Development of Sustainable Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Power for Electrical

Resources – SuPER System Resources – SuPER System

EE 563 Graduate SeminarEE 563 Graduate SeminarSeptember 30, 2005September 30, 2005

James G. Harris, ProfessorJames G. Harris, ProfessorEE Department and CPE ProgramEE Department and CPE Program

OutlineOutline

• BackgroundBackground• Technical Description of SuPER SystemTechnical Description of SuPER System• Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis• Five Year Plan for DevelopmentFive Year Plan for Development• Faculty Participating in SuPER ProjectFaculty Participating in SuPER Project• Student InvolvementStudent Involvement• Facilities, Equipment, and ResourcesFacilities, Equipment, and Resources• Status and PlansStatus and Plans

Background - ElectrificationBackground - Electrification

• Electrification – National Academy of Electrification – National Academy of Engineering’s top engineering Engineering’s top engineering achievement for the 20achievement for the 20thth Century Century

• Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do not have accessnot have access– Significant proportion of remainder does not Significant proportion of remainder does not

have reliable access to battery or gridhave reliable access to battery or grid– 18,000 occupied structures on Navajo Nation 18,000 occupied structures on Navajo Nation

lack electrical power (2001 legislation) lack electrical power (2001 legislation)

Background - SignificanceBackground - Significance

• Impact of electrification significantImpact of electrification significant– Transformation of Western worldTransformation of Western world

•Thomas Hughes: Networks of PowerThomas Hughes: Networks of Power

– People who caused changePeople who caused change– Social Impact – standard of livingSocial Impact – standard of living

• Recognized by National Renewable Recognized by National Renewable Energy Laboratory in late 1990sEnergy Laboratory in late 1990s– Village Power ProgramVillage Power Program– Development of microfinancingDevelopment of microfinancing

Background – Solar Background – Solar Insolation Insolation • Goal to provide electrical resources to Goal to provide electrical resources to

people in underdeveloped countriespeople in underdeveloped countries

• Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 years of developmentyears of development– Example of cell phone in AsiaExample of cell phone in Asia

• Review of global insolation mapReview of global insolation map– Poorest people ($1-2 a day income)Poorest people ($1-2 a day income)– Within plus or minus 30 degree of latitudeWithin plus or minus 30 degree of latitude

• Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq m/day)m/day)

Background – DC Power Background – DC Power

• Solar photovoltaic systems inherently DCSolar photovoltaic systems inherently DC

• History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse and Tesla) at end of 19and Tesla) at end of 19thth century century– DC versus AC for generation, distribution, and DC versus AC for generation, distribution, and

utilizationutilization– Initially, applied to lightingInitially, applied to lighting

• Lighting todayLighting today– 60W incandescent bulb and 20W compact 60W incandescent bulb and 20W compact

fluorescent bulb lumensfluorescent bulb lumens– Equivalent to 3W LED technology, and improvingEquivalent to 3W LED technology, and improving

Background – DC power Background – DC power loadsloads

• Efficiency of electrical motors: few horsepowerEfficiency of electrical motors: few horsepower– Permanent magnet DC motorsPermanent magnet DC motors

• Electrical appliancesElectrical appliances– Computer: 50W laptop (DC)Computer: 50W laptop (DC)– TVs, radios use DC powerTVs, radios use DC power– RV 12V DC market: kitchen appliancesRV 12V DC market: kitchen appliances– Portable power tools – battery powered (DC)Portable power tools – battery powered (DC)

• Computers: wireless connectionComputers: wireless connection– Internet, phone (voice over IP), TV, radio, Internet, phone (voice over IP), TV, radio, – Education: MIT Media Lab $100 laptop projectEducation: MIT Media Lab $100 laptop project

Background – Moore’s LawBackground – Moore’s Law

• Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system technology is mature, e.g., Sandia technology is mature, e.g., Sandia HandbookHandbook

• Application of Moore’s Law to development Application of Moore’s Law to development of SuPER systemof SuPER system– Solar cell development: commercial and Solar cell development: commercial and

research labresearch lab• Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005

