SUSTAINABLE MINING IN INDIA
Transcript of SUSTAINABLE MINING IN INDIA
Contents of Presentation
Brief of Indian Coal Industry
Environmental Issues & Mitigation measures adopted by CIL
Coal Beneficiation
Adoption of Renewable Sources
of Energy
Brief of Indian Coal Industry
Coal Contribution
towards energy
Coal meets over 52% of primary commercial energy needs in India against 29% the world over
Around 72% of India's power generation is coal based (2012-13)
CIL contribution towards coal production
81%(452 Mt) of total production (557.5 Mt)
Opencast mines contributes 90%
towards total coal production in India
Demand and availability of
Coal
Demand of coal is expected to touch
980.5 Mt by 2016-17, of which, demand from Power Sector constitutes 70%
Availability of indigenous coal is optimistically projected at 795 Mt in 2016-17
COAL PRODUCTION PROJECTION –
XIIth & XIIIth Five Year Plan
Source –
Report of
Working
Group on
Coal and
Lignite for
XIIth Five
Year Plan,
Nov 2011
Company XII Plan (2016-17)
(Mt)
XIII Plan (2021-22)
(Mt)
Business
as Usual
Optimistic Business
as Usual
Optimistic
CIL 556.40 615.00 650.00 700.00
SCCL 57.00 57.00 63.00 63.00
Captive 79.60 100.00 215.00 315.00
Others 22.00 23.00 22.00 24.00
All India 715.00 795.00 950.00 1102.00
Technology-wise Coal Production (Actual & Projection)
488.12 505.32
710.5
51.83 52.21
84.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2011-12 2012-13 2016-17
Co
al P
rod
uc
tio
n (A
ctu
al &
P
roje
cti
on
in
Mt)
Opencast Underground
539.95 557.53
795
Degradation of
land including
forest land,
Conservation of
flora-fauna,
and
Air pollution,
primarily with
dust
Problems
arising out of
displacement
of inhabitants
including
tribals
Environmental & Social Concerns
Major coal production from
opencast mines
MoEF stresses upon UG mining
but productivity lesser
Large part of future OC projects
under forest areas in Jharkhand,
Orissa and Chattisgarh
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN SOCIAL CONCERN
Environmental
& Social
Concerns
Strategies to enhance
sustainability in Coal MiningStr
ate
gie
s to
enh
anc
e
Sus
tain
abili
tyIntegrated planning of coal mines taking into account the environmental concerns arising out of mines, Environmental Impact Assessment and management planning
Implementation of pollution mitigation measures ( Air, Water Noise, Subsidence & land, OB dump Management) including monitoring of environmental attributes
Mine Closure Planning for post-mining land-use acceptable to the community & to generate sustainable revenues as social asset
Compensatory afforestation as per the prevailing laws
Voluntary afforestation as an advance action prior to starting the project, in the wasteland, to develop green area against the forest land to be acquired with an aim to earn green credit
Finalization of amicable rehabilitation & resettlement package involving state governments and stakeholders.
Emphasis on clean coal technology including washery
Emphasis on adoption of renewable energy resources in command area
Chapters on “Environment”and “Mine Closure” form
part of Project Reports
EIA & EMPs are prepared
for all projects and EC
obtained
Effective Environmental
monitoring
Emphasis given on
conservation of forest,
soil, water & flora-
fauna and minimum
displacement of
population
‘Mine Closure’ addresses
technical, environmental &
social issues to restore
mined-out area in a safe &
acceptable state which is
beneficial to local
community
Attractive R&R package
with due emphasis on
community development
and sustainable livelihood
for the project affected
people (PAPs)
Emphasis on Coal
Washing
Emphasis on
reclamation of
degraded land
Air Pollution Control Measures
Water spraying on haul-roadsWater spraying at Railway Siding.
Water spraying in coal crushing units
Air Pollution Control Measures.. Contd.
Fully covered Coal Handling Plants and Cross country conveyor
Sufficiently wide Green Belts developed around dust generating sources
Water spraying in bunkers
Oil & grease trap for
Workshop effluent
treatment
ETP for treating mine and workshop effluent
ETP for treating mine and workshop effluent
Water Pollution Control
Measures
Ground water conservation and management including rain water harvesting for augmentation of ground water resource
Impact of mining on ground water regimes :
Ground water generally does not deplete in areas beyond
300 to 400m from the top edge of quarries.
