Sustainable Parking - NPA 2011 - Carl Walker, Inc.
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Sustainable Parking Design Gary Cudney Carl Walker, Inc.
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Presented at the 2011 National Parking Association by Gary Cudney, P.E. President, Carl Walker, Inc. [email protected]
Transcript of Sustainable Parking - NPA 2011 - Carl Walker, Inc.
Sustainable Parking Design
Gary CudneyCarl Walker, Inc.
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
• LEED® Green Building Rating System
• USGBC/LEED certifies occupied commercial buildings
USGBC and LEED®
• LEED® Green Building Rating System • Sustainable Sites
• Water Efficiency
• Energy & Atmosphere
• Materials & Resources
• Indoor Environmental Quality
USGBC and LEED®
• 2011 USGBC Ruling“Parking garages may not pursue LEED certification. More specifically, buildings that dedicate more than 75% of floor area (including areas not covered, enclosed, or conditioned) to the parking and circulation of motor vehicles are ineligible for LEED.”
USGBC and LEED®
• Green Parking Council (GPC) • Non-profit organization offering:
o Certification and Credentialing Programs Green Garage Demonstrator Sites Individual education & professional credentials
o Parking industry standardso Professional leadership, education and training
• GPC works at the intersection of parking, green building, clean technology, renewable energy, smart grid infrastructure, urban planning and sustainable mobility.
Green Parking Council (GPC)
greenparkingcouncil.org
• Carl Walker Green Garage Demonstrator Sites• City of Ann Arbor South 5th Avenue Underground• Colorado State University (CSU) Lake Street
Green Parking Council (GPC)
• Combined Effort of the National Parking Association’s PCC and IPI’s Consultants Committee
• Environmental Impacts of Garages
• Rating Systems
• Energy Choices
• Electric Vehicles
• Automated Parking Structures
• Lighting
• Green Roofs
• Green Operations & Management
• TDM and TOD
Sustainable Parking – Strategies & Practices Book
• Reduced Operating and Life Cycle Costs• Increased Building Value & Marketability• Tax Incentives & Utility Rebates• Less Waste, Material Usage, and Pollution• Less Energy and Water Depletion
Advantages of Building Green Parking
• LEED® Green Building Rating System • Sustainable Sites
• Water Efficiency
• Energy & Atmosphere
• Materials & Resources
• Indoor Environmental Quality
USGBC and LEED®
• Green Roofs• Reduced heat island
• Reduced and filtered storm water run off
• Improved aesthetics
• Useable outdoor space
Sustainable Sites
• Green Roofs
Sustainable Sites
• Green Roof & Intermodal
Sustainable Sites
Green Roof Technology
• Extensive Systems• Limited access, limited options, lower costs• Uses in parking include
o Stair/Elevator Roofso Canopies
• Intensive Systems• Pedestrian friendly, vast options, higher costs
o Grade-level parko Garden Roofo Playing Field
Benefits of Green Roofs
• Owner Benefits• Improved public acceptance
• Aesthetics
• Facility branding
• Stormwater management
• Increased R-factor
• Increased roofing longevity
• Enhanced property value
• LEED® points
Image Courtesy of Clean Air Partnership
Benefits of Green Roofs
• Public Benefits• Reduction in Urban Heat Island• Storm Water Management
• Capable of retaining in excess of 50% of annual rainfall volume per 2009 EPA Study• Reduces peak flow• Good for watersheds
• Improved Air Quality• Urban habitats for birds, butterflies, bees and other insects• Attractive appearance• Useable public or education space
Disadvantages of Green Roofs
• Problems with Green Roofs• Increased structural loads
• Higher Capital Costs• 20-year cost/benefit payback
• Specialized maintenance• Plants
• Irrigation
• Waterproofing
• Drainage
• Difficulty locating leaks
Green Roof Costs
• Rule of Thumbs +50%
• Costs excluding the roof structure• Extensive $10 - $35/SF• Intensive $40 - $250/SF• Local or State subsidies where available can offset first costs
Green Roof ProjectsMuseum of Science & Industry,
Chicago, IL
Green Roof Projects
Playfields
• Green Walls
Sustainable Sites
• Green Walls
Sustainable Sites
• Parking Canopies
Sustainable Sites
Canopies reduce heat island effect & provide sun and hail protection
Solar panels atop canopy
• Alternative transportation – Bike parking, changing rooms and showers
Sustainable Sites
•Bike Rental Programs
Sustainable Sites
• Alternative transportation access • Preferred EV and HOV parking • Electric charging stations
Sustainable Sites
• Pervious concrete pavement• Reduces runoff• Naturally filters storm water
Sustainable Sites
• Pervious concrete pavement• Pervious concrete is recognized by the EPA and the USGBC’s LEED for its benefits of:
Sustainable Sites
• Water-pollution control
• Recharging ground water
• Storm water management
• Reducing urban heat islands
• Tree & plant irrigation
• Drier and safer for pedestrians
• Traffic grid and grass for temporary parking
Sustainable Sites
• Water Efficient Landscaping• Irrigate with Retained Storm Water• Natural Drainage Landscapes
Water Efficiency
• Optimize Energy Performance• Energy Efficient Lighting• Lighting Control Systems
• Renewable Energy – Solar Power
Energy & Atmosphere
Parking Lighting Used to be Easy!
