat tercemar, baik udara maupun airnya.

Air tidak dapat diminum (not potable) kecuali air dalam botol yang sudah melalui proses penyulingan. Sistem pembuangan dan pengairan di banyak kota tidak memadai.

Banyak wilayah di Indonesia yang rentan terhadap bencana alam dilihat dari lokasi geografi dan topografi. Gempa bumi, letusan gunung berapi, tsunami dan kebakaran hutan besar-besaran adalah beberapa contoh yang terjadi belakangan ini. Bencana alam tersebut mendatangkan kesulitan bagi ekosistem untuk melanjutkan perkembangbiakannya. Konsekuensinya adalah suksesi yang terjadi. Suksesi ekosistem dapat berpeluang membuat wilayah yang terkena bencana menjadi semakin subur atau sebaliknya.

Infrastruktur dan hukum yang belum kuat dalam bidang pertambangan

Sistem Pembuangan (waste management) di industri-industri Malaysia masih belum dapat dikategorikan ramah lingkunganb. Hal ini mempengaruhi SDA yang ada di sekita wilayah industri Malaysia

Jarangnya terkena bencana alam, membuat negara ini tidak siap jika menerima dampak rusaknya SDA mereka jika terkena bencana alam yang bersifat massive dan destruktif

Opportunities(O)

Investor-investor asing memperhatikan potensi SDA Indonesia. Di samping SDA yang melimpah, faktor bank, tingkat konsumen, dan infrastruktur juga mempengaruhi minat investor asing. Peluang akan semakin besar jika pemerintah semakin membuka lebar pintu investasi di segi SDA (termasuk mineral dan oil/gas).

Indonesia memiliki sumber daya geothermal / geothermal resources yang sangat banyak dan baru masih akan dimulai pengembangan / eksplorasi dan eksploitasinya. Selain berpeluang untuk investasi, hal ini juga memicu perkembangan pasar energi alternatif di dunia dan teknologinya.

Kopi. Perkebunan kopi di Indonesia termasuk salah satu potensi alam yang menjadi peluang tersendiri bagi negara ini.

Malaysia sangat jarang terkena bencana alam dan bahkan belum memiliki pengalaman pahit tentang bencana alam besar yang mampu merusak wilayah negaranya dan sumber daya alam yang ada. Hal ini merupakan keuntungan tersendiri yang dimiliki malaysia untuk terus mengembangkan sumber daya alamnya tanpa kendala yang signifikan.

Threats(T)

Illegal mining dapat menyebabkan kerusakan (degradasi) lingkungan

Illegal fishing. Ancaman terbesar bagi sumber daya laut indonesia (termasuk ikan, terumbu karang, dsb.) adalah illegal fishing. Semakin canggih teknologi penangkapan ikan akan semakin memperburuk ekosistem biota laut jika tidak diimbangi dengan regulasi yang memadai.

Produksi minyak kelapa sawit akan terus menggerus lahan hutan Indonesia. Semakin tinggi tingkat produksi minyak kelapa sawit, semakin luas pula area yang dibutuhkan untuk perkebunannya. Pemerintah bersama perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit seharusnya mencari cara pengembangan ekstensif melalui teknologi-teknologi baru sehingga tidak merusak hutan dan harga minyak kelapa sawit juga tetap stabil.

Illegal logging. Indonesia memiliki 143 juta hektar area hutan dan luas total daratan sebesar 193.6 juta hektar (1 hectare=2.47 acres). artinya hampir tiga per empat wilayah daratn Indonesia adalah hutan. Hutan di Kalimantan adalah hutan yang paling cepat habis jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah hutan lain di kawasan Asia Tenggara. hal ini membuat ancaman tersendiri bagi keberlangsungan hidup hutan dan ekosistem di dalamnya.

Sama halnya dengan Indonesia, Malaysia juga terancam kehilangan lahan hutannya semata-mata untuk keperluan pengembangan perkebunan kelapa sawit.

ancaman illegal logging masih menjadi perhatian utama bagi sumber daya kayu Malaysia, seperti halnya Indonesia

references1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RISK CONSULTANCY LTD.

