Sustainable Tourism Management in the National Chambal ... · investigate the impediments and...

Abstract—In this study, an attempt has been made to

investigate the impediments and opportunities of sustainable

tourism management (STM) in National Chambal Sanctuary

(NCS) through field survey, focused group discussion,

participatory observation, and interview. It is found that NCS is

facing severe threats such as environmental degradation,

human-wildlife conflicts, illegal felling, and lack of coordination

among different stakeholders. One of the major challenges

facing the STM in NCS is to create mutually acceptable

practices for the tourists and the host community. The other

challenges for NCS are now to promote environmentally

sustainable tourism, ensuring a better standard of living for the

local people. Keeping these challenges and opportunities in view,

a framework has been developed to explain the process and

implementation of STM in the sanctuary, which would be useful

to combat the environmental degradation and to adopt the STM

in the NCS.

Index Terms—Host community, national chambal sanctuary,

sustainable development, sustainable tourism management,

tourism impacts.

I. INTRODUCTION

Over the years, world population is increasing gradually,

the demand and exploitation rate of natural resources are also

increasing simultaneously, which results in environmental

degradation in the form of climate change, pollution, ozone

layer depletion, natural hazards, etc. To control this

environmental degradation, forest, wetlands, natural

recreational sites etc. have been converted into protected

areas (PAs) worldwide. In India PAs are regulated under

Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972. NCS, one of the most

endemic wildlife sanctuaries in India, has been selected for

the study, which is located in three states of India. It is a

unique place (tri-state sanctuary) in South Asia, where one

can come across different endangered species like Indian

skimmer, dolphin, rare species of turtles, crocodiles, gharial,

migratory birds etc. To protect the sanctuary, local people

have been displaced from the area. They are not allowed to

access the NCS for sand mining, fishing, agriculture, and for

their basic needs, etc. However, environmental conservation

is the most important phenomena, which is being emphasized

without the rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) policy in

the NCS region. It is required to consider local people‟s

livelihood issues while conserving PAs. Therefore, emphasis

needs to make on the promotion of environmentally

Manuscript received February 19, 2016; revised August 15, 2016.

The authors are with the School of Humanities Social Sciences and Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751007

India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]).

sustainable tourism to ensure a better standard of living of the

local people. The promotion of tourism sector will provide

employment opportunities for local people. In addition, it

will be helpful to spread environmental conservation related

awareness.

The major objective of this study is to find out the

impediments and opportunities to adopt STM in NCS by

adapting field survey, focused group discussion, participatory

observation, and interview methods. One of the major

challenges for the implementation of STM in NCS is to create

a profitable and environmentally sustainable tourism sector

while concurrently acquiring a pleasant practice for tourists

and sustaining the standard of living of the local people.

II. STUDY AREA

NCS, a Chambal river based sanctuary, is spread over ten

districts of three states of India i.e. Etawah and Agra of Uttar

Pradesh (UP), Bhind, Sheopur and Morena of Madhya

Pradesh (MP), and Kota, Bundi, Karauli, Dhaulpur and

Sawai Madhopur of Rajasthan (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Geographical location of NCS in India.

The NCS lies from 24°55' and 26°50' N to 75°34' and

79°18' E. It emerges from the Vindhya hill range of MP,

flows in Rajasthan and merges in the Yamuna River, where

five rivers meet called Pachanada in UP [1].

Therefore, it becomes a fraction of the larger Gangetic

drainage formation [2]. A 600 kilometer extended area of this

river, between Jawahar Sagar Dam in Rajasthan and

Pachnada in UP, has been confined as the NCS, where the

river is approximately 400 meter widespread and 26 meter

deep [1]. NCS is called tri-state sanctuary due to its diverse

area in three states. The geographical detail of the sanctuary

Sustainable Tourism Management in the National

Chambal Sanctuary, India: Impediments and Opportunities

Nidhi Yadav, Naresh Chandra Sahu, and Dukhabandhu Sahoo

International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 5, October 2016

177doi: 10.18178/ijimt.2016.7.5.668

has been shown noticeably in the above figure (see Fig. 1).