Water bodies created in the opencast and underground
mines act as sources of water for the people residing in
and around coalfields other than the company employees
also.
Water Pollution Control
Measures
Mine Water Utilization in CIL
Subsidiary of CIL Average
Mine
Discharge
(cum/day)
Demand Mine
water
supply
Balance
Mine
Discharge
(cum/day)
Mine
water
Utilization
on total
demand
Domestic Industrial Total
Eastern Coalfields
Ltd.
146045 71721 44180 115901 100458 45587 87.00%
Bharat Coking Coal
Ltd
106050 82552 18746 101298 78425 27625 77.00%
Central Coalfields
Ltd.
121140 41105 49371 90476 81511 39629 90.00%
Western Coalfields
Ltd.
292030 67200 30509 97709 69403 222627 71.03%
South Eastern
Coalfields Ltd.
411866 85226 54283 139549 97927 313939 70.17%
Northern Coalfields
Ltd.
64800 15956 35576 51532 26797 38003 52.00%
Mahanadi Coalfields
Ltd.
101185 16632 24641 41273 24721 76464 60.00%
Overall 1243116 380392 257306 637738 479242 763874 75.14%
The mine voids created on account of coal mining provides an excellent opportunity for storage of fresh water
India, in general, has no acid mine drainage (AMD)
problem in its coal mines
These reservoir can supplement the effort of Government of India for water conservation
This situation makes the mine voids favourable
for storage of fresh water
Mine Voidsin India
Mine Void as Water Reservoir: Coping with the
problem of Water Scarcity
Mine Void as Water Reservoir
Presently, 75% of waterdemand of the coal miningproject is being met fromwater stored in the mine pits.
In future, CIL is likely to createabout 3.3 billion m3 of waterresource, on an average, in itsopencast mines alone and cancontribute significantly towardswater security of the country
Sl.
No.
Mine Void
area, Ha
Mine Void
Depth, m
Relative
Depth, %
Volume of water
stored, million m3
1 Gevra OC 659.25 290 10.01 1035
2 Dipka OC 570.00 128 4.75 425
3 Kusmunda OC 199.32 235 14.75 300
4 Manikpur OC 188.00 60 3.87 85
5 Kartali OC 233.61 242 14.03 273
Total volume of water storage potential (in million m3) 2118
Relative depth is between 4-15%, and therefore can be considered halomictic
It is estimated that these pit lakes once developed can provide
irrigation to 1,238,600 hectares command area or support
43,000 MW power generation
Post mining, these pit lakes will be available with sweet and fresh water at no additional expenditure
Additionally, this can also be used to promote tourism, aquaculture, scientific study and socio-economic development of the area.
Potential for Water Conservation in some
mega projects of CIL
These mine voids can also be filled by diverting the flood water from the adjacent rivers/nallas i.e.Lilagar nadi and Hasdeoriver
Green-belt around fixed noise generating sources
Avenue plantation along roads
Noise Pollution Control Measures
Proper and regular
maintenance of HEMM
Providing protective devices like earmuffs and earplugs to machine operators
Land Management in CIL
Total land area of India
= 3287539 Km2
Potential Coal Bearing Area = 17300 km2
Total forest area =692027
Km2
Forest cover on potential
coal bearing area =
5190 Km2
0.75% of total forest
area
Details of forest and Potential coal bearing land Details of land acquired by CIL
•0.004% of total
land area
•0.02% of total
forest area
•0.012% of total land
area
•0.06% of total forest
area
•19.84% of the
acquired land area
•11.71% of
potential coal
bearing area.
•0.06% of
total land
Land Acquired for coal Mining by CIL= 2026
Km2
Forest land on acquired
area
=402 Km2
Forest Land diverted for
mining =128 Km2
National Parks and Sanctuaries are not touched
even if they have coal
Land Management in CIL
Subsidence and its management specially in forest area is monitored through remote
sensing technique
CIL is paying Net Present Value (NPV) against acquisition of Forest Land (already
paid over INR 12.00 billions) and compensatory afforestation as per statues to
create new forest areas.