• Implies 25% efficiency in 2025Implies 25% efficiency in 2025

– DARPA RFP: 1000 units of 50% efficiencyDARPA RFP: 1000 units of 50% efficiency

Commercial Module Range Laboratory Cells

Histories of Silicon Photovoltaic Module and Cell Efficiencies

Ref.: Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)

April Allderdice and John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; Renewable Energy for Rural Schools;National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

Jonathan O.V. Touryan and Kenell J. Touryan; Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Village Power; Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation Conference Arkansas August 1, 1999National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Background – Solar and DC Background – Solar and DC PowerPower

• ConclusionConclusion– Solar photovoltaic is poised for leapfrog Solar photovoltaic is poised for leapfrog

technologytechnology•Many development tools availableMany development tools available•Expectation of future efficienciesExpectation of future efficiencies•Sustainable power sourceSustainable power source•Digital control of standalone systemDigital control of standalone system

– DC is power of futureDC is power of future•DecentralizedDecentralized•Matched to source and loadsMatched to source and loads

Technical Description of SuPER System

DC InterfaceControl and Status

Solar Panel

Energy Storage (Battery)

• Modular design: four subsystems

• Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system design very mature

Technical Description of SuPER Technical Description of SuPER System – approach and goalsSystem – approach and goals

• Approach to design from first principlesApproach to design from first principles• Created set of five sets of requirementsCreated set of five sets of requirements

– Overall, and a set for each subsystemOverall, and a set for each subsystem

• Overall goal:Overall goal:– Mean time between failures (MTBF): 25 yearsMean time between failures (MTBF): 25 years– Mean time to repair (MTTR): 1 hourMean time to repair (MTTR): 1 hour– Design lifecycle of 20 yearsDesign lifecycle of 20 years– Cost: less than $500 for 1 sq m PV module Cost: less than $500 for 1 sq m PV module

including battery replacementsincluding battery replacements

Technical Description of SuPER Technical Description of SuPER System - requirementsSystem - requirements

• Overall system requirements (abbreviated)Overall system requirements (abbreviated)– Total power/energy budget: input, storage, Total power/energy budget: input, storage,

outputoutput– Measurements and definition of stateMeasurements and definition of state– Safety: NEC/standards code, groundingSafety: NEC/standards code, grounding– Mechanical design: enclosure/packagingMechanical design: enclosure/packaging– Startup and shutdown, error Startup and shutdown, error

detection/recoverydetection/recovery– Documentation: General Public License (Open Documentation: General Public License (Open

Source)Source)

Technical Description of SuPER Technical Description of SuPER System - requirementsSystem - requirements

• Solar Panel requirements (abbreviated)Solar Panel requirements (abbreviated)– Size: 1, 2, 4 sq m modular designSize: 1, 2, 4 sq m modular design– Voltage (DC); 12V, 24V, 48VVoltage (DC); 12V, 24V, 48V– Fixed tilt @ latitude + or – 15 degFixed tilt @ latitude + or – 15 deg– Modularity: parallel/series, interface DC Modularity: parallel/series, interface DC

sourcessources– MaintenanceMaintenance– Measurements: voltage/current; spectral Measurements: voltage/current; spectral

and temporal characterization; temperatureand temporal characterization; temperature

Technical Description of SuPER Technical Description of SuPER System - requirementsSystem - requirements

• Energy storage requirements Energy storage requirements (abbreviated)(abbreviated)– Type: deep cycle, AGM-gel, Ni-CdType: deep cycle, AGM-gel, Ni-Cd– Maintenance minimal (clean terminals)Maintenance minimal (clean terminals)– Replacement schedule: every 5-10 yearsReplacement schedule: every 5-10 years– Safety and sustainability Safety and sustainability – Measurements: charging and dischargingMeasurements: charging and discharging– Grounding and mechanicalGrounding and mechanical

Technical Description of SuPER Technical Description of SuPER System - requirementsSystem - requirements

