Suthers & Rosen, Learning Analytics and Knowledge 2011
description
Transcript of Suthers & Rosen, Learning Analytics and Knowledge 2011
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A Unified Framework for Multi-Level Analysis of Distributed Learning
Dan SuthersDepartment of Information and Computer Sciences
andCommunication and Information Sciences Program
Devan RosenDepartment of Speech
University of Hawaii
Funded by NSF VOSS
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Multiple theories of how learning takes place in social settings ▪ From social as stimulus to social entity as learning agent▪ From "networked individualism" to "maintaining a joint
conception of a problem" ▪ From "diffusion of innovations" to "knowledge building"
All involve uptake: when an actor takes (a trace of) another actor's activity as being relevant in some way for his or her current activity ▪ See Suthers (ijCSCL 2006) for discussion of learning
epistemologies; and Suthers et al. (ijCSCL 2010) for uptake
Uptake is evidenced by how individual actions are observably contingent on the actions of others in their socio-technical network contexts
Learning in Social Settings
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Fundamental question: how learning takes place through the interplay between individual and collective agency ▪ Situated accomplishments of individuals and small groups▪ How these local accomplishments give rise to larger
phenomena in networksRequires coordinated multi-level analysis
Activity can be distributed across multiple media and sites ▪ Traces of activity may be fragmented across multiple logs ▪ Logs may record activity in the wrong ontology for analysis
(e.g., media-level events rather than interaction or ties) Distributed activity may be analytically cloaked
✓ Abstract transcript representation that collects relevant events into a single analytic artifact
✓ Analytic hierarchy that supports multiple levels of analysis
Analytic Challenges
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
Discussion 1
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Containment
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Sociogram (Tie Model)
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Uptake Graph (Interaction Model)
Events (Event Model)
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aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
Logs
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Logs(Process
Trace)
aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...
xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
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Entity-Relation Types(Domain Model)
Discussions
messages
Threading
Containment Actors
Write, Read
Logs(Process
Trace)
aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...
xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
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Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
Containment
Events (Event Model)
P2
w1: P2 writes m1 @27/08/2007 16:03:38
Writes
Logs(Process
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aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...
xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
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Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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Containment
Events (Event Model)
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r1: P1 reads w1 @27/08/2007 22:09:47
Reads
Logs(Process
Trace)
aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...
xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
w1: P2 writes m1 @27/08/2007 16:03:38
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Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
Containment
Events (Event Model)
P2
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r1 w2: P1 writes m2 @27/08/2007 22:18:22
Writes
Logs(Process
Trace)
aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...
xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
Threading
w1
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Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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m4Threading
Containment
Events (Event Model)
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Logs(Process
Trace)
aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...
xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
w1
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Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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Containment
Events (Event Model)
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Event Model as Abstract Transcript▪ Log files no longer needed (except as we discover new
information needs)
▪ Straightforward extension to include events from other media
▪ Sequence of events serves as unified transcript of distributed events
w1
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Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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Contingency Graphs▪ But what about interaction?
??
?? ?
?
??
