Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet”...
Transcript of Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet”...
![Page 1: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Troy D. Vassos, PhD FEC PEng
Technical Director
Integrated Sustainability (Calgary/Vancouver)
AOWMA 22ND ANNUAL CONVENTION & TRADE SHOW
“SUSTAINABLE PASSIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT ” SEMINAR
Sustainable Passive
Wastewater Treatment
![Page 2: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
Wastewater Characteristics
Treatment Mechanisms
Lagoon & Wetland Treatment
Sustainability Considerations
Lagoon Upgrade Examples
![Page 3: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Wastewater
Characteristics and
Treatment
![Page 4: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Domestic Wastewater
5%TOILET
URINE
FAECES
KITCHENSINK
DISHWASHER
BATHSHOWER
LAUNDRY
MISC
BLACKWATER
GREYWATER
WASTEWATER
30% 10% 35% 20%
5%
![Page 5: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
LANDFILL
Compost
DigestBacteria
TREATMENT
BIOSOLIDS REUSE
DISPOSALor REUSE
Treatment
Toilets & Urinals
Bath & Shower
Laundry
Kitchen Sink
GREYWATER
BLACKWATER
Organic Solids
Fats Oils & Grease
Soluble Organics
Screenings, Sand & Grit
Pathogens
Toxic Organic & Inorganic
Nutrients (N & P)DISCHARGE
Disinfect DISCHARGE
![Page 6: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Treatment Levels & Objectives
• Primary – remove coarse solids & FOG
• Secondary – remove soluble BOD & TSS
• Tertiary – remove N & P
– remove turbidity (filtration)
• Disinfection – remove microoganisms
![Page 7: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Treatment Summary
1. Lower temperature → more time
2. Complex organics → more time
3. Long solids retention is better than short
4. Mechanical treatment simply mimics and accelerates natural processes
5. Mechanical high capital and O&M cost
6. Passive Treatment – more land
![Page 8: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bacteria &
Wastewater
Treatment
![Page 9: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Aerobic Bacteria
Two general types of aerobic bacteria
1. Heterotrophic Bacteria Consume Organics
– Needs oxygen in proportion to the amount of organics consumed
– Rapid consumption & growth
![Page 10: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Autotrophic Bacteria – uses CO2 as a carbon source – Nitrification: oxidize ammonia NH4 to
form nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3)– Not a significant process in lagoons
due to limited bacteria in suspension – Lagoon nitrogen reduction generally
due to algae growth
Aerobic Bacteria
![Page 11: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Anoxic: No oxygen, but other electron acceptors present (NO2, NO3, SO4 etc.)
• Heterotrophic facultative bacteria digest and remove readily biodegradable soluble organics (electron donors) under anoxic conditions forming sludge, CO2and nitrogen gas (N2)
Anoxic Bacteria
![Page 12: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Anaerobic: No O2, NO2, NO3, SO4 etc. present
• Heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria fermentand consume biodegradable soluble and particulate organic constituents forming sludge, CH4, CO2 and odour compounds
• Very slow growing• Key condition for biological phosphorus
removal
Anaerobic Bacteria
![Page 13: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
![Page 14: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Treatment Elements
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
NO3 → N2
ANOXIC AEROBIC
RECIRCULATION LOOP
NITROGENREMOVAL
![Page 15: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Treatment Elements
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
NO3 → N2
AEROBICANOXICANAEROBIC
PHOSPHORUSRELEASE
PHOSPHORUSREMOVAL
RECIRCULATION LOOP
BACTERIA WITHOUT NO3
NITROGENREMOVAL
![Page 16: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lagoon Treatment
![Page 17: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
![Page 18: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL TSS REMOVAL
WASTEBACTERIA
![Page 19: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL TSS REMOVAL
WASTEBACTERIA
TSS REMOVAL
DUCKWEED HARVESTING N & P REMOVAL
![Page 20: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Facultative Lagoons
2O
NH3
pH
10
5
NH4 PALGAE O2
BACTERIA
CO2
SLUDGE
NH4
AEROBIC(FAST)
ANAEROBIC(SLOW)
ANOXIC (FACULTATIVE)
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
1.5
–2.
0 m
![Page 21: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Facultative Lagoon
2O
NH3
pH
10
5
NH4 PALGAE O2
BACTERIA
CO2
SLUDGE
NH4
AEROBIC(FAST)
ANAEROBIC(SLOW)
ANOXIC (FACULTATIVE)
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
1.5
–2.
0 m
![Page 22: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lagoon Advantages
• Achieves good treatment under cold climate conditions
• Withstands high flow and organic loading fluctuations
• Lower capital and operating cost than mechanical systems– Lower energy and Labour– Lower operator skill and attention– Easy to maintain
![Page 23: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lagoon Disadvantages
• Algae blooms affect TSS & BOD• Seasonal nitrogen removal (algae growth)• Limited phosphorus removal• Seasonal turnover and odours• Exfiltration concerns• Sludge accumulation & desludging• Land requirements
![Page 24: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Algae Water Quality Impact
![Page 25: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Algae Control Considerations
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 PALGAE
![Page 26: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 PBACTERIA
ALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
![Page 27: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
NOT GENERALLY PRACTICAL
ALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
![Page 28: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 PALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
![Page 29: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
NH4 P
O2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
O2
O2O2O2
O2
O2
O2
BACTERIABACTERIA
BACTERIABACTERIA AEROBIC
(FAST)
3.0
–5.