• DC interface requirements (abbreviated)DC interface requirements (abbreviated)– Single or multiple DC outputs: model of AC Single or multiple DC outputs: model of AC

110V input service bus with multiple circuits110V input service bus with multiple circuits– Currents: use of AWG 12 or 14 implies 15ACurrents: use of AWG 12 or 14 implies 15A– Circuit breakers, GFI, overload for motorsCircuit breakers, GFI, overload for motors– Characterization of DC electrical loadsCharacterization of DC electrical loads– Modular design for load growthModular design for load growth– Forum for DC standarization: model of Forum for DC standarization: model of

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Technical Description of SuPER Technical Description of SuPER System- requirementsSystem- requirements

• Control and status module requirements Control and status module requirements (abbreviated)(abbreviated)– Digital development technology: example is Digital development technology: example is

Altera FPGA/NIOS with uclinux OS, internet I/FAltera FPGA/NIOS with uclinux OS, internet I/F– Switching of array power with conditioningSwitching of array power with conditioning– User display/interfaceUser display/interface– Digital control algorithms: maximum power point Digital control algorithms: maximum power point

tracking (MPPT), softstart for power switchingtracking (MPPT), softstart for power switching– Safety and groundingSafety and grounding– Enclosure with environmental conditioningEnclosure with environmental conditioning

Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis

• Worst case global solar radiation: 4 KW h / Worst case global solar radiation: 4 KW h / sq m per daysq m per day

• Solar cell efficiency of 10% yields 400 W h / Solar cell efficiency of 10% yields 400 W h / sq m sq m

• Solar module of 1 sq m for 400 W h per daySolar module of 1 sq m for 400 W h per day

• Energy storage at 12V with discharge of Energy storage at 12V with discharge of 50% yields 66 A h battery50% yields 66 A h battery– Car/truck battery Car/truck battery – Five year replacementFive year replacement

Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis

• Lighting: 5 LED lamps @ 3W for 4 hours Lighting: 5 LED lamps @ 3W for 4 hours yields 60 W hyields 60 W h

• Water pump: ¼ HP (187 W) for one hourWater pump: ¼ HP (187 W) for one hour– 565 liters at maximum heigth of 7.62 m 565 liters at maximum heigth of 7.62 m

(garden hose)(garden hose)

• Computer and communication: 50 W for Computer and communication: 50 W for one hourone hour

• Refrigerator (12V DC) @ 50 W hRefrigerator (12V DC) @ 50 W h• Portable battery charging @ 50 W h Portable battery charging @ 50 W h

Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis Daily Source (W h)

Solar energy production 400

Total energy use allocation 397 Lighting 60Pump/motor 187Computer/communications 50Refrigerator 50Portable battery charging 50

Energy storage: 12V AGM lead acid battery rated at 66 A h(one day supply for 50% discharge)

Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis

• Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS)Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS)– SunWize Systems model DC30 75/100SunWize Systems model DC30 75/100– Manufacturer suggested retail price $1469Manufacturer suggested retail price $1469– Solar power generator systemSolar power generator system

•Self-contained 12V DC with battery storageSelf-contained 12V DC with battery storage

•190 W h with input solar radiation of 4 K w h / 190 W h with input solar radiation of 4 K w h / dayday

•Marketed for emergency power applicationsMarketed for emergency power applications

•AC output models availableAC output models available

Five Year Plan for Five Year Plan for DevelopmentDevelopment• Summary of development processSummary of development process

– First three years for prototype developmentFirst three years for prototype development•Three generations at one year for eachThree generations at one year for each

•Use of Electric Power Institute for administrationUse of Electric Power Institute for administration

– Last two years for field testingLast two years for field testing– Five years for completed design and testingFive years for completed design and testing

• Includes business plan, documentation and Includes business plan, documentation and disseminationdissemination

Five Year Plan for Five Year Plan for DevelopmentDevelopment• First year activitiesFirst year activities

