Swetha Sst Project

7/29/2019 Swetha Sst Project

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The Aftermath Loss of Human and animal lives Economic loss in terms of damages to crops and

infrastructure

Loss of livelihood

Damage to housing and habitat

Improper location

Faulty design, use of poor quality materials

Sub-standard construction practices

Non-compliance to building codes

Lack of awareness of:

Safe Construction practices

Disaster resistant practices


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The Aftermath Loss of Human and animal lives Economic loss in terms of damages to

crops and infrastructure

Loss of livelihood

Damage to housing and habitat Improper location

Faulty design, use of poor quality materials

Sub-standard construction practices

Non-compliance to building codes

Lack of awareness of:

Safe Construction practices

Disaster resistant practices


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IntroductionDisaster Resistant construction practices are as important asdisaster resistant structural designs. In fact the methodology for

construction also should be designed for disaster resistance. We

should have proper implemenation of the structuraldetails so as to

let the structure behave as envisiged.

The quality and methodology of construction is equally important.

For example we use cover blocks. If the cover blocks are not cast

properly in good quality concrete then they facilitate concrete

deterioration. Ultimately this affects durability ands erviceablity of

the structure.

The Durability and serviceability are the key elements of any

structure. Ensuring Quality in construction will enable achieving

durability and serviceability as a desired end result.


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EARTHQUAKE:The building should have a simple rectangular plan.

Long walls should be supported by reinforced concrete

columns.

Large buildings having plans with shapes like T,U,L and X.

It should preferably be separated into rectangular blocks

by providing gaps in between.

Doors and window openings in walls , preferably be small& more centrally located.

The location of openings should not be too close to the

edge of the wall.


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LANDSLIDE

Seasonal inspections.

Regular maintenance of drainage facilities.Protect vulnerable area:

Keep surface drainage water away from

vulnerable areas (steep slopes, loose soils &

non-vegetated surfaces.)

Intercept surface water.

Stabilize slopes:

Improve soils ability .

Straw, woodchips applied to a depth of at

least one inch.


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FLOODSavoid residing on river banks & slopes on river

sides.

build at least 250 mts away from the sea coast .build proper drainage system in all flood prone

areas.

construct the building with a plinth level higher

than the known high flood level.

construct the whole village on a raised plat form

higher than the high flood level.

construct buildings on stilts or columns with wall

free space at ground level permitting free flow

of water.


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CYCLONESSite selection

Platforms and orientationFoundations:- effect of surge or flooding,

Building on stilts

Wall openings

Glass panelling

Roof architecture


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ALTERNATIVE

COMMUNICATIVE

TECHNIQUES


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Alternative CommunicationTechnologies(Augmentative and AlternativeCommunication)Introduction

Alternative Communication Technologies are devices used by individuals

who are either unable to speak or whose speech in unintelligible. There is a

wide range of ACTs commercially available. The most important elementconcerning these devices is that they reflect as closely as possible, the

users own abilities and that they fulfil the needs of the user.

What is the difference between a dedicated device and a communication

software programme?


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Dedicated Communication DevicesDedicated communication devices are designed specifically with

communication as their primary goal, although recent advances in infra-red

and Bluetooth technologies have led to the incorporation of environmental

control options being added in an increasing number of cases.

They are available with both text-based and symbol-based programmes, and

many are wheelchair mountable. Typically they will store frequently used

words or phrases in memory that can be accessed by a two or three key

combination. For example UB = I need to use the bathroom, please. They

typically include a Word Prediction Facility as standard. This is a very useful

tool as it significantly reduces the number of keystrokes a user has to make.

Symbol based communication devices are commonly used by individuals

whose literacy skills prevent them from accessing a text-based system.

However, there is a range of symbol-based language representation systems,

called Minspeak, which require the user to learn a specific symbol coding

system so that symbols can be used individually or in combination tocommunicate. Sometimes this offers a more efficient method of

communication than using text, even for highly literate users.

Other symbol based communication devices are much simpler, and allow the

user to decide which symbol is associated with which word. These symbols

can then be used to store single words, phrases or entire sentences,

depending on the users abilities.


