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Transcript of Swap’spartanscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/8/0/1080122/... · 2018. 9. 27. · Camu-camu...
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What is or is not unique to tropical human-
forest landscapes?
How do people adapt to dynamic riverine
landscapes?
How hard is it to find or grow food?
What are western European fallacies of
tropical forests & people who live here?
Case study - ‘Debt-for-Nature-Swap’
What are current international drivers of
tropical forest health and sustainability?
Today’s THREADS - WET Tropical Forests [interconnected
stories of rivers, fish, forests, soils and humans]
Where are the tropics on this map??
Are there any rain forests in the temperate zone?
What is one thing that is unique to this region of the
world?
NOTE: where is the equator & what does this tell you?
Equator
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What if temperatures increase in the tropics? What
do you think will happen to these ecosystems?
SPECULATE: What type of climatic factor change
will make these ecosystems less resilient?
NOTE: High amount of forest area in tropics
Unique in tropical forests
• High hot spots of biodiversity in plants & animal biodiversity [but not microbial biodiversity]
• Poor Soils: Practice shifting agriculture in forests since soils nutrient poor, food quality poor & contains toxic chemicals
• Plants toxic to eat: High level defensive chemicals produced by plants so they are not eaten by insects, mammals including humans
NOT Unique in tropical forests
• People - short life span, high incidence of disease (even though many newly emerging diseases globally originate from the tropics)
• Human populations mostly survive by extracting/ collecting resources from forests (e.g. medicine, building materials, game animal, etc )
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Tropics - Hotspots of biodiversity for
insects, birds, plants, animals
BUT NOT hotspots of biodiversity in MICROBES
So which biome has microbial biodiversity hotspots??
Would you believe - Boreal zones (these are cold places)
Unique: Biodiversity
Plants are well protected to
keep grazers or herbivores
from eating them:
Thorns or chemical warfare
Unique: Diversity of chemical warfare by plants
increased biodiversity of organisms because they
adapt to chemicals that make food unpalatable
IF YOU ARE SMART: You do not grab a plant
when you start falling down a slippery hill
Comocladia – toxic
defensive chemicals
High chemical defensive compounds - Don’t eat just any plant in
the forest (defensive compounds linked to high biodiversity - many
grazers eating plant tissues)
BUT 3/4th world population dependent on folk medicine from these
plants - great source of pharmaceuticals
Sapium laurocerasus - native, Puerto
Rico – if human male [not female]
don’t stand under tree during a
rainstorm, will end up in hospital
Unique: Diversity of chemical warfare by plants
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PARADOX:
Human life span short, many
incurable diseases, few medicinal
cures
BUT
High number of plants with
secondary chemicals with high
medicinal values
The angel's trumpet
(Brugmansia sp.) leaves
are used for skin
problems, to help coughs
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobo
tany/medicinalplants2.shtml
Unique: Diversity of chemical warfare by plants
Curare = fast-action poison,
doesn't kill but causes paralysis.
Death due to asphyxia when the
victim's lungs become paralyzed
After 1935, curare was
introduced to modern medicine
as muscle relaxant during
surgery
No single curare formula, each
Amazon tribe has its own blend,
jealously guarded by shamans/
medicine men who pass it from 1
generation to the next
Curare Leaf
Amazon Rainforest
Blowgun
using
curare
to hunt
http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/curare.html
http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/blowgun-hunting.html
Unique: Diversity of chemical warfare by plants
mosquito breeding in flower parts, malaria incidence high
Heliconia
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobo
tany/medicinalplants2.shtml
Tropics:
Conditions ideal
for carriers of
human diseases
but this is not
unique to tropics
[will learn about
later in quarter]
NOT Unique: Disease Outbreaks
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany4.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany4.shtml
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Danum Valley Conservation
Area in the Malaysian state
of Sabah
Photo: Mattias Klum
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/04/20/travel/0420-
borneo_2.html
Big Trees not
unique to tropics
NOT Unique: Large, old trees
Big tree in Old Growth Forests
of Washington, Oregon
Big tropical tree
picture in Malaysia
http://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/050-Segundo-tree-roots.html
http://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/153-Monkey-Ladder-Vine.html
Lots vines in canopy that
go down to the ground;
NOTE: Rattan furniture is
made from vines
Big trees with multiple
canopies (Tropics & PNW
Old Growth) have lots more
habitats because of species
diversity)
NOT Unique: Large, old trees
Sloth – climbing
back up after
weekly bathroom
visit on forest
floor
NOT Unique: Large, old trees with multiple habitats but
Unique animals (remember last Friday video)
http://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/index.htmlhttp://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/index.htmlhttp://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/050-Segundo-tree-roots.htmlhttp://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/index.htmlhttp://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-rainforest-jungle/index.html
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A view of the
sloth swimming.