– First generation functional designFirst generation functional design• Use of 20-101 power senior project labUse of 20-101 power senior project lab• Set up development environmentSet up development environment

– FPGA and uclinux OSFPGA and uclinux OS• Using EE/CPE senior project and thesisUsing EE/CPE senior project and thesis• Prototype goal: satisfy all functional requirementsPrototype goal: satisfy all functional requirements

– Marketing plans with OCOB studentsMarketing plans with OCOB students• Winter 06 client for BUS 454 Developing and Winter 06 client for BUS 454 Developing and

Presenting Marketing Plans/Senior ProjectPresenting Marketing Plans/Senior Project– At least three marketing plans proposed:At least three marketing plans proposed:

USA investors for SuPER developmentUSA investors for SuPER development Indigenous entrepreneurs business opportunityIndigenous entrepreneurs business opportunity Indigenous consumers for SuPER systemIndigenous consumers for SuPER system

Five Year Plan for Five Year Plan for DevelopmentDevelopment• Second year activitiesSecond year activities

– Second generation prototype addressing:Second generation prototype addressing:•modularity, manufacturing, reliability, modularity, manufacturing, reliability,

maintainability, cost, packagingmaintainability, cost, packaging

– Development of involvement of student Development of involvement of student clubsclubs

– Extensive system testing and evaluationExtensive system testing and evaluation– Initiation of business planInitiation of business plan– Establishment of DC standards forum Establishment of DC standards forum

Five Year Plan for Five Year Plan for DevelopmentDevelopment• Third year of activitiesThird year of activities

– Third generation SuPER prototype addressing:Third generation SuPER prototype addressing:• PackagingPackaging• Satisfies all functional and performance requirementsSatisfies all functional and performance requirements• Cost requirements satisfiedCost requirements satisfied• Extensive testing and evaluationExtensive testing and evaluation

– Complete open source documentation of SuPER System: Complete open source documentation of SuPER System: GPL compliant GPL compliant

– Growth of DC standard forum development activitiesGrowth of DC standard forum development activities– Business plans disseminatedBusiness plans disseminated

• Targeted entrepreneurs within countries of interestTargeted entrepreneurs within countries of interest– Plan for field testing in fourth yearPlan for field testing in fourth year

• Potential of Navajo Nation developedPotential of Navajo Nation developed

Five Year Plan for Five Year Plan for DevelopmentDevelopment• Fourth and fifth year of activities:Fourth and fifth year of activities:

– Assessment of SuPER systemAssessment of SuPER system• Improvement of design and constructionImprovement of design and construction•MTBF of 25 years, MTTR of 1 hourMTBF of 25 years, MTTR of 1 hour•20 year lifecycle cost < $50020 year lifecycle cost < $500•Update of SuPER system open source Update of SuPER system open source

documentationdocumentation

– Pilot projects initiated and evaluatedPilot projects initiated and evaluated– DC standards forum publishes DC standardDC standards forum publishes DC standard– Revised business plan disseminated Revised business plan disseminated

Faculty Participating on SuPER Faculty Participating on SuPER ProjectProject• Administrated by Electric Power InstituteAdministrated by Electric Power Institute

– Dr. Ahmad Nafisi, DirectorDr. Ahmad Nafisi, Director

• Collaboration with CENG Center for Sustainability Collaboration with CENG Center for Sustainability in Engineeringin Engineering– Dr. Deanna Richards, DirectorDr. Deanna Richards, Director

• EE/CPE faculty initially involved:EE/CPE faculty initially involved:– Drs. James G. Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, TaufikDrs. James G. Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik

• OCOB faculty initially involved:OCOB faculty initially involved:– Dr. Doug Cerf, Associate DeanDr. Doug Cerf, Associate Dean– Dr. Norm Borin, Chair of Marketing AreaDr. Norm Borin, Chair of Marketing Area

Student InvolvementStudent Involvement

• EE graduate students for thesis work in system EE graduate students for thesis work in system engineeringengineering– Overall system requirements, design, integration and Overall system requirements, design, integration and

testingtesting– System design for status and controlSystem design for status and control