The present stakeholders, who take part in the NCS function

system, are given below in Fig. 2, how the different

stakeholders in surrounding area of sanctuary influence each

other.

Fig. 2. Representative framework of NCS function system.

Before the sanctuary was officially declared, the Chambal

River was a natural source of livelihood for surrounding

people. Local people used to depend on NCS for drinking

water, sand mining, fishing, grazing, farming, vegetables,

food, fuel woods, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) etc.

All these activities are harmful to the endangered species of

the river. Therefore, after the conversion of the river in the

sanctuary, all these activities have been banned and

controlled. It has been found that due to lack of proper

management and insufficient control of forest departments,

these activities are still taking place in different parts of NCS.

However, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also play

very important role in the protection of the NCS and

spreading awareness about wildlife conservation among local

people. It has been shown in the (Fig. 2) that forest

department controls the local people from exploiting the

sanctuary area, but NGOs are trying to make the local people

aware through different environmental awareness programs.

Hence, it is suggested that forest department should also

make the local people aware of environmental conservation

through collaboration with NGOs and local people

participation.

The main problem in NCS has been found that the most

local people have lost their livelihood after the establishment

of the sanctuary. Later on, after the proper development of

the sanctuary, the site has become a nature based tourist

destination. With the development of NCS as a natural site,

another kind of demand emerged from the sanctuary for a

recreational purpose, which is promoted by both forest

departments of respective three states and NGOs. But, if the

number of tourists increases without a proper understanding

of carrying capacity, it will have a negative impact on the

sustainability of the sanctuary. Hence, it has become a

challenge, how to manage sustainable tourism without

hampering the quality of sanctuary as well as wildlife. After

merging both kinds of demand: livelihood and recreational

purpose, there should be a goal to conserve the wildlife with

active involvement of local people. With this responsible

participation, local people will become environment-friendly

and will help in wildlife conservation. Later, the interaction

of tourists with local people will develop the site with

merging the cultures of surrounding regions. Generated

revenue from the tourism sector may be used for the host

community development and sanctuary management. The

effective interaction among various stakeholders would be

helpful to ensure STM in NCS. The sustainability of wildlife

depends on the protection of PAs as well as on the sustainable

use of the natural resources by villagers and native people [3],

[4].

III. IMPEDIMENTS TO ADOPT STM

In spite of dispersion in ten districts of the NCS, tourism is

being operated only in three districts i.e. Morena of MP, Agra

of UP and Sawai Madhopur of Rajasthan. In Rajasthan,

tourism has been started recently during 2014-2015, that is

not yet fully developed. To understand the relationship

between local people and managers of the sanctuary, focused

group discussion has been carried out with the help of forest

department officials, NGOs, and village heads. Some

impediments have been identified during the survey to adopt

STM in NCS. These are as follows:

Lack of government incentives for the displaced people

such as rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) policy;

Increasing pressure by local people on sanctuary due to

lack of livelihood support;

Lack of livelihood support system leads human

interferences to the river ecosystem which results in

illegal fishing, sand mining, and poaching;

Lack of awareness among the local people about the

importance and significance of environmental

conservation.

Lack of basic facilities such as drinking water,

infrastructure, schools, hospitals, security and sanitation

to the displaced people in the villages , nearby NCS

area;

Lack of coordination among NGOs, local people, and

forest departments personnel;

Less number of tourist inflow to the sanctuary due to

lack of proper infrastructure such as road and railway;

Insufficient staff for ensuring effective and proper

tourism management;

Frequent human-wildlife conflict causing loss of

valuable resources; and

Undervaluation of ecological services.

The above-mentioned impediments are considered as the

major hurdles in NCS tourism development and management.

Therefore, it is essential to resolve the impediments by

successfully adopting STM. The following challenges are

faced by the managers of NCS to implement STM

framework.