Note 3 claws on
hand – this guy
lives in
mangrove
forests and is a
really good
swimmer.
Photo courtesy of Bryson
Voirin
“Sloths, which move extremely
slowly when they move at all, don't
require the sense of balance that a
swift, agile creature such as a
primate needs.
ScienceShot: The
Unbalanced Sloth
by Sid Perkins on 31 July
2012, 7:01 PM |
http://news.sciencemag.org
/sciencenow/2012/07/scien
ceshot-the-unbalanced-
sloth.html?ref=em
NOT Unique: Large, old trees with multiple habitats but
Unique animals (remember last Friday video)
Sloths' bizarre 'toilet habit' recorded in Amazon, PeruBy Matt Walker; Earth News; 4 May 2010 11:53 UK
NOTE: Feeding out of a human toilet. They are mainly
eaten by eagles and jaguars, not humans http://addiesrainforest.weebly.com/herbivores.html
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amp
eople/ethnobotany/cocoapod.shtml
ERIKA SCHULTZ / THE SEATTLE TIMES
Saturday, March 6, 2010
Organic coffee: Why Latin America's farmers are abandoning it
NOTE: Have you noticed many of our
food/dessert vices come from the tropics?
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany2.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany2.shtml
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http://away.com/travel_photo_gallery/brazil/gallery06.html?thisS
peed=9000
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/river/aerialview.shtml
In Amazon, >80% people
live along the river [in the
riparian zones] and grow
their food crops in these
areas
http://www.ddbstock.com/amazon2.html
Acai palms
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16840
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
Family on a tributary of the Amazon – this family was very unusual
because run by mother, 3 daughters & not male family members
Became leader for the Rubber Tappers, left
all kids with last boyfriend; 13+ children/family
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/river/river.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/river/river.shtmlhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/Images/ISS010-E-13029_lrg.jpghttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/Images/ISS010-E-13029_lrg.jpg
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http://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-people/440-woman-doing-laundry.html
RIVERS provide
all human
survival needs:
•Drinking water
•Bathing water
•Wash clothes
•Where get food
•Where go to the
bathroom
•Where live, have
a house
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
Inia geoffrensis
(Pink Dolphin) http://www.isptr-pard.org/dolphin.html
Difficult human survival so folklore used
to explain unexpected events
Locals folk tales - Some people think Botos
turn into handsome young men and carry off
young women of the tribes or get them
pregnant (the baby being born part dolphin
which is when you know Botos was involved)!
This
guy!!
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
http://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-people/index.htmlhttp://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-people/index.html
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http://www.ddbstock.com/amazon2.htmlhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/images/pink-dolphin-copia.jpg&imgrefurl
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
“Once a year ..Amazon .., rivers/streams
overflow their banks,
flooding ..forests ..
creating a new habitat
where fish munch on
tree fruits and birds
dive to escape danger.
Water levels rise ….
triggers migrations of
birds, fish, and other
animals … creates ..
unusual home for pink
river dolphins, giant
otters, uakari monkeys,
...” http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/amazonriver/a
mazonriver.html
5 - 50 feet to get
to the ground
level
[all under water]
Flooded Forests
NOTE Tree tops
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/river/aerialview.shtml
In Amazon, humans build
houses on stilts
Keeps you close to your food
production areas
Also helps to keep alligators
from coming into your house
http://www.ddbstock.com/amazon2.html
Acai palms
People Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/images/pink-dolphin-copia.jpg&imgrefurlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/river/river.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/river/river.shtml
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Red Uakari Monkey
Poison Dart Frogs
Animals Adapted to Dynamic Riverine Landscape
What happens to all
the animals & FISH
when floods occur??
Jaquar
Pink dolphins
- Swim along
tree tops in
forest
RED-
BELLIED
PIRANHA
Piranha eat fruit of
forest trees &
disperse seeds to
other locations –
regeneration of trees
Flooding, Tree Regeneration
Flooded
Forest video
comment:
“If you lose
the forest,
you lose the
fish”
What happens to the
livelihood of the
people who live in
these forests?