Emerging Asia S.W.O.T. Report (August 2011)2345 S.W.O.T Analysis for Indonesia Coal Mining(With special reference to Central Kalimantan)–Sanjay Singh*6789

10

http://www.wikiwealth.com/swot-analysis:malaysiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2136663/malaysia_mining_report_2012.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndonesiaSource: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013Indonesia Energy Production Statistics (Source: US Energy Information Administration)Indonesia Mineral Production Statistics (Source: US Geological Survey)http://www.indexmundi.com/indonesia/natural_resources.html

S.W.O.T Analysis for Indonesia Coal Mining(With special reference to Central Kalimantan)–Sanjay Singh*

Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013

malaysia

As palm oil plantations grow in size, the total area underproduction is wiping out the indigenous forest. Environmental group protest are making it difficult to expand production, so firms have to slow their growth and discover a new, more sustainable, method to increase Palm Oil.Threats and boycotts will lead to less demand for products containing palm oil, which will hurt the price of palm oil as a commodity. …

"The fear of a pandemic spreading to a nation can have a devastating affect on the economy. Tourism is especially hurt, but many business can be affected. Malaysia reported its first of the H1N1 virus.Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.Malaysia on Thursday reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials and news reports said Thursday.The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died Thursday from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai said.The deceased suffered from an obesity problem and had an enlarged heart and liver, Liow was quoted as saying by the Star online news portal.Malaysia has recorded more than 900 swine-flu infections since reporting its first case on May 15.A virus spread can lead to economical challenges related to medical resource depletion and general fear of a pandemic."

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

Business Monitor International's Malaysia Mining Report provides industry professionals and strategists, corporate analysts, mining associations, government departments and regulatory bodies with independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Malaysia's mining industry.

Strengths:

Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. It is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, the most valuable exported resource being petroleum. [20] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin,rubber and palm oil in the world.[95] In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.Malaysia's broad and shallow continental shelf consists of several deep water prospective areas. Malaysia has 500,000 km2 available for oil and gas exploration. 51 of the 70 producing fields in Malaysia are oil fields. In January 2004, Malaysia's oil reserves were estimated to be 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3), whilenatural gas reserves stood at 87 trillion standard cubic feet (2,460 km3). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.[100]Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

Malaysia has a vibrant oil and gas industry. The national oil company, Petronas, provides about 40% of the federal budget in taxes, dividends and royalties. [136] The oil company ranked 121 in Fortune Global 500 list of companies in 2007. It also ranked 18 in the industry of the same list. [137] The company has ove up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia. [138][139] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.[141] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[142]

Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge shaped area 150 km from Kota Bharu, Kelantan and 260 km from the shores of Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.[143]

http://www.wikiwealth.com/swot-analysis:malaysiaMalaysia diberkati dengan sumber daya alam semisal sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan. Di sektor pertanian, Malaysia adalah salah satu pengekspor terbesar karet alam danminyak sawit, yang bersama-sama dengan damar dan kayu gelondongan, kakao, lada, nenas, dan tembakau mendominasi pertumbuhan sektor itu. Minyak sawit juga merupakan pembangkit utama perdagangan internasional Malaysia.Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.Pada 2004, seorang menteri di Departemen Perdana Menteri, Mustapa Mohamed, menyatakan bahwa cadangan minyak bumi Malaysia berada pada kisaran 4.84 milyar barel, sedangkan cadangan gas alam bertambah menjadi 89 triliun kaki kubik (2,500 km³). Pada 1 Januari 2007, Petronas melaporkan bahwa cadangan minyak dan gas di Malaysia berkisar pada ekuivalensi 20.18 milyar barel. [70]

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MalaysiaWe forecast that Malaysia's mining industry value will reach MYR109.3bn by 2016, an annual average growth of 1.1% from 2011's estimated MYR103.7bn. Growth will be led by the country's nascent gold mining industry, which has been attracting a number of foreign investors. Monument Mining's Selinsing gold mine is set to become the country's largest gold mine as the old Penjom mine's reserves run out.

Malaysia provides an attractive mining legislative environment for foreign investors (tax holidays, 100% foreign ownership, transparent and centralised mining license granting) and should be taken advantage of while the country is still trying to divert investment away from regional favorites, including the Philippines and Indonesia. There is the risk that these laws will change once the country is able to attract enough money.

http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2136663/malaysia_mining_report_2012.pdf

A SWOT Analysis of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Mining Industry

Large quantity of high grade mineral , Thermal & Coking Coal

Export profits from Coking Coal, High grade Coal, Gold, Silver, Zircon etc.