How to adopt STM framework;

How to create scope for local people‟s participation in

the management, tourism development, protection and

wildlife management;


178

Livelihood Recreation

Local

People

Tourists

NGOs

National Chambal Sanctuary

Government Intervention

(Forest Department)

PromotionControl

Conservation

Promotion Awareness

Conservation

How to enhance the tourists‟ inflow to NCS for

maximizing revenue for its day to day activities;

How to create more employment opportunities for local

people to reduce pressure on NCS;

How to check all illegal activities taking place in NCS;

How to reduce poverty of local people residing in and

around NCS;

How to make local community more aware of the

benefits of conservation and sustainable management of

NCS; and

How to maintain the positive relationship among the

economic, social, environmental, cultural, and political

aspects of NCS sustainable tourism development.

IV. STM AND ITS SCOPE

The concept of sustainable tourism has gained momentum

after a worldwide debate on sustainable development in the

late 1980s. The concept of sustainability clearly includes the

environment, people and economic systems [5]. The

development, which meets the requirements of the present

without compromising the capability of future generations to

meet their own requirements, is called sustainable

development (SD) [6]. SD concept has been used to focus on

the development with sustainability and availability of

natural resources for future generation. However, tourism, a

profitable activity has an unavoidable impact on the natural

resources and natural climate system. Swarbrooke (1999)

defines that the term tourism has its own step by step

evolution, which can be described as chronologically, this is

briefly depicted in (Fig. 3) [5]. Initially, mass tourism has

been started since the 1960s. Later on, the negative impacts

of tourism have been realized on the ecosystem [7]-[10].

Fig. 3. Sequential improvement of the perception of sustainable tourism.

The term "Ecotourism" was introduced in 1965 when

environmental issues were first incorporated in the tourism

sector. Earlier, it was related only to visitors but later it was

considered to support the local people and PAs by providing

the potential for economic benefits. Ecotourism is frequently

observed as a type of environment based tourism that has

been developed into a significant choice of visitors. It is

defined as “tourism that allows for the enjoyment and

understanding of the nature and culture of a destination while

producing economic benefits and actively promoting

environmental conservation” [11]. To reduce the negative

effect of tourism on the natural areas or tourist destination,

visitor management concept has emerged in the 1970s.

Visitor management plays a vital role in shielding the

environmental sustainability of protected areas, providing

funding, occupational opportunities and empowering visitors

or tourists to achieve valuable practices from their visit to

recreational sites. Visitor management can be attained in two

foremost behaviors: first by a recreational site agency

managing destinations (e.g. parks and their sites) and second

by directly managing visitors or tourists (e.g. through user

fees). It can be indirectly attained by a park agency working

with the tourism industry to both shields the park and provide

quality experiences for visitors, along with creating revenue

for the park maintenance [12]. The green tourism has been

started since the 1980s, which reduces the environmental

costs and maximizing the environmental remuneration of

tourism. At the end of the 1980s and in the course of 1990s,

the idea of soft tourism was increasingly replaced by

deliberations of sustainable tourism. But, in sustainable

tourism, the emphasis has been given to incorporating the

environmental quality and the host community involvement.

Sustainable tourism has to meet social, cultural,

environmental and economic needs. It has a continuing vision,

for present and future both generations. It should be

economically reasonable, culturally adapted, ecologically

viable and productive as well. The rapid escalation in tourism

has created many troubles, for instance, the loss of traditional

lifestyle, pollution, and cultural loss etc. In a study, Murphy

has discussed the relationship between tourism and the host

community, where tourism is considered as socio-cultural

event for both tourism and host [13].

An increased number of visitors and their actions bring

many changes in the environment and host community.