WHY?
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/03/jaguars/jaguars-photographyhttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/03/jaguars/jaguars-photographyhttp://junglephotos.com/amazon/amanimals/amfishes/amfishes.shtmlhttp://junglephotos.com/amazon/amanimals/amfishes/amfishes.shtml
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Flooding is good for plant - disperses its seeds during floods
Camu-camu (Myrciaria sp.) fruit with 10 times Vitamin C content
of lemon; shrubby tree grows on riversides, lake edges
Good food for piranha's
Flooding, Tree Regeneration
When the Amazon
floods forests:
• Local people manage them,
eat fish for several years –
River families feast on
protein-rich food
• During the dry season
fruit-eating fish live on
stored fat; swim away,
spread seeds of flood-plain
trees (allows new trees grow)
People, Food, Dynamic Riverine Landscapes
Few food
options high in
protein
http://www.explorationsinc.com/photogallery/amazon-tours-
wildlife/capybara.html
People, Food, Dynamic Riverine Landscapes
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Cabybara
http://www.arkiv
e.org/capybara/h
ydrochoerus-
hydrochaeris/vid
eo-16.htmlCabybara (a rodent) – Venezuela
classified a fish by church, herded
like cattle in savannas
When the Amazon floods forests, big fish carried into what used to
be Lakes and then are left stranded when waters of Amazon recede
Lake
People, Food, Dynamic Riverine Landscapes
Pirarucu, Arapaima gigas,
largest, exclusively fresh
water fish in world
Reach lengths of 15 ft/4m &
weigh up to 40lbs/200kg
People, Food, Dynamic Riverine Landscapes
How about hanging
this one over your
fireplace as a trophy?
EcologicalConstraintsTropics_10_15_14.pptxEcologicalConstraintsTropics_10_15_14.pptxhttp://www.arkive.org/capybara/hydrochoerus-hydrochaeris/video-16.htmlhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ikar.radom.pl/obrazki/pangasianodon_gigas.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/forum/showthread.php?t=2030&h=73&w=133&sz=50&tbnid=qGCbBly7UrsJ:&tbnh=73&tbnw=133&prev=/images?q=picture+of+big+fish+in+Amazon&hl=en&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ikar.radom.pl/obrazki/pangasianodon_gigas.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/forum/showthread.php?t=2030&h=73&w=133&sz=50&tbnid=qGCbBly7UrsJ:&tbnh=73&tbnw=133&prev=/images?q=picture+of+big+fish+in+Amazon&hl=en&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1
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Villager takes once-a-year catch of pirarucu, a living
fossil; Date: 24-Sep-12
Country: BRAZIL; http://planetark.org/wen/66647
Author: Bruno Kelly
A villager from
the Medio Jurua
nature reserve of
Brazil's Amazon
rainforest paddles
in his canoe with
pirarucus, the
largest freshwater
fish in South
America
People, Food, Dynamic Riverine Landscapes
In Nepal, 40% of
annual feed of
buffalo is leaves,
25% for a cow
In dry tropical
forests, livestock
not survive
without forest
grazingRef: Patel-Weynand & Vogt
1999
Dependent on forests for animal food
Charcoal production from wood,
vegetables significant energy
source
Northern Brazil
ANSWER: Wood made into
charcoal has a higher heating
value therefore get more
energy from each piece of
wood
-Important since not enough
fire wood in forests to meet
demand by local people
Dependent on forests for energy
QUESTION: Why
would you convert
wood into charcoal??
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The Soil Link to Low Food Quality & Production??
RIPARIAN ZONES – right next to the river
• People live along riparian zones because the most productive soils are found here
• Dependent on river flooding to deposit sediments from the mountains that more nutrient rich & restore soil nutrients on lands being farmed along the rivers
NON-RIPARIAN ZONES – not receive river flood waters, sediments from the mountains & not right next to rivers
• Non-riparian areas: Soils low in nutrients (low in P, Ca, N, K) needed for plant growth, have toxic heavy metals (high Aluminum or Al which is toxic to most plants)
• Despite these nutrient limitations, non-riparian areas still used for food crops since need food to eat
Why Food Production Difficult & Food Not Nutritiously Balanced
NEED TO PRACTICE
shifting agriculture
Non-floodplain soils –
not next to rivers:
- high in clay
- high in toxic elements
(aluminum)
- low in nutrients
Amazon
Why Food Production Difficult & Not Nutritiously Balanced
PROBLEM: More than 1,000 years of continuous rain
Nutrients WHAT ARE THE
IMPLICATIONS
FOR Humans who
eat PLANTS
growing in these
soils??