IUPs awarded by way of tender process for mineral and coal mining.Weakness:

No guideline and coordination on the rate of land legal authority (Kacamata) for Landacquisition for Exploration and Mining.

Poor Infrastructure & logistic facility.

Shortage of Skilled manpower (Operator, Driver, Mechanic, Engineers, Geologist).

Tough labour lawOpportunities:

Potential areas for exploration ventures include Coking Coal, Thermal Coal, gold, Silver, Lead,Iron Zircon & other rare metals.

Focusing on Mining at greater depth for better mineral and Coal conservation as currentmining practices are generally limited to depth of 70 m in Coal mine.

Processing of Low grade Coal and mineral for its up gradation in quality parameter andfurther export.

IUP made available to both domestic and foreigner investor.

No synchronisation between Regional and Central Government on legal aspect of ForestArea as revised RTRWP Kalteng Map still pending.

Law is silent on Mineral and Coal conservation and recovery % for effective economicMining Operation.

Strengthening of logistics infrastructure such as railways projects, road development, ports,river dredging project to accelerate the Coal & mineral movement round the year.

Threats:

Uncertainly on final RTRWP Map with Forest and Mining Area and further reduction inMineral resources and Economic Reserves.

Land acquisition from land owner, Plantation Company & Forest department may block theproject at any time.

Local party after getting 20 % stake put directly or indirectly start pressing for more stakefrom different sources.

Domestic market obligation by all IUP holders, while its pricing and % still remain uncertain.

Strict environmental law, purification, land acquit ion process will impact on economicConclusion:

S.W.O.T Analysis for Indonesia Coal Mining(With special reference to Central Kalimantan)–Sanjay Singh*

See Also

Exploring the possibility of Underground Mining/ CBM technology process after OpencastMining for best recovery of minerals.

After 5 year it is difficult to find suitable local party for divestment obligation up to 20 % byforeign owner.

Indonesia Government may ban on export of low grade Coal without up gradation...

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil), [97] and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[98] The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic. [102] Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [9] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance. [106] Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Definition: This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.

Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013

Indonesia Energy Production Statistics (Source: US Energy Information Administration)

Indonesia Mineral Production Statistics (Source: US Geological Survey)

http://www.indexmundi.com/indonesia/natural_resources.html

As palm oil plantations grow in size, the total area underproduction is wiping out the indigenous forest. Environmental group protest are making it difficult to expand production, so firms have to slow their growth and discover a new, more sustainable, method to increase Palm Oil.Threats and boycotts will lead to less demand for products containing palm oil, which will hurt the price of palm oil as a commodity. …

"The fear of a pandemic spreading to a nation can have a devastating affect on the economy. Tourism is especially hurt, but many business can be affected. Malaysia reported its first of the H1N1 virus.Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.Malaysia on Thursday reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials and news reports said Thursday.The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died Thursday from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai said.The deceased suffered from an obesity problem and had an enlarged heart and liver, Liow was quoted as saying by the Star online news portal.Malaysia has recorded more than 900 swine-flu infections since reporting its first case on May 15.A virus spread can lead to economical challenges related to medical resource depletion and general fear of a pandemic."

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

Business Monitor International's Malaysia Mining Report provides industry professionals and strategists, corporate analysts, mining associations, government departments and regulatory bodies with independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Malaysia's mining industry.

Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. It is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, the most valuable exported resource being petroleum. [20] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin,rubber and palm oil in the world.[95] In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.Malaysia's broad and shallow continental shelf consists of several deep water prospective areas. Malaysia has 500,000 km2 available for oil and gas exploration. 51 of the 70 producing fields in Malaysia are oil fields. In January 2004, Malaysia's oil reserves were estimated to be 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3), whilenatural gas reserves stood at 87 trillion standard cubic feet (2,460 km3). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.[100]Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

Malaysia has a vibrant oil and gas industry. The national oil company, Petronas, provides about 40% of the federal budget in taxes, dividends and royalties. [136] The oil company ranked 121 in Fortune Global 500 list of companies in 2007. It also ranked 18 in the industry of the same list. [137] The company has ove up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia. [138][139] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.[141] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[142]

Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge shaped area 150 km from Kota Bharu, Kelantan and 260 km from the shores of Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.[143]

Malaysia diberkati dengan sumber daya alam semisal sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan. Di sektor pertanian, Malaysia adalah salah satu pengekspor terbesar karet alam danminyak sawit, yang bersama-sama dengan damar dan kayu gelondongan, kakao, lada, nenas, dan tembakau mendominasi pertumbuhan sektor itu. Minyak sawit juga merupakan pembangkit utama perdagangan internasional Malaysia.Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.Pada 2004, seorang menteri di Departemen Perdana Menteri, Mustapa Mohamed, menyatakan bahwa cadangan minyak bumi Malaysia berada pada kisaran 4.84 milyar barel, sedangkan cadangan gas alam bertambah menjadi 89 triliun kaki kubik (2,500 km³). Pada 1 Januari 2007, Petronas melaporkan bahwa cadangan minyak dan gas di Malaysia berkisar pada ekuivalensi 20.18 milyar barel. [70]

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.

We forecast that Malaysia's mining industry value will reach MYR109.3bn by 2016, an annual average growth of 1.1% from 2011's estimated MYR103.7bn. Growth will be led by the country's nascent gold mining industry, which has been attracting a number of foreign investors. Monument Mining's Selinsing gold mine is set to become the country's largest gold mine as the old Penjom mine's reserves run out.

Malaysia provides an attractive mining legislative environment for foreign investors (tax holidays, 100% foreign ownership, transparent and centralised mining license granting) and should be taken advantage of while the country is still trying to divert investment away from regional favorites, including the Philippines and Indonesia. There is the risk that these laws will change once the country is able to attract enough money.

http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2136663/malaysia_mining_report_2012.pdf

No guideline and coordination on the rate of land legal authority (Kacamata) for Landacquisition for Exploration and Mining.

Potential areas for exploration ventures include Coking Coal, Thermal Coal, gold, Silver, Lead,Iron Zircon & other rare metals.

Focusing on Mining at greater depth for better mineral and Coal conservation as currentmining practices are generally limited to depth of 70 m in Coal mine.

Processing of Low grade Coal and mineral for its up gradation in quality parameter andfurther export.

No synchronisation between Regional and Central Government on legal aspect of ForestArea as revised RTRWP Kalteng Map still pending.

Law is silent on Mineral and Coal conservation and recovery % for effective economicMining Operation.

Strengthening of logistics infrastructure such as railways projects, road development, ports,river dredging project to accelerate the Coal & mineral movement round the year.

Uncertainly on final RTRWP Map with Forest and Mining Area and further reduction inMineral resources and Economic Reserves.

Land acquisition from land owner, Plantation Company & Forest department may block theproject at any time.

Local party after getting 20 % stake put directly or indirectly start pressing for more stakefrom different sources.

Domestic market obligation by all IUP holders, while its pricing and % still remain uncertain.

Strict environmental law, purification, land acquit ion process will impact on economic

S.W.O.T Analysis for Indonesia Coal Mining(With special reference to Central Kalimantan)–Sanjay Singh*

Exploring the possibility of Underground Mining/ CBM technology process after OpencastMining for best recovery of minerals.

After 5 year it is difficult to find suitable local party for divestment obligation up to 20 % byforeign owner.

Indonesia Government may ban on export of low grade Coal without up gradation...

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil), [97] and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[98] The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic. [102] Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [9] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance. [106] Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Definition: This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.

Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013

Indonesia Energy Production Statistics (Source: US Energy Information Administration)

As palm oil plantations grow in size, the total area underproduction is wiping out the indigenous forest. Environmental group protest are making it difficult to expand production, so firms have to slow their growth and discover a new, more sustainable, method to increase Palm Oil.

"The fear of a pandemic spreading to a nation can have a devastating affect on the economy. Tourism is especially hurt, but many business can be affected. Malaysia reported its first of the H1N1 virus.Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.Malaysia on Thursday reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials and news reports said Thursday.The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died Thursday from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai said.The deceased suffered from an obesity problem and had an enlarged heart and liver, Liow was quoted as saying by the Star online news portal.Malaysia has recorded more than 900 swine-flu infections since reporting its first case on May 15.