0 m
ALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
![Page 30: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Size Comparison – 3,800 m3/d (1 MGD)
LAGOON SYSTEM LAND (m2)
FACULTATIVE 667,000
PARTIAL-MIX AERATED 200,000
COMPLETE-MIXED AERATED 20,000
![Page 31: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wetland Treatment
![Page 32: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Constructed Wetlands
N & P REMOVAL BY HARVESTING
BACTERIA BOD REMOVALAMMONIA NITRIFICATION
![Page 33: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Effluent
Quality
Requirements
![Page 34: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wastewater Effluent Systems Regulations
• Four “Prescribed Deleterious Substances”
1. 5-day Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) < 25 mg/L (avg)
2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) < 25 mg/L (avg)3. Total Residual Chlorine < 0.02 mg/L (avg)4. Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH3) < 1.25 mg-N/L(max)
@ 15 OC +/- 1 OC
• Quarterly reports for average annual flows of 2,500 – 17,500 m3/d & HRT > 5 days
![Page 35: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
WSER and Lagoons
• WSER impacts small remote communities who rely on lagoon treatment
• Upgrading required to mitigate:– Algae growth effects on WSER TSS & BOD
effluent criteria– Effluent total & unionized ammonia – Fish toxicity (high pH → high NH3 )
![Page 36: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Improved BOD & TSS Removal
• BOD REMOVAL– Increase Retention Time (Size & Depth)– Increase Oxygen (Mechanical Aeration)– Increase Bacteria (Attached Growth Media)– Primary Filtration (vs Anaerobic Lagoon)
• TSS REMOVAL– Inhibit Algae Growth– Mechanical Separation – Constructed Wetlands (Biofilter)
![Page 37: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Algae & Ammonia
• Problem: Inhibiting algae growth reduces nitrogen and ammonia removal
• Seasonal nitrogen removal useful for only intermittent discharges
• Post-treatment ammonia nitrification is required for continuous discharges
![Page 38: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ammonia Removal Options
• INTERMITTENT DISCHARGE LAGOON– Algae Uptake & Seasonal Discharge– Wetland Post Treatment (Nitrification)– Attached-Growth Post Treatment– Attached-Growth In-situ Technology
• CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE LAGOON– Wetland Post Treatment (Nitrification)– Attached-Growth Post Treatment– Attached-Growth In-situ Technology
![Page 39: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
![Page 40: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
![Page 41: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
![Page 42: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
![Page 43: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sustainability
Considerations
![Page 44: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Economics
Environment
Social
ConventionalModel
OptimalSpot
Conventional Sustainability Model
![Page 45: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Alternative Sustainability Model
Economics
Environment
Social
Alternative Model
![Page 46: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Alternative Sustainability Model
Economics
Environment
Social
Regulations
Key Constraint
![Page 47: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Cumberland
Lagoon Upgrade
![Page 48: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Village of Cumberland
Vancouver
Victoria
Cumberland
![Page 49: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Village of Cumberland
• Coal mining town incorporated in 1898• Old combined (storm & sanitary) sewer• Discharge Permit issued in 1967• Provided 48 years to reduce flows• Authorized works (1967) mechanical
screens, aerated/facultative lagoon, phosphorus removal & disinfection
• 2-Cell Aerated & facultative lagoons• $2M - 85% Separation = no flow reduction
![Page 50: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Village of Cumberland
• Discharge to man-made drainage canal leading to fish bearing stream with extremely low summer flows
• 2018 ADWF = 800 m3/d PWWF > 20,000 m3/d• Permit Effluent Criteria
– CBOD5 & TSS < 30 mg/L (max) – Total-P < 1.0 mg-P/L– Fecal Coliforms < 200 MPN/100 mL (median)
• Design ADWF = 1,800 m3/d Pop = 3,800
![Page 51: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Village of Cumberland
SCREENS
MAPLE LAKE “CREEK”
![Page 52: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Full-Flow Mechanical
Option 1 – “Lagoon Upgrade” using mechanical enhancements to remove phosphorus, disinfect, discharge to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions
and provide for natural polishing treatment.
Option 2 – “Excess Wet-Weather Lagoon Treatment” -Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) treatment for 2 x ADWF, wet weather flows directed to existing lagoons.
Option 3 – “Full Flow Mechanical” - Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) to treat and disinfect full wet weather flow, with additional tertiary filtration for 2 x ADWF. The lagoons would then be decommissioned.