RESULT: Nutrients leached
from soils so plants do not
provide a nutritious meal for
humans
Why Food Production Difficult & Not Nutritiously Balanced
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Soils may lose
all fertility
Within 4 - 5 yrs
After trees cut
and get pulse of
nutrients, people
leave & find
another area to
cut trees and
repeat the cycle
Why Food Production Difficult & Not Nutritiously Balanced
Banana from abandoned farmers
fields from shifting agriculture
Shifting
cultivation
and Home
Gardens
One family moves
around in an area
about 200-300
acres in size
Why Food Production Difficult & Not Nutritiously Balanced
Manioc or cassava most widely eaten staple food in Amazon
plus many places in Africa. It is a starchy root - contains
poisonous cyanide compounds so careful preparation before
eating required. Tapioca is manioc. http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/manioc.shtml
What is
the food
mostly
eaten??
Is it good
for you??
Plants that Grow in Poor Soils: Toxic & Not Nutritiously Balanced
No Protein
http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany4.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany4.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany4.shtmlhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/ampeople/ethnobotany/ethnobotany4.shtml
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Retting cassava in the river to
get rid of cyanideshttp://museum.agropolis.fr/english/pages/expos/aliments/racines/usage/rouissage.htm
Harvesting
cassava - field
Processing in
river – cleaning
off skin
1
2
3Cassava use
in the
CONGO
To get rid of Cyanide – minimum 4-5 days fermentation
process in river before can eat safely (or not get paralyzed)
http://museum.agropolis.fr/english/pages/expos/aliments/racines/usage/recolte.htm
FOOT NOTE: Post-
Spanish Conquest:
Cassava or manioc
replaced maize as
important food.
Few crops tolerant of high
soil Al & low soil nutrient
levels like Cassava
Plants that Grow in Poor Soils: Toxic & Not Nutritiously Balanced
Brazilian Amazon;
Photo: D Vogt
Now you know the answer to:
Why eat something high in cyanide
which is toxic to eat?
Why not just eat something else??
Plants that Grow in these Soils: Toxic & Not Nutritiously Balanced
Brazilian Amazon;
Photo: D Vogt
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Tropical Ecological Fallacies held by Western
European Until last 20 years
• Lush, highly productive forests
• Forests, soils ‘virgin’ – not human footprint or impacted
by human activities
• High plant diversity is natural, no management by
indigenous people
• Forests fragile, highly susceptible to degradation with
any human use
• No fires in wet tropical forests
Western European Ecological Fallacies of Wet Tropics
Past, biologists/ecologists viewed Amazon
as fragile so native foragers would
destroy them
Past, biodiversity viewed as entirely
natural
RESPONSE: Remove people, free of
humans best, sustainable development only
possible when remove local people
PAST MYTH - Virgin/non-human impacted forest fallacy
Western European Ecological Fallacies of Wet Tropics
D = Deforested
I = Introduced new tree species
C = Created large garbage dumps along rivers in
late pre-history (produced rich soils where poor
normally) – Terra preta
E = Encouraged weeds
NOW accept humans actively managed these forests for a long time:
Western European Ecological Fallacies of Wet Tropics
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CASE STUDY: International
Impacts on Tropical
Conservation, Land-use
Changes and Deforestation
Bolivia: Debt-for-Nature Swap (DNS)
IN Readings
• World’s first DNS created BeniBiosphere Reserve in 1987
• Bolivia government debt bought by international conservation groups or other organizations to incentivize Bolivian government to establish the Reserve
• Reason for DNS is that Bolivia is a hotspot for biodiversity
Conservation Case Study: 1st World Debt-for-Nature-Swap
• When establishing reserve,
no consideration of DNS impacts on
local communities ability
to feed themselves (hunting), get
firewood, build houses etc
• Local communities not involved in
setting boundaries or determining what area off limits
Conservation Case Study: 1st World Debt-for-Nature-Swap
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In 1990, the
Chimane indigenous
group had March for
Dignity and
Territory that
changed the way
indigenous
communities were
viewed in Bolivia
But not give them