Therefore, the local visitor growth can lose its moral fiber. In

order to make certain the reimbursement of tourism on the

local people, the social indicators, evaluate how tourism

projects could be incorporated into the local people‟s lifestyle

[14]. Tourism stress, community health, social collision,

security, and local people pleasure are different forms of

social indicators. Economic indicators assess the association

between tourism projects, economic and sustainable

development. It would comprise of investigation of

management over development, the industry produced tax

returns, foreign exchange income or losses, and the share of

local tenure [14]. The host community‟s involvement with

tourism may bring the sustainable tourism practices. STM is

framed with three words: sustainable, tourism and

management. Sustainable means which can be sustained for a

long time or for a future generation without over exploiting

rate of resources in the present generation. Tourism means to

travel from one place to another place for the purpose of

recreation, business, leisure, knowledge, nature, awareness or

to visit a different environment. Management means the

process of dealing with or controlling things or people in the

proper way so that all should be benefitted without any

negative impact. In simple words, the tourism which can be

sustained and managed in the present without compromising

the availability, quality, quantity of natural resources and

environment for future, is known as sustainable tourism

management (STM). "Sustainable tourism is defined as

leading to management of all resources in such a way so that

the economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled

while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological

Identification of the possible effects of

the explosion in

mass tourism (1960)

The confinement of the notion of

green tourism

(1980)

Growth of the idea of

sustainable

tourism

(1990)

Development of visitor management

concept (1970)


179

processes, biological diversity and life support systems" [15].

There is a big gap between policy making and

implementation despite the recognition of sustainable

tourism as a viable option for more voracious development

models. Disagreement among management authorities,

investors, tourists‟ developers and the host communities

results in the unsuccessful policy execution [16], [17].

Further, Pigram (1990) states “Sustainable tourism has the

potential to become a tangible expression of sustainable

tourism development. Yet, it runs the risk of remaining

irrelevant and inert as a feasible policy option for the real

world of tourism development, without the development of

effective means of translating the idea into action” [17].

In the context of NCS, STM is required to bring proper

protection of wildlife, development of sustainable tourism

and ecosystem management in the sanctuary. After becoming

a PA, NCS has become a unique place for the tourism

purpose, which can serve a better place for tourism

destination as well as the source of livelihood by the active

involvement of the local people in tourism activities. There

are four entry points in UP part of sanctuary, but only one is

opened in Agra. Similarly, there is a huge scope of tourism

development in different parts of NCS among three states,

where tourism sector is not yet developed apart from Morena

in MP and Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan.

V. DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR STM WITH THE

POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES

STM is a socioeconomic issue because it is based on the

distribution of resources in the current and future generation.

It has been found that while applying tourism in NCS, some

people gain and some people lose. To resolve the problem of

unequal distribution should be the main motivation for

implementing the STM framework in the sanctuary. Tourism

and environment are inextricably linked and interdependent

[5]. Due to tourism, the environment can be negatively

affected. But with better knowledge of the industry and

tourists, the adverse effect of tourism can be reduced. The

lower part of NCS has more spots of wildlife attractions than

a sanctuary such as Lion Safari and Sarsai Nawar wetland in

Etawah district of UP. Government and forest department

need to focus on boosting eco-tourism around such spots with

the conservation angle attached to it. Panchnada is a

convergence of five rivers: Chambal, Kunwari, Yamuna,

Pahuj, and Sind. It is a rich habitat for dolphins. Towards the

north of Etawah, Kachauraghat on the Yamuna is an

important bird area. Sarsai Nawar, a bird sanctuary with a lot

of sarus cranes, and other migratory birds, could be added

attraction for the visitors of NCS. There is a need to

supplement the spots by means of transport and public

facilities [18]. It shows a wide-ranging sight of peaceful

natural magnificence during the raining and winter season.

However, it becomes a scorched expanse during the summer

season. To attain the STM, there is a need to control

environmental degradation with minimizing environmental

cost, which will be able to maximize the economic benefits

while ensuring environmental conservation. Further, it is

required to define the carrying capacity and fixing the fair

pricing on tourism, which will help to control the

overexploitation of natural resources in the forestry area. The

process of STM could be explained by the following aspects

given below in Fig. 4. However, the STM should be socially

equitable, environmentally bearable, economically viable

and culturally manageable.

Fig. 4. Process of STM in the NCS.