High Pressure Sodium
“Before”Metal Halide “After”
Parking Lighting Used to be Easy!
High Pressure Sodium (HPS)“Before” Metal Halide (MH)
“After”
with painted ceiling
Parking Structure Lighting Options Today• Fluorescent – T8 or T5• Induction• LED• HPS & MH not used much
Parking Lighting
Induction
LED
Fluorescent
LED
• Improved Security & Less Crime• Enhanced Perception – More Revenue• Reduced Energy Costs (40%+ Savings)• Less Maintenance – Longer Lamp Life
• Other Financial Incentives• Local & State Credits and Rebates• Utility Company Rebates (Database at dsireusa.org)• EPAct of 2005 Tax Deductions of 30¢-60¢/SF• Very Short Payback Period (2 – 4 Years) for Conversions• Manufacturers Finance or Lease for No Upfront Cost
Benefits of New Lighting Options
• IESNA RP-20-98 Garage Illuminance• Minimum Horizontal 1.0 fc on the floor• Non-Parking Ramps 2.0 fc day / 1.0 fc night• Entrance Areas 50.0 fc day / 1.0 fc night• Max/MinUniformity Ratio 10:1 (Horizontal)
• 5.0 fc Average w/ 4:1 Avg/Min Ratio
Lighting Design Criteria
Single Row Layout
Not Preferred
Double Row Layout
Preferred
• HID No Longer the Light of Choice• A Lot of Interest in LED & Induction…BUT…• Fluorescent seems most popular• Install Demo Fixtures• Have Lighting Analysis Performed• Consider Wireless Control Technology
• Time of Day• Photocell• Motion Detector• Instant On / Off
Parking Structure Lighting Trends
Parking Structure Lighting
Induction Lighting
LED Lighting
Lighting 10-Year Life Cycle Cost AnalysisFloor Area = 240,000 SF, 750 Covered Spaces, Lights on 24/7Assume conduit and electrical panels reused and 1 for 1 Replacement of Existing MHCaution: Results will vary depending on fixtures selected, environment/climate, labor costs, electricity costs, structure type, etc.
Type of Light175 W MH
ExistingT8 3-Lamp
Fluorescent
T8 3-Lamp Fluorescent w/ Wireless Controller 100-W LED
100-W Induction
# of Fixtures 300 300 300 300 300
Fixture Input Wattage 210 11135-76-111 (Avg = 64) 103 105
Average Illuminance (fc) 6.5 6.7 2.2 - 6.7 5.6 3.4Power Density (W/SF) 0.26 0.14 0.5 - 0.14 0.13 0.13Maintained Lumens 9,750 10,600 10,600 7,000 5,020Efficacy (Lumens/W) 46.4 95.4 95.4 67.9 47.8Lamp Life (Hours/Years) 15,000 / 1.71 36,000 / 4.1 36,000 / 4.1 50,000 / 5.7 75,000 / 8.6
Fixture Installed Unit Cost Existing $325 $650 $750 $575Total Fixture First Cost Existing $97,500 $195,000 $225,000 $172,500Total Fixture Cost /Space Existing $130 $260 $300 $230
Energy Cost @ 15¢/KWH $827,800 $437,600 $252,300 $406,000 $413,900Maintenance Cost $135,000 $43,200 $98,900 $210,000 $150,000Total 10-Year LCC $962,800 $480,800 $351,200 $616,000 $563,900
Energy Savings / Year Existing $39,000 $57,600 $42,200 $41,400Payback Period in Years N/A 2.5 3.4 5.3 4.2Source: Peter Kelly, Green Lighting Technologies, March 2011 Article
• Solar Canopies• $1,100,000 Cost
• 9,000 SF• $122/SF
• ≈ 100 KW
Energy & Atmosphere
• Construction waste management – recycle & reuse• Recycled steel
• Structural steel• Concrete rebar• Handrails, grilles, bollards, etc.
• Thin brick façade panels• Recycled rubber
Materials & Resources
• Green Concrete• Recycled Fly Ash, Slag, and Silica Fume• Recycled Sand and Aggregate• Local / Regional Materials• Reuse Formwork
• 75 Year Design Life
Materials & Resources
• Maximize natural ventilation
• CO Monitoring
• Promote natural lighting
• Use low VOC products• Paint
• Silane Sealer
• Deck Coating
Indoor Environmental Quality
• Sustainable Parking Control Equipment• Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI)
• Pay-On-Foot Automated System
• Parking Space Guidance System• Spaces Available• Individual Space Monitoring• Online Reservations
Indoor Environmental Quality
• Carl Walker Green Garage Demonstrator Sites• Colorado State University (CSU) Lake Street
Green Parking Council (GPC)
• CSU Lake Street Green Features• Solar Energy• Regional materials (concrete, sandstone) • Recycled content (fly ash, steel) • Heat island reduction (concrete, white EPDM)• Water use reduction (landscaping, plumbing fixtures)• Storm water management (bioswales) • Preferential parking for FEVs & ZEVs (5% of total) • Low energy lighting (induction, photocell control, day lighting)
Green Parking Council (GPC)
• Carl Walker Green Garage Demonstrator Sites• City of Ann Arbor South 5th Avenue Underground
Green Parking Council (GPC)
• Carl Walker Green Garage Demonstrator Sites• City of Ann Arbor South 5th Avenue Underground
Green Parking Council (GPC)
• 5th Avenue Underground Green Features• Regional materials (concrete) • Recycled content (16,300 trucks of excavated soil, paving, slag, steel) • Storm water management (large detention tank)• Water use reduction (landscaping)• Preferential parking for alternate fuel vehicles• 22 Electric charging stations • Low energy lighting (fluorescent w/ occupancy and time of day control)• LED street lighting
Green Parking Council (GPC)
High Pressure Sodium Lighting
High Pressure Sodium Advantages High Pressure Sodium Disadvantages
Lower First Cost Nearing Obsolescence in Parking
Match Existing Facilities…If Not Retrofitted Already
Yellowish Light Color
Lower Operating Cost Than Metal Halide Shorter Lamp Life than Newer Technology
Higher Lamp Cost than Fluorescent
Higher Energy Consumption
Higher Life Cycle Operating Cost
Metal Halide Lighting
Metal Halide Advantages Metal Halide Disadvantages
Lower First Cost Nearing Obsolescence in Parking (TBD)
Match Existing Facilities…If Not Retrofitted Already
Highest Energy Consumption
White Light Higher Life Cycle Operating Cost
Shorter Lamp Life than Newer Technology
Higher Lamp Cost than Fluorescent
Fluorescent Lighting
Fluorescent Advantages Fluorescent Disadvantages
Lowest First Cost Perception of Lower Quality – Some Poor Quality Fixtures on the Market
Lowest life Cycle Operating Cost Reduced Illuminance in Cold Weather
White Light Disposal of Lamps with Mercury
Low Energy Consumption More Maintenance (Cleaning, Gasket)
Lowest Lamp Cost
Long Lamp Life
Instant On / Off For Lighting Management
LED Lighting
LED Advantages LED Disadvantages
Low Energy Consumption Highest First Cost
Long Life…But, a Moving Target Replace Entire Fixture When LED’s Fail
White Light Some Poor Quality Foreign LED’s
No Mercury Disposal Light Distribution: Glare, Little Up Light, Less Uniform
Great in Cold Climates Little History…Rapid Change
Instant On / Off For Lighting Management
Lumens per Watt is too Low
Induction Lighting
Induction Advantages Induction Disadvantages
Low Energy Consumption Higher First Cost than Fluorescent
Long Lamp Life More Fixtures Required Due to Low Light Output
White Light Lumens per Watt is too Low
Great in Cold Climates Some Poor Quality Foreign Lamps
Instant On / Off For Lighting Management
Good Light Distribution