• EE and CPE students for senior projects in EE and CPE students for senior projects in subsystem developmentsubsystem development– Design and testing of subsystemsDesign and testing of subsystems

• OCOB students for senior projects in BUS 454 for OCOB students for senior projects in BUS 454 for marketing plansmarketing plans

• Development of a Cal Poly SuPER teamDevelopment of a Cal Poly SuPER team

Student InvolvementStudent Involvement

• Initially work with resources availableInitially work with resources available– Adequate for start, just lengthens scheduleAdequate for start, just lengthens schedule

• Plan to acquire support for not only Plan to acquire support for not only additional resources, but also studentsadditional resources, but also students

• Faculty to provide continuing direction Faculty to provide continuing direction through “generations” of students through “generations” of students working on SuPER projectworking on SuPER project

Facilities, Equipment and Facilities, Equipment and ResourcesResources

• Solar panel system available in EE Solar panel system available in EE Department – see photoDepartment – see photo

• Development laboratory to be established Development laboratory to be established in power senior project laboratory (20-101)in power senior project laboratory (20-101)

• Resources of Power Electronics Laboratory Resources of Power Electronics Laboratory available (20-104)available (20-104)

• Basic infrastructure for system Basic infrastructure for system development exists at Cal Poly development exists at Cal Poly

450-W 24-V Solar Panels on mobile station, 40-Amp charge controller, Solar Boost MPPT, and 2 Deka Solar Sealed Electrolyte Batteries; lab also has a 3.5 kW Outback All-In-One (MPPT, Charge Controller, and Inverter) to accommodate future expansion of the solar panel system.

Status and Plans - Status and Plans - foundationsfoundations• Support solicited over summer from foundations:Support solicited over summer from foundations:

– MacArthurMacArthur– Rockefeller BrothersRockefeller Brothers– Energy FoundationEnergy Foundation– FordFord– HewlettHewlett– PackardPackard– Clairborne (Liz) and Art OrtenberyClairborne (Liz) and Art Ortenbery– GatesGates– KaufmanKaufman

• ““it does not fall within either of their current it does not fall within either of their current funding priorities and/or guidelines.”funding priorities and/or guidelines.”

Status and Plans - NSFStatus and Plans - NSF

• Submitted proposal to National Science Submitted proposal to National Science Foundation on September 23, 2005Foundation on September 23, 2005– RUI: Development of Sustainable Power for RUI: Development of Sustainable Power for

Electrical Resources – SuPER System Electrical Resources – SuPER System – Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUI)

Program Announcement within its Faculty Program Announcement within its Faculty Research Projects area for three years and total Research Projects area for three years and total of $240K of $240K

– Submitted to Control, Networks & Computation Submitted to Control, Networks & Computation Intelligence (CCNI) program within Electrical & Intelligence (CCNI) program within Electrical & Communications and Systems (ECS) Division of Communications and Systems (ECS) Division of the Engineering Directoratethe Engineering Directorate

Status and Plans - startStatus and Plans - start

• Initiate the effort with existing Initiate the effort with existing resourcesresources– Senior projects and thesis workSenior projects and thesis work

•Engineering – technicalEngineering – technical

•Business – economic Business – economic

– Establish DC web-based forumEstablish DC web-based forum– Continue to involve other faculty and Continue to involve other faculty and

studentsstudents

Why? Broader Impact of SuPER Why? Broader Impact of SuPER ProjectProject

• Provides family owned electrical power Provides family owned electrical power sourcesource– Only electrical power source for familyOnly electrical power source for family– Increasing power resource with time Increasing power resource with time – With financial business plan: $2-3 per month for all With financial business plan: $2-3 per month for all

electrical power needselectrical power needs

• Decentralized, sustainable development of Decentralized, sustainable development of electrical power in poorest countrieselectrical power in poorest countries