To control negative side effects of increasing tourism upon

different stakeholders, there is a need to fix fair pricing on

tourism with the proper tax system. A framework of STM

can be framed with the proper policy implication and

implementation of the above aspects. However, in the

sanctuary, boating is the center point of attraction for more

tourists, which may have a negative impact on aquatic

wildlife in terms of noise pollution, air pollution and water

pollution. The above ground particulars during the building

construction, oil spills, and uncurled work activities will be

harmful to their natural habitat. Tourists activities may have

significant negative impact on the surrounded environment in

terms of using detergents in hotels, untreated wastewater

contaminates in terms of water pollution. During safaris,

tourists may create a disturbance in wildlife of forests.

Further, they influence the perceptive ecology and

environment.

SD concept should be implemented in ecosystem

management and sustainable tourism in NCS. To achieve the

STM in practice, there is a need for the coordination among

different stakeholders such as the local community, NGOs,

forest department officials, tour operators, and hoteliers.

There are certain tourism impacts on society, environment

and economy. It is inevitable that increasing tourism can have

a negative impact on the atmosphere. To control the harmful

side effects of tourism in different sectors, there is a need to

follow STM framework properly in the sanctuary. To adopt

STM in NCS successfully, there is a need to promote and

develop railway station, city buses, ecotourism information

center as in Sawai Madhopur railway station in Rajasthan. In

addition, there should be development of infrastructure,

hotels, roads and other basic facilities to support tourists and

staff management. Therefore, through proper management of

tourism in a sustainable manner, it is required to control and

reduce adverse side effects of tourism and to enhance positive

impacts. By applying the carrying capacity in the tourism, it

would be easier to fix the fair price and tax on tourists.

Income generated from tourism could be redistributed for the


180

Environment-

ally bearableSTM aspects

with proper policy

implication and

implementation

Controlling environmental

degradation

minimizing

environmental cost

Fixing the fair pricing on tourism with

proper tax system

Defining the carrying

capacity

Environmental

conservation and maximizing the

economic benefits

Socially

equitable

Economically

viable

Culturally

manageable

development of the local community. A graphic detail of the

proposed STM is given below in the Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. STM framework in NCS.

In this way, sustainable tourism development and

management can be achieved in different parts of NCS.

Further, it would be useful to check all illegal activities like

fishing, poaching, and sand mining, which are taking place

due to lack of staff, fund and tourism in the sanctuary area.

Likewise, STM framework should be socially, economically,

environmentally, and politically sustainable by taking into

consideration the culture of the host community. To control

the air, noise pollution and privatization in the tourism area,

public transport should be encouraged. There is an urgent

need to use the technological innovation to reduce the

pollution and make the system green. For example,

Annapurna 'Unnatt' Chulha has been developed by “The

Energy and Resource Institute” (TERI), New Delhi that can

be operated with less amount of fuel without much pollution.

The use of solar energy and CNG gas will be helpful to

reduce the air pollution in the PA region.

Since NCS is a kind of wetland that supports not only local

people and aquatic wildlife but also provides recreational

benefits to tourists. Wetlands create benefits to tourists

directly by providing recreational services and indirectly by

supporting other coastal ecosystems and managing the

climate system [14]. It has been found that the land‟s rights in

PAs are still with local people, but the supervision is mainly

carried out by forest departments or NGOs. There are many

local people residing in surrounding of NCS, who have been

displaced due to the establishment of the sanctuary. With the

development of tourism sector, they could be able to get

employment opportunities in the tourism sector as well as in

other related services. This tourism sector can create the new

environment-friendly societies and the new businesses.

To control the negative impact on the environment of

tourism, forest departments need to follow sustainable

environmental conservation policies with proper regulation

taking into account both positive and negative externality

effects. The tribulations of littering and inappropriate solid

waste management besides construction waste need to keep

control while using environmentally friendly techniques to

save the quality of the destination and the biodiversity [19]. It

is the most important thing in STM that the private sector,

such as resorts or NGOs should not follow commercialization

or commoditization under the shadow of environmental

conservation. Forest department should define the NCS‟s

carrying capacity to sustain its resources and originality. It

has to adopt proper environmental management policy in the

development of sustainable tourism while determining the

number of tourists. The promotion of tourism should not go

beyond the carrying capacity.