![Page 53: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Lagoon Upgrade
AERATED LARGE
LAGOON
FACULTATIVESMALL
LAGOON
SOLIDSSEPARATION
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
NATURALWETLANDS
> 3,600 m3/d
< 3,600 m3/d
![Page 54: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Excess Wet-Weather Lagoon Treatment
FACULTATIVE LARGE
LAGOON
AERATEDSMALL
LAGOON
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
> 3,600 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
< 3,600 m3/d
FINE SCREEN MBR
![Page 55: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Full-Flow Mechanical
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
c
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
> 14,500 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
> 3,600 m3/d
FINE SCREEN MBBR
< 3,600 m3/dc
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
SOLIDSSEPARATION
FILTRATION
![Page 56: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Community Sustainability
Assessment
• Community stakeholder sustainability assessment resulted in the Lagoon-Upgrade option achieving the highest score
![Page 57: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Natural Wetlands Treatment
Treatment achieved by the lagoons and natural wetland combined is superior to most mechanical tertiary treatment processes
![Page 58: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Phase 1 – Wetlands Tertiary
AERATED LARGE
LAGOON
FACULTATIVESMALL
LAGOON
SOLIDSSEPARATION
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
NATURALWETLANDS
> 3,600 m3/d
< 3,600 m3/d
![Page 59: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Village of Cumberland
![Page 60: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Future -Tertiary Filtration - Reuse
AERATED LARGE
LAGOON
FACULTATIVESMALL
LAGOON
SOLIDSSEPARATION
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
MLCDISCHARGE
FILTRATION
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
FINE SCREEN
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
![Page 61: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Village of Cumberland
![Page 62: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Funding Received – August 2019
• High performance lagoon upgrade $9.7M
• Investing in Canada Infrastructure Program (ICIP-EQ) Environmental Quality Stream Award of $7,113,010
• Government of Canada ($3,880,000)
• Province of British Columbia ($3,233,010)
![Page 63: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Kamloops
Lagoon-Based
BNR Process
![Page 64: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Kamloops Lagoon Upgrade
• Population growth 80,000 – 125,000• Mechanical plant $73M estimate• Total-P objective of 1.0 mg-P/L• 20-year life• UV Disinfection• Lagoon-BNR Savings of $33M• Also saves $200,000/yr in chemicals
![Page 65: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
What’s
BNR?
![Page 66: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Conventional Activated Sludge
![Page 67: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Anoxic + Aerobic Zones
![Page 68: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Anaerobic + Anoxic + Aerobic Zones
![Page 69: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
BNR Process
NH4 NO3
NO3 N2 Poly-P Rich Bacteria
PO4
![Page 70: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Anaerobic Zone P-Release
NO2 NO3
O2
ANAEROBIC CELL
CARBON(PHB)
BIO-P BACTERIAPO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
VFA VFAVFA
POLY-P
![Page 71: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
O2
PO4
PO4
PO4ANOXIC CELL
POLY-P
CARBON
PO4
PO4 PO4PHB
POLY-P
PHB
P-UPTAKE
CELL DIVISION
Anoxic Zone P-Removal
![Page 72: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Anoxic Zone Denitrification
O2N2
ANOXIC CELL
N2
N2
NO3 NO3
VFA
NO3VFAVFA
DENITRIFICATION
VFA
NO3
N2
CELL DIVISION
![Page 73: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
NH4NH4
NH4
CO2CO2
O2
O2 O2
O2O2 O2
O2
O2
NH4
O2
O2 O2
O2 O2N03
N03N03
N03
CELL DIVISION
CO2
CO2
AEROBIC CELL NITRIFICATION
Aerobic Zone Nitrification
![Page 74: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
PO4
PO4
AEROBIC CELL P-UPTAKE
O2
O2
PO4O2 O2 O2
O2
O2
POLY-P
PO4
PO4
O2
O2
O2O2
POLY-P
POLY-PCELL DIVISION
Aerobic Zone P-Uptake
![Page 75: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Kamloops
BNR Adaptation
![Page 76: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Conventional Activated Sludge
ANAEROBIC
ANOXICAEROBIC
![Page 77: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Conventional Activated Sludge
![Page 78: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 79: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 80: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 81: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 82: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 83: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 84: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
![Page 85: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
![Page 86: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Kamloops BNR Lagoon
Left – BNR Lagoon conversion.
Middle – membrane covered anaerobic lagoon (biogas).
![Page 87: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Example
Design Checks &
Expected
Performance
![Page 88: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Aerated Fraction
BNR plants are generally designed to ensure that the aerated fraction does not drop below 60%.
10,000 m3
4,000 m3
33,000 m3
Aerated Fraction= 33,000 / 47,000 m3
= 70 %
![Page 89: Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions and provide for natural polishing treatment. Option 2 –“Excess Wet-Weather](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042909/5f3dd934431b770e4e5235e7/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Maximum N Removal
RAS = 62,000 m3/d
25,000 m3/d95,000m3/d
25,000 m3/d
%NO3
−−N removed =
95,000 + 62,000
25,000 + 95,000 + 62,000= 86%
Total Recycle Ratio =95,000 + 62,000
25,000= 6.3
Alkalinity destroyed by nitrification = 219 mg/LAlkalinity recovered = 96 mg/L as CaCO3