their lands back or
ability to survive on
traditional lands
Conservation Case Study: 1st World Debt-for-Nature-Swap
"Somos Bolivia, Somos TIPNIS"
chanted indigenous and
environmental activists in their 62
day march (Photo: Dani
Gu/Flickr)http://www.indypendent.org/2012/07/02/bolivia-indigenous-vigil-tipnis
Chimane Indigenous
community
Primary Source of
Protein Changed access to
bushmeat since
establishment of parkBush-
meat
Mixed
bush-
meat
/beef
Mixed
fish /
beef
El Cedral – in RESERVE 100% 100% forest hunting,
but hunting more
difficult than before
El Totaizal (Mestiza-
Campesina) – BUFFER zone but isolated from
RESERVE
100% Eat more beef which
have to buy now from
ranchers
San Antonio – in
BUFFER Zone
100% 70% eat more beef
because wild animals
are further away
Puerto Mendez –
outside RESERVE but
close to BUFFER zone
100% 100% no hunting, too
far away from forest
Conservation Case Study: 1st World Debt-for-Nature-Swap
Findings• Economic conditions of communities linked to forest
proximity
• Establishment of parks protected livelihood of the ChimaneIndigenous Communities within the reserve boundary
• Access to forest materials and bushmeat changed– if lived in reserves still had access, in buffer access to forest materials is low to none
Conservation Case Study: 1st World Debt-for-Nature-Swap
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http://www.amazon-indians.org/
Land tenure rights (ownership of their lands ) is still not given
back to indigenous communities
- lost rights with arrival of European colonialists
Continuing problems: International communities, Indigenous Peoples
QUESTIONS: What valuable products RECENTLY found on these
lands by industrialized countries? What does this imply on whether
these lands will be given back to the indigenous people??
ANSWER: Oil, Natural gas, Gold, etc
QUESTION: Why does gold mining cause mercury poisoning of
people & ecosystems?
Continuing problems: International communities, Resources
& Land-use Changes
ANSWER: mercury used to separate gold from rock/ores and then
gets into river sediments, plants, fish in Amazon (affects human
central nervous systems)
“A gold miner uses a
high-pressure hose to
wash away the earth
and get gold particles,
near Delta Uno,
department of Madre
de Dios, southeast Lima
Peru. (Dan Collyns/AFP/Getty Images)
• …small-scale miners ..
less efficient in their
use of mercury than industrial miners
• 2.91 pounds of mercury are released into waterways for every 2.2
pounds of gold produced.
• estimated …more than 40 tons of mercury have been absorbed into
the rivers of Madre de Dios, poisoning the food chain
• 30% of global mercury used in gold mining (if want to see article, contact me)
International Drivers: Resources & Land-use Changes
http://www.amazon-indians.org/Matis-Video-01.htmlhttp://www.amazon-indians.org/Matis-Video-01.html
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Gold price USD/oz for April 20, 2014
North Brazil –
forests converted
to pastures to
graze cattle,
burning
encourages
grass growth
needed as food
source for cattle
Markets for meat
are international
Global Markets drive Forest Conversion: Beef Production
International Drivers: Resources & Land-use Changes
http://www.amazonrainforestnews.
com/2011_12_01_archive.html
International Drivers: Resources & Land-use Changes
NOTE: 62% of deforested
lands converted to cattle
pastures in the Brazilian
Amazon (2008 data)
Global Markets drive Forest Conversion: Beef Production
http://photos.mongabay.com/11/0904_brazil_deforestation_fate.jpghttp://photos.mongabay.com/11/0904_brazil_deforestation_fate.jpg
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right - palm oil fruit; left - red colored palm oil (used in cooking, biodiesel production)
ASIA tropical
forests
converted to
palm oil
plantations to
grow Biofuel
Crops:
Former tropical
forests now
terraced palm
oil plantations
International Drivers: Resources & Land-use Changes
Global Markets drive Forest Conversion: Biofuel Production
65
What is or is not unique to tropical human-
forest landscapes?
How do people adapt to dynamic riverine
landscapes?
How hard is it to find or grow food?
What are western European fallacies of
tropical forests & people who live here?
Case study - ‘Debt-for-Nature-Swap’
What are current international drivers
tropical forest health and sustainability?
Today’s THREADS - WET Tropical Forests [interconnected
stories of rivers, fish, forests, soils and humans]