Swede Midge Contarinia nasturii Ellis, Hoepting, and Hodges. July 2007. NPDN Publication No. 0017.
Transcript of Swede Midge Contarinia nasturii Ellis, Hoepting, and Hodges. July 2007. NPDN Publication No. 0017.
Swede MidgeContarinia nasturii
Ellis, Hoepting, and Hodges. July 2007.NPDN Publication No. 0017
Outline• Introduction
• Identification
• Life Cycle
• Damage/Symptoms
• Distribution
• Regulatory Status
• Control
Photo: Susan Ellis, www.forestryimages.org
Order DipteraFamily Cecidomyiidae
Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer)
Introduction In 2000, the swede midge was identified in
York County, Ontario. During 1996, incidence escalated to as
high as 85% in broccoli but the problem was misdiagnosed as a nutrient deficiency.
Photo: Susan Ellis, www.forestryimages.org
Introduction• In 2004, the swede midge was recorded in
Niagara County, New York.
• In 2005, researchers collected positive samples from adjacent counties.
• Cornell scientists have estimated that New York could lose a portion of its $70 million crucifer acreage if the swede midge is not properly managed.
Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Introduction In parts of Europe, the swede midge has
caused serious economic damage and crop loss of Brassica and other related crucifers
Current Distribution:– Asia – Turkey– Europe – widespread– North America – Canada (parts of Ontario and
Québec); USA (New York)
Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Photos: Susan Ellis, www.forestryimages.org
Adult Female
IdentificationAdult Male
Identification• Eggs – minute and
not visible with hand lens
• Early instar larvae-transparent
• Mature larvae - small maggots, 3-4 mm long and yellow in color
Photo: Susan Ellis, www.forestryimages.org
Larva
Life Cycle• 4-5 generations
have been observed
Photo: Mao Chen, Cornell University, www.forestryimages.org
Pupa
Life Cycle• Pupae overwinter in the soil and adults
emerge May-June.
• Adults are not strong fliers so their distribution area is limited.
• Adult flies mate and females oviposit on the first available plant, laying eggs in strings or clusters of 2-50 eggs on the youngest parts of the plant.
• The female can lay about 100 eggs during her lifetime of only 1-5 days.
Life Cycle• Larvae:
– Hatch after 3 days and feed on tissue near growing points of the plant (flower buds, base of leaf stalks, or apical meristem)
– Produce a secretion that breaks down the plant surface and liquefies the contents of the cell.
– Mature in 2-3 weeks and drop to the ground and spin cocoons in the soil.
Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Life Cycle• During summer months, eggs hatch and fee
gregariously as larvae for 2-3 weeks prior to pupation in the soil.
• During drought, larvae may enter a period of dormancy, but growth resumes after a rainfall.
• In the fall, pupae sense the short day length and go into a state of diapause for the winter.
• Some pupae may overwinter a second season before becoming adults.
Photo: Mao Chen, Cornell University, www.forestryimages.org
Hosts• Include a wide range of species within the
family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae), which includes the following: – Broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica)– Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)– Cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata)– Radish (Raphanus sativus)
Photo: Mary Ellen (Mel) Harte, www.forestryimages.org
RadishCabbage
Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Damage/Symptoms• Difficult to diagnose symptoms caused by
swede midge because of the similarity to abnormalities that can be caused by the following:– mechanical injury from cultivation, – insect and animal feeding, – molybdenum deficiency, – herbicide injury,– heat or cold stress, – frost damage, or – genetic variation of the plant.
Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
• Infested growing tips can be placed in a 95% ethanol solution.
• Damage severity increases as the number of larvae per plant increases and when plants are infested earlier during development.
Damage/Symptoms
Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Damage/Symptoms• The most obvious symptom is “blind
heads” or “blindness” which is caused by the disruption or lapsing of growth at the terminal growing point of the plant.
Photos: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
• Larval feeding results in changes in the physiology of the plant and the formation of leaf and flower galls and misshapen growing point.
Photos: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Damage/Symptoms
• The larvae’s salivary secretions cause the plant to twist and deform, leading to swollen flower buds, crinkled heart leaves, and swollen, distorted and twisted shoots and leaf stalks.
Damage/Symptoms
Photos: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
Distribution
Prepared for the Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey (CAPS) program following 2005 surveys http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/swmdg/imap/swmdgall.html
Distribution
Credits: USDA Zone Hardiness MapEllis 2005
Regulatory Status
• Source: Ellis, S.E. 2005. New Pest Response Guidelines: Swede Midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer). USDA-APHIS-PPQ Emergency and Domestic Programs, Riverdale, Maryland. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/online_manuals.html
• Online May 21, 2007
Regulatory StatusRegulatory Articles-Ellis 2005• Cole crops• Soil from within the drip area of host
plants, regardless of whether or not plant is viable.
• Transplants or seedlings• Machinery used in culitivation• Any other product or article that could
spread swede midge
Regulatory StatusQuarantine Actions-Ellis 2005The following circumstances could result in
regulatory action:• More than 1 adult in an area less than 100
square km within 1 estimated life cycle• 1 mated female, a larva, or pupa detected• A single adult fly is detected and
associated with a current eradication project
Control• The best control is to limit the spread of
the pest– Movement of transplants that may contain
eggs or larvae – Movement of soil that may contain pupae.
• Growers are advised…– To chop and deep plow cruciferous crop
residue– To rotate a field to another crop
If you suspect a problem…If you suspect a problem…• Contact your local cooperative extension Contact your local cooperative extension
serviceservice– http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/partners/http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/partners/
state_partners.htmlstate_partners.html
• Submit a sample to a NPDN diagnostic labSubmit a sample to a NPDN diagnostic lab – http://www.npdn.org
Photo: Susan Ellis, www.forestryimages.org
Selected References• APHIS, USDA. Pest alert: swede midge.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/emerging_pests/swedemidge.html• Canada Food Inspection Agency. 2005. Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) –
Swede Midge. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/surv/data/connase.shtml
• CERIS. 2006. Pest Tracker – Swede Midge, Cabbage Gall Midge. http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/swmdg/index.html
• Hallett, R.H., and J.D. Heal. 2001. First nearctic record of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a pest of cruciferous crops from Europe. The Canadian Entomologist 133: 713-715.
• Kikkert, J.R., Hoepting, C.A., and Shelton, A.M. 2003. Insects of crucifers – Swede midge. Cornell Cooperative Extension. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/vegetables/cruc/sm.pdf
• Callow, K. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. 2003. The swede midge – a new pest in crucifer crops in Ontario. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/03-035.htm
• North American Plant Protection Organization, Phytosanitary Alert System. 2002. Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer). http://www.pestalert.org/Detail.CFM?recordID=77
Background Photo: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org
AcknowledgmentsEditorial Review
• Dan Gilrein, Extension Entomologist, Cornell University Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County
Authors• Amanda M. Ellis
University of Florida, SPDN
Currently, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry
• Christine A. Hoepting, [email protected]
Extension Vegetable Specialist, Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program, Cornell University
• Amanda C. Hodges, Ph.D., [email protected]
SPDN Associate Director, University of Florida
Publication Details• This publication can be used for non-profit,
educational use only purposes. Photographers retain copyright to photographs or other images contained in this publication as cited. This material was developed as a topic-based training module for NPDN First Detector Training. Authors and the website should be properly cited. Images or photographs should also be properly cited and credited to the original source.
• Publication Number: 0017• Publication Date: July 2007