▪ Identify empirical relationships between events that collectively evidence uptake
▪ Called contingencies after Garfinkel's "contingently achieved accomplishments": how actors draw on the evolving context
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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m4Threading
Containment
Events (Event Model)
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Contingencies: Media Dependency ▪ To reply to a message, it must first be written
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
m3
m4Threading
Containment
Events (Event Model)
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Contingencies: Media Dependency ▪ To read a message, it must first be written
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
m3
m4Threading
Containment
Events (Event Model)
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Contingencies: Temporal Proximity & Same Actor▪ Continuity of agent's activity
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
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m4Threading
Containment
Events (Event Model)
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Contingencies: Lexical or Semantic Overlap▪ For example, reuse of noun phrases
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
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m4Threading
Containment
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Contingency Graph as Contextualized Action Model▪ Analytically relevant manifest relationships between
actor's actions and other events have been recorded ▪ Next: raise analytic level of description to latent
relationships and higher order structures
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
m1
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m4Threading
Containment
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Uptake Graph (Interaction Model)▪ Interpret collections or subgraphs of contingencies as
corroborating evidence for uptake ▪ Supports sequential analysis of interaction
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Uptake Graph(Interaction Model)
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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m4Threading
Containment
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Uptake Graph (Interaction Model)▪ Finds uptake not manifest in threading structure▪ P3 plays an integrative role in this discussion▪ Other examples in Suthers et al. (ijCSCL 2010)
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Uptake Graph(Interaction Model)
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Discussion 1
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m4Threading
Containment
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Associograms● Directed affiliation network of actors and artifacts● Mediation Model: How actors' associations are mediated
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
Discussion 1
m1
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m4Threading
Containment
P2 P1
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
m3
m4Threading
Containment
P2 P1
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
m3
m4Threading
Containment
P2 P1
m1
m2
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
m3
m4Threading
Containment
P2 P1
P3
m1
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w1
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Finding Interaction Patterns: Round Trip
Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Recovering Temporal Information
Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Dialogue
Relationships▪ Patterns of mediated associations reveal relationships
Pairwise Associations (Relationship Model)
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Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Dialogue P2 P3
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Producer/Consumer
Pairwise Associations (Relationship Model)
Relationships▪ Patterns of mediated associations reveal relationships
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Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Dialogue P2 P3
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Producer/Consumer
Pairwise Associations (Relationship Model)
Relationships▪ Patterns of mediated associations reveal relationships
P1 P2
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SharedInterest
P1 P2
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SharedAuthorship
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Multi-Media Associations▪ Characterize pairwise relationships in terms of
distribution across media ▪ Compare roles of various media in supporting
associations (Suthers & Chu, Networked Learning 2010)
P2 P1
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Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Ties▪ Straightforward to collapse into sociogram by transitive
closure or similar computations
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Dialogue P2 P3
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Producer/Consumer
Pairwise Associations (Relationship Model)
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Associograms(Mediation Model)
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Sociogram (Tie Model)
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Dialogue P2 P3
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Producer/Consumer
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Pairwise Associations (Relationship Model)
Ties▪ SNA methods can now be applied
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Contingency graphs used for ... ▪ Microanalysis of process through which learners achieved
an insight ▪ Semi-automated analyses of graph manipulations to find
pivotal moments
Prior Research
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Tapped In (SRI International) ▪ Network of educators: professional development and peer
support (longest running educational online community)▪ 8 years of data; focusing on 2 year peak▪ 20K educators, 8K user-created spaces; 50 tenant
organizations▪ Chats, threaded discussions, wikis, resource sharing ...
Current Focus ▪ Identifying where significant activity takes place and
characterizing the nature of that activity (talk tomorrow afternoon)
▪ Nonlocal consequences of local activities, e.g., trace contingencies to find whether actors move ideas and other actors to new settings
Current Research
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As a data representation ▪ Integration of distributed data: uncloak distributed interaction▪ Common format for reuse of algorithms
As an analytic framework ▪ Multi-Level Multi-Theoretical analysis possible ▪ Multiple ontologies allow for mapping between interaction,
mediated affiliation and tie levels of analysis
Workshop: Connecting Levels of Learning in Networked Communities ▪ July 5th @ CSCL in Hong Kong ▪ http://www.isls.org/cscl2011/ or http://engaged.hnlc.org/
Advantages
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Contingency Graph (Contextual Action Model) Entity-Relations(Domain Model)
Associograms(Mediation Model)
Discussion 1
m1
m2
m3
m4Threading
Containment
P2 P1
P3
m1
m2
m3 m4
Sociogram (Tie Model)
P2 P1
P3
Uptake Graph (Interaction Model)
Events (Event Model)
w1
w2
w4
w3
r1
r2r1
r2r3
aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:24] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:25] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9558 ..."aa.bbb.cc.74 [27/Aug/2007:16:03:38] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9558 ..."... xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:09:47] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/open/756/message/9558 ..." ...xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/reply_preview/9558 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:07] "GET /workspace/282/note/2080/discussions/tree/756/message/9576 ..."xx.y.zzz.245 [27/Aug/2007:22:18:22] "POST /workspace/282/note/2080/messages/post_reply?...&message_id=9576 ..."
Logs
P2
P1
P3
w1
w2
w4
w3