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PC Based Communication SoftwareProgrammesIn recent years, a wide number of manufacturers have developed

software programmes which can be installed on to a standard

Windows computer.

Communication software programmes come in a range of styles, and

vary in complexity. Some are largely 'content-free', and allow the user

and his/her family/carers to programme words and messages to suit

the users specific requirements. Others come with templates

consisting of vocabulary sets which enable the user to communicate

straight away, without the need for immediate programming. However,

all software should be customisedto meet the users needs, and

should be updated on a regular basis as the users needs change and

expand.

As with dedicated devices, communication software programmes can

be text-based or symbol-based.


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First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness orinjury. It is usually performed by non-expert, but trained

personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive

medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting

illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical

care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of

a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-

saving techniques that an individual can be trained to

perform with minimal equipment.

While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the

term generally refers to care of human patients.

First aid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness


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a.Seek Medical help as soon as possible.

b. Meanwhile - Wash wound with soap/water

Immobilize the affected area

Keep area slightly elevatedApply cool compress/wet cloth to affected part

Apply a firm bandage 2-4 inches above bite to

i. Prevent venom from spreading

ii.Take care of any bleeding

Snake Bites


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Although you can provide first aid for a dog bite at home, it's

very important to see a doctor, especially if an unfamiliar dog

bit you, the bite is deep, you can't stop the bleeding, or there

are any signs of infection (redness, swelling, warmth, pus).

Dog bites can cause infections that need to be treated with

antibiotics.

To care for a dog bite injury at home:

Place a clean towel over the injury to stop any bleeding.

Try to keep the injured area elevated.

Wash the bite carefully with soap and water.

Apply a sterile bandage to the wound.

Apply antibiotic ointment to the injury every day to prevent

infection.

Dog Bite


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Wash hands well before administering to patient

Wear synthetic glovesMake the victim lie down

Slightly elevate the legs

If possible keep the affected area elevated

Remove any obvious debris/particle

Apply direct pressure using clean cloth/bandage

Use hand if cloth is not availableApply pressure continuously for at least 20 minutes

Do not remove the cloth to check the bleeding

Hold the bandage in place using an adhesive tape

If bleeding seeps through bandage, do not remove it

Add extra bandage on top of the first one

Apply direct pressure on the artery if necessaryThe pressure points for arm--below arm- pit/above elbow

For leg--behind knee/near groin

Squeeze the artery keeping finger flat

Continue applying pressure on the wound

Once bleeding stops immobilize the affected part

See a doctor

Bleeding


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Fracture:SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. Call for EMS, or transport victim to emergency room

after immobilizing affected area. Wait for EMS and DO NOT attempt to transport victim if yoususpect head, back, or neck injury; if there's a visible deformity of bone; or if the victim cannot

be splinted or transported without causing more pain.

Suspect back or neck injury if victim is unconscious or has head injury, neck pain, or tingling in

arms or legs. If neck or back injury suspected, DO NOT move victim unless necessary to save

victim's life. See back or neck injury.

Immobilize and support affected bone in position found. DO NOT try to push protruding bone

back into body or let victim move or use affected area.

Control any bleeding through direct pressure, but DO NOT elevate affected area. See

bleeding,external.

If bone is protruding, cover with clean cloth once bleeding is controlled.

Observe for shock (see shock). DO NOT give victim anything to eat or drink.

Immobilize injured area, and, if no open wound present, apply ice pack wrapped in clean cloth.
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First aid :faintingFirst aid treatment for a person who has faintedincludes: Help the person lie down. A person who has

fainted in a chair should be helped to the ground.

If the person is unconscious, roll them on their side.

Check they are breathing and that they have a pulse.

If possible, elevate the persons feet above the height oftheir head.

If the fainting episode was brought on by heat, remove

or loosen clothes, and try to cool the person down by

wiping them with a wet cloth or fanning them.

Assess the person for any potential injuries if they havefallen.

In an emergency, always call triple zero (000) for an

ambulance if the person has not regained

consciousness within a few seconds or recovered in a

few minutes.


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Swetha Sst Project

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