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

Business Monitor International's Malaysia Mining Report provides industry professionals and strategists, corporate analysts, mining associations, government departments and regulatory bodies with independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Malaysia's mining industry.

Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. It is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, the most valuable exported resource being petroleum. [20] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin,rubber and palm oil in the world.[95] In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

available for oil and gas exploration. 51 of the 70 producing fields in Malaysia are oil fields. In January 2004, Malaysia's oil reserves were estimated to be 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3), whilenatural gas reserves stood at 87 trillion standard cubic feet (2,460 km3). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.[100]Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

The oil company ranked 121 in Fortune Global 500 list of companies in 2007. It also ranked 18 in the industry of the same list. [137] The company has ove up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia. [138][139] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.[141] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[142]

Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge shaped area 150 km from Kota Bharu, Kelantan and 260 km from the shores of Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.[143]

Malaysia diberkati dengan sumber daya alam semisal sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan. Di sektor pertanian, Malaysia adalah salah satu pengekspor terbesar karet alam danminyak sawit, yang bersama-sama dengan damar dan kayu gelondongan, kakao, lada, nenas, dan tembakau mendominasi pertumbuhan sektor itu. Minyak sawit juga merupakan pembangkit utama perdagangan internasional Malaysia.Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.Pada 2004, seorang menteri di Departemen Perdana Menteri, Mustapa Mohamed, menyatakan bahwa cadangan minyak bumi Malaysia berada pada kisaran 4.84 milyar barel, sedangkan cadangan gas alam bertambah menjadi 89 triliun kaki kubik (2,500 km³). Pada 1 Januari 2007, Petronas melaporkan bahwa cadangan minyak dan gas di Malaysia berkisar pada ekuivalensi 20.18 milyar barel. [70]

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.

We forecast that Malaysia's mining industry value will reach MYR109.3bn by 2016, an annual average growth of 1.1% from 2011's estimated MYR103.7bn. Growth will be led by the country's nascent gold mining industry, which has been attracting a number of foreign investors. Monument Mining's Selinsing gold mine is set to become the country's largest gold mine as the old Penjom mine's reserves run out.

Malaysia provides an attractive mining legislative environment for foreign investors (tax holidays, 100% foreign ownership, transparent and centralised mining license granting) and should be taken advantage of while the country is still trying to divert investment away from regional favorites, including the Philippines and Indonesia. There is the risk that these laws will change once the country is able to attract enough money.

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[98] The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [9] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance. [106] Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

As palm oil plantations grow in size, the total area underproduction is wiping out the indigenous forest. Environmental group protest are making it difficult to expand production, so firms have to slow their growth and discover a new, more sustainable, method to increase Palm Oil.

Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.Malaysia on Thursday reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials and news reports said Thursday.The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died Thursday from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai said.The deceased suffered from an obesity problem and had an enlarged heart and liver, Liow was quoted as saying by the Star online news portal.Malaysia has recorded more than 900 swine-flu infections since reporting its first case on May 15.

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

Business Monitor International's Malaysia Mining Report provides industry professionals and strategists, corporate analysts, mining associations, government departments and regulatory bodies with independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Malaysia's mining industry.

At one time, it was the largest producer of tin,rubber and palm oil in the world.[95] In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

available for oil and gas exploration. 51 of the 70 producing fields in Malaysia are oil fields. In January 2004, Malaysia's oil reserves were estimated to be 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3), whilenatural gas reserves stood at 87 trillion standard cubic feet (2,460 km3). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.[100]Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

The oil company ranked 121 in Fortune Global 500 list of companies in 2007. It also ranked 18 in the industry of the same list. [137] The company has ove up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia. [138][139] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.[141] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[142]

Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge shaped area 150 km from Kota Bharu, Kelantan and 260 km from the shores of Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.[143]

Malaysia diberkati dengan sumber daya alam semisal sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan. Di sektor pertanian, Malaysia adalah salah satu pengekspor terbesar karet alam danminyak sawit, yang bersama-sama dengan damar dan kayu gelondongan, kakao, lada, nenas, dan tembakau mendominasi pertumbuhan sektor itu. Minyak sawit juga merupakan pembangkit utama perdagangan internasional Malaysia.Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.Pada 2004, seorang menteri di Departemen Perdana Menteri, Mustapa Mohamed, menyatakan bahwa cadangan minyak bumi Malaysia berada pada kisaran 4.84 milyar barel, sedangkan cadangan gas alam bertambah menjadi 89 triliun kaki kubik (2,500 km³). Pada 1 Januari 2007, Petronas melaporkan bahwa cadangan minyak dan gas di Malaysia berkisar pada ekuivalensi 20.18 milyar barel. [70]

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.