• SuPER system potential resource for raising SuPER system potential resource for raising standard of living of poorest to par with rest standard of living of poorest to par with rest of worldof world

Broader ImpactBroader Impact

• Priority and focus on developing sustainable Priority and focus on developing sustainable electrical resource for poorest peopleelectrical resource for poorest people

• Success will provide model for people in Success will provide model for people in developed nationsdeveloped nations– Recognize commitment to status quoRecognize commitment to status quo– Centralized AC power generation with distributionCentralized AC power generation with distribution– Review current PG&E billReview current PG&E bill– Replace with sustainable distributed DC powerReplace with sustainable distributed DC power

Interested in Participating?Interested in Participating?

• Check out SuPER website: Check out SuPER website: http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.htmlhttp://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.html– Announcement of opportunitiesAnnouncement of opportunities– White PaperWhite Paper– Graduate Seminar PresentationGraduate Seminar Presentation

• Visit with faculty involved:Visit with faculty involved:– EE: Jim Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, TaufikEE: Jim Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik– OCOB: Doug Cerf, Norm BorinOCOB: Doug Cerf, Norm Borin

ReferencesReferences

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• 2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for• Sustainable Rural Village Power";Sustainable Rural Village Power"; Presented at the American Scientific AffiliationPresented at the American Scientific Affiliation• Conference ArkansasConference Arkansas August 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871August 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871• [hybrid system for nrel village power program report[hybrid system for nrel village power program report• 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System

Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520-33586 Page 541; available at Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520-33586 Page 541; available at http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfss/33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes /33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."]structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."]

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• 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989

• 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; MIT Press; 1990MIT Press; 1990

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November 2000; available from November 2000; available from http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508 • [microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries][microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries]• 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small

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• [authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities][authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities]• 10. Sunwize Technologies; 10. Sunwize Technologies; http://http://www.sunwize.comwww.sunwize.com//; insolation map available at ; insolation map available at

http://http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htmwww.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htm • [on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map][on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map]• 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005,

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Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278• 13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-

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• [mainly lessons learned][mainly lessons learned]

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Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003

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InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)• [history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure][history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure]• 20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP—20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP—

Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, which will be open at least a year from this date; see which will be open at least a year from this date; see http://http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htmwww.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm

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• [overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's)[overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's)• 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower

Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; May Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; May 2005.2005.

• 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Photovoltaic Off-Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-3493 Photovoltaic Off-Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-3493 October 2003October 2003

• [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding]standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding]

• 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 (2004) 419–431; available at(2004) 419–431; available at

• www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergywww.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy• [microbased control, but focused on AC output][microbased control, but focused on AC output]

ReferencesReferences

• 25. Angel V. Peterchev, Seth R. Sanders; "Digital Loss-Minimizing 25. Angel V. Peterchev, Seth R. Sanders; "Digital Loss-Minimizing Multi-Mode Synchronous Buck Converter Control"Multi-Mode Synchronous Buck Converter Control"; ; 2004 35th 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Aachen, Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Aachen, Germany, 2004Germany, 2004

• [dc to dc for cell phone/computer using digital techniques][dc to dc for cell phone/computer using digital techniques]• 26. Jason Hatashita, "Evaluation of a Network Co-processing 26. Jason Hatashita, "Evaluation of a Network Co-processing

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• 27. Homepage for Cal Poly Marketing Program: 27. Homepage for Cal Poly Marketing Program: http://http://buiznt.cob.calpoly.edu/cob/Mktg/Borinbuiznt.cob.calpoly.edu/cob/Mktg/Borin// ; see client application in ; see client application in lower right hand spacelower right hand space

• 28. EE 460/463/464 Senior Seminar/Senior Project Handbook 28. EE 460/463/464 Senior Seminar/Senior Project Handbook available at:available at:

• http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/listings/29/sphand.pdfhttp://www.ee.calpoly.edu/listings/29/sphand.pdf]]• 29. Muhammad H. Rashid; Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and 29. Muhammad H. Rashid; Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and

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