The tourism sector has economic impacts on principal

stakeholders compromising of forest departments, NGOs,

developers (investors), hoteliers, tour operators, tourists and

the local people. Currently, government officials of NCS are

facing a lot of problems in the NCS area, which include

insufficient funding, shortage of staffs, fewer resources, and

lack of coordination with local people and NGOs. These are

considered as impediments in environmental conservation. In

addition, the environmental conservation without any

incentive or awareness in local people is an only a half road

map. Therefore, a sustainable tourism development should be

dealt with the government incentives and policy implications.

The forest department officials face the problems of

red-tapism in implementing many innovative policies in

implementing sustainable development policies of the area.

The main challenge in the surrounding area is how to

generate jobs for the rapidly increasing population. The

government has to adopt the sustainable development

concept in case of tourism management in the NCS. It would

be helpful to develop the surrounding area and to create

positive economic impacts in the surrounding area.

In the NCS area, NGOs are working for wildlife

conservation, but only few of them are functioning well. In a

discussion with forest department officials, it has been

observed that media is playing a negative role in highlighting

the conflicts between human and wildlife in the sanctuary

over the years that is not a healthy environment to implement

STM in NCS. To reduce the negative endorsement by media

about NCS, the government has to take each stakeholder on

board while framing sustainable conservation policies. The

government has to come out with proper implementation of

policies with sufficient fund and staffs.

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

In conclusion, it is suggested that green awareness efforts

must be promoted among local communities with the

intention to protect and develop environmental resources.

The government should encourage various stakeholders of

NCS to take part in the management and protection of rich

biodiversity and resources of the sanctuary. The forest

departments and policy makers should play a significant role

in adopting and implementing ecologically sound policies

and programs to circumvent the degradation of the NCS

environment and to achieve the STM. For implementing

STM successfully in NCS, it is suggested that all forest

departments of three states should come up with a centralized

management plan and framework taking into account the

diverse interests of the various groups associated with the

sanctuary. The management of NCS should be formulated

Implementation of sustainable development concept in ecosystem management and

sustainable tourism in NCS

Sustainable

Tourism

Management

Establishment of co-ordination among different

stakeholders

Development of ecotourism information centre

near by airport, railway station as well as at bus

stand

Infrastructure development around the NCS

Sustainable tourism development of different

parts of NCS in an integrated way


181

with employment generating programs such as establishing

small scale cottage industry, agroforest handicraft, plantation

and promoting self-help groups (SHGs) and joint forest

management (JFM) to ensure the local peoples‟ participation

in the protection of sanctuary for the promotion of sustainable

tourism. Overall, the government has to formulate and

implement effective policies to resolve the management

issues among different stakeholders and to adopt STM in

NCS. Sustainable development concept should be

implemented along with STM while achieving the wildlife

conservation in the sanctuary for the betterment of present

and future generation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to acknowledge our sincere thanks to the

respective state forest departments and officials‟ of UP, MP

and Rajasthan in India for required support during data

collection from the sanctuary. The first author (Nidhi Yadav)

is thankful for financial support from University Grants

Commission (UGC), India and IIT Bhubaneswar, India

administration for permission to visit forest sites.

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Nidhi Yadav is a Research Scholar at the School of Humanities, Social Science and Management of the

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. She

has done her MA in economics from Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India and awarded UGC- NET &

JRF in 2011. Her current research interests include

environmental economics, natural resources management and economic valuation of natural

resources.

Naresh Chandra Sahu is an Assistant Professor and the Head of the School

of Humanities, Social Science and Management of the Indian Institute of

Technology Bhubaneswar, India. He has done his Ph.D. in economics from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India in 2008. His current

research interests include environmental economics, natural resources

management, water and energy, climate change, mining, finance and rural economics.

Dukhabandhu Sahoo is an Assistant Professor of the School of Humanities, Social Science and Management of the Indian Institute of Technology

Bhubaneswar, India. He has done his Ph.D. in economics from the Indian

Institute of Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India in 2007. His current research interests include open macroeconomics, environmental and

natural resource economics, social sector, public policies and applied

econometrics.


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Sustainable Tourism Management in the National Chambal ... · investigate the impediments and...

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