We forecast that Malaysia's mining industry value will reach MYR109.3bn by 2016, an annual average growth of 1.1% from 2011's estimated MYR103.7bn. Growth will be led by the country's nascent gold mining industry, which has been attracting a number of foreign investors. Monument Mining's Selinsing gold mine is set to become the country's largest gold mine as the old Penjom mine's reserves run out.

Malaysia provides an attractive mining legislative environment for foreign investors (tax holidays, 100% foreign ownership, transparent and centralised mining license granting) and should be taken advantage of while the country is still trying to divert investment away from regional favorites, including the Philippines and Indonesia. There is the risk that these laws will change once the country is able to attract enough money.

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [9] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.Malaysia on Thursday reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials and news reports said Thursday.The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died Thursday from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai said.The deceased suffered from an obesity problem and had an enlarged heart and liver, Liow was quoted as saying by the Star online news portal.Malaysia has recorded more than 900 swine-flu infections since reporting its first case on May 15.

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

), whilenatural gas reserves stood at 87 trillion standard cubic feet (2,460 km3). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.[100]

The company has ove up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia. [138][139] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.[141] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[142]

Malaysia diberkati dengan sumber daya alam semisal sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan. Di sektor pertanian, Malaysia adalah salah satu pengekspor terbesar karet alam danminyak sawit, yang bersama-sama dengan damar dan kayu gelondongan, kakao, lada, nenas, dan tembakau mendominasi pertumbuhan sektor itu. Minyak sawit juga merupakan pembangkit utama perdagangan internasional Malaysia.Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.Pada 2004, seorang menteri di Departemen Perdana Menteri, Mustapa Mohamed, menyatakan bahwa cadangan minyak bumi Malaysia berada pada kisaran 4.84 milyar barel, sedangkan cadangan gas alam bertambah menjadi 89 triliun kaki kubik (2,500 km³). Pada 1 Januari 2007, Petronas melaporkan bahwa cadangan minyak dan gas di Malaysia berkisar pada ekuivalensi 20.18 milyar barel. [70]

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.

We forecast that Malaysia's mining industry value will reach MYR109.3bn by 2016, an annual average growth of 1.1% from 2011's estimated MYR103.7bn. Growth will be led by the country's nascent gold mining industry, which has been attracting a number of foreign investors. Monument Mining's Selinsing gold mine is set to become the country's largest gold mine as the old Penjom mine's reserves run out.

Malaysia provides an attractive mining legislative environment for foreign investors (tax holidays, 100% foreign ownership, transparent and centralised mining license granting) and should be taken advantage of while the country is still trying to divert investment away from regional favorites, including the Philippines and Indonesia. There is the risk that these laws will change once the country is able to attract enough money.

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [9] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.Malaysia on Thursday reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials and news reports said Thursday.The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died Thursday from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai said.The deceased suffered from an obesity problem and had an enlarged heart and liver, Liow was quoted as saying by the Star online news portal.Malaysia has recorded more than 900 swine-flu infections since reporting its first case on May 15.

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

[138][139] Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.[141] As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.[142]

Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [9] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Despite the steady start to visitor arrivals in 2009, BMI remains downbeat on the near-term outlook for Malaysia’s tourism sector. We share the caution of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (who is also Minister of Finance), who has said he expects tourist arrivals to fall by at least 9% this year due to the global economic slowdown and ongoing regional security concerns. We now have to add swine flu (the H1N1 virus) to this list of potential threats. BMI shares Najib’s caution and we have downgraded our forecast for this year’s tourist arrivals accordingly during the first quarter.

Malaysia's largest mining industry, tin mining, is becoming stagnant, with more than a century of mining having depleted the country's reserves. This has meant that mining some of the remaining resources has become prohibitively expensive. Nevertheless, continued elevated prices will motivate the country's existing players to spend money on brownfield and greenfield exploration in Malaysia and could also result in abandoned tin mines being reopened. Malaysian Smelting Corporation's Rahman Hydraulic tin mine will remain the country's largest as the company continues to invest in production capacity.