Total forest land acquired 12534.853 Ha
Area biologically reclaimed & afforested so far 27962.505 Ha (123% more)
Green cover created for every hectare of
forest land
2.23 Ha
Area yet to be biologically reclaimed 14998.87 Ha
Total afforested area 42961.98 Ha (243% more)
Green cover that will be created for every
hectare of forest land
3.43 Ha
Plantation done so far(Upto March,2013) More than 78 million plants( in 33700 Ha)
LAND RECLAMATION MONITORING IN CIL
• High Resolution, temporal satellite data used for land reclamation monitoring of all the opencast mines of CIL
50 OC
Projects
Producing > 5m.cu.m.(Coal+OB) Monitored on annual basis
113 OC
Projects
Producing <5m.cu.m.(Coal+OB) Monitored at an interval of
3 years
Plantation carried out by CIL during last 3
years
Subsidiary Plantation carried out (nos.) during
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
ECL 62500 195000 51000
BCCL 13215 343000 46916
CCL 100000 405800 302000
MCL 98550 75600 31000
WCL 302000 226000 160000
SECL 417600 386000 483000
NCL 482000 441000 452247
NEC (CIL) 100500 - 60000
TOTAL 1,576,365 2,072,400 1,586,163
Scarce top soil is conserved as a separate top soil dump and is used subsequently by biological reclamation for plantation purpose.
Care is taken to minimise external dumping.
OB dumps and backfilled mined-out areas are biologically reclaimed progressively with native plant species for dump stability and green cover.
Last mine cut is developed as water reservoir for ground water recharge and as a source of water for the consumption of nearby population.
Satellite Imagery technique is applied for pre-mining & during mining stages for ascertaining land-use status and the progress of reclamation process
Land and OB Dump Management
8/30/2013 33
Progress of Reclamation along OB Dump Slope
Technical
Reclamation by
bench formation
Biological Reclamation
Dumps which have
reached their final
height are laid with
top soil
8/30/2013
35
Graded and
levelled dumps
Roadside Gabion for Toe Protection
of Overburden Dump
A View of Forest Developed
Fruiting in the Planted Saplings of Exotic
Species
Mine Closure
Mine Closure aimed at
Alternative use of land as a source of income
Rehabilitation does not become a
burden to the society
Restore self
sustained eco
system
Mine Type Mine
Size
(km2)
Mine Closure
Cost
(Million Rs)
Opencast Mining 10 600.00
20 1200.00
30 1800.00
Underground
Mining
10 100.00
20 200.00
30 300.00
Mine Closure Planning and Cost
Post Mine Closure Planning
Post Mine Closure Strategy
Avoided due to safetyrisks associated withthem.
Concurrent dumping of the wastematerial in the mine voids isplanned including biologicalreclamation depending upon theend use of the land during post-mining period
Water storage in the mines is considered best practice approach in Indian context in view of :
a. The water stress situation being faced by the local community, b. Growing industrial and domestic requirement, c. Shrinking fresh water resources and d. The thrust given by regulatory agencies.
Open
Void
Waste
Dumping
Water
Storage
The last cut at the
end of mine life is
developed into a
water reservoir for
storage of mine
water.
Considered as
infrastructure for
storage of mine
water.
Thus, additional
water resources get
created and a clean
potential source of
potable water is
developed
This is need of the
present day
situation due to
substantial increase
in water requirement
and decreasing water
resources.
45
Construction of New Coal
Washeries in CIL
Number of Coking Coal (NLW) Washeries 6
Total Capacities of Coking Coal (NLW) Washeries 18.6 MTY
Number of Non Coking Coal Washeries 10
Total Capacities of Non Coking Coal Washeries 73.5 MTY
Total number of Washeries 16
Total Capacities of Washeries 92.1 MTY
Benefits of using Washed Coal having 34% ash instead of Unwashed
Coal having 41% ash
Particulars Benefits
1. Transport
Reduction in transport cost saving of 15% for 1000 Km distance
Reduction in CO2 emissions due to reduced fuel
consumption
15% reduction in CO2 emission
2. Power Plant Site
Decrease in auxiliary power 10% decrease for every 10% reduction in feed coal
ash
Improvement in thermal efficiency 1.50% improvement for every 10% reduction in
feed coal ash
Improvement in plant load factor 10% improvement for every 10% reduction in feed
coal ash
Reduction in operating and maintenance costs 20% cost reduction for every 10% reduction in feed
ash coal
Reduction in