In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper,pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

) ofnatural gas condensates per year.[96] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue. [140]

Tentang sumber daya hutan, diketahui bahwa usaha penggelondongan dimulai untuk membuat kontribusi berarti bagi ekonomi Malaysia pada abad ke-19. Kini, ditaksir 59% daratan Malaysia masih berupa hutan. Perluasan industri damar yang cepat, khususnya setelah era 1960-an, telah menghasilkan masalah erosi di hutan-hutan negara ini. Tetapi, dengan adanya komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi lingkungan dan sistem ekologi, sumber daya hutan dikelola pada landasan yang berkelanjutan, dampak ikutannya adalah menurunnya laju penebangan pohon.Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.

Pemerintah menaksir bahwa pada laju produksi terkini, Malaysia akan mampu menghasilkan minyak sampai 18 tahun dan gas sampai 35 tahun ke muka. Pada 2004, Malaysia mendudukiperingkat ke-24 menurut cadangan minyak dunia dan ke-13 menurut cadangan gas. 56% dari cadangan minyak ada di Semenanjung sedangkan 19% di Malaysia Timur. Tiap-tiap negara bagian memelihara hak untuk menguasai sumber-sumber daya alam di dalam wilayahnya. Tetapi, pemerintah persekutuan menguasai minyak dan gas. Negara bagian yang memiliki minyak dan gas diberi royalti.

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. [99] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[106] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawanand sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.

The establishment of a green field Mining project is capital intensive and companies intending toinvest in Indonesia have to carry out further research and obtain updated information on investmentand operational requirements with regulatory guidelines.Government authority have to accelerate the process of transparency in regulations for Investor ,Mining and Forest Area ,Land acquit ion, Labour laws and do infrastructure development forconfidence of Investor to start Mining Operation in Central Kalimantan and support the region by forbetter mineral conservation as well as maintaining eco balance of the area with fund as availablefrom Mining Industry.

In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only. [103] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. [107] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah wilayah yang substansial diperlakukan sebagai hutan produksi (silvikultur) dan upaya penghutanan kembali terhadap lahan hutan sudah dilakukan. Pemerintah Malaysia merencanakan pengayaan tanah seluas 312,30 kilometer persegi dengan rotan di bawah kondisi hutan alami dan di sela-sela tanaman karet alami sebagai komoditas panen perantara. Untuk terus memperkaya sumber-sumber hutan, spesies damar yang cepat-tumbuh seperti meranti tembaga, merawan dan sesenduk juga ditanam. Pada saat yang sama, penuaian pohon-pohon berharga tinggi seperti jati dan pohon lainnya untuk dijadikan pulp dan kertas juga dianjurkan. Karet, pernah menjadi arus utama ekonomi Malaysia, kini digantikan oleh minyak sawitsebagai komoditas ekspor utama pertanian Malaysia.Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.

In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [104] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.[citation needed] As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.

In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[97] In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Timah dan minyak bumi adalah dua sumber daya mineral utama yang menjadi penyokong ekonomi utama Malaysia. Malaysia pernah menjadi penghasil timah terbesar di dunia hingga runtuhnya pasar timah di permulaan tahun 1980-an. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, timah memainkan peran dominan di dalam ekonomi Malaysia. Pada 1972 minyak bumi dan gas alam mengambil alih timah sebagai komoditas utama sektor pemurnian mineral. Sementara itu, kontribusi timah semakin menurun. Penemuan minyak bumi dan gas alam di ladang minyak lepas pantai Sabah, Sarawak, dan Terengganu memiliki sumbangan penting bagi ekonomi Malaysia. Mineral lain menurut tingkat kepentingan dan keberartiannya adalah tembaga, bauksit, besi, dan batu bara bersama-sama dengan mineral industri seperti tanah liat, kaolin, silika, batu gamping, barit, fosfat, dan bebatuan dimensi seperti granit juga blok dan lempengan marmer. Sejumlah emas dengan kadar minimalis juga diproduksi.

In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. [100] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[108] Sumatran Orangutan,[109] and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.[98] As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species. [101]

Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

and Javan Rhinoceros.[108] Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×106 m3).[99]

Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [105] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[104]

Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]

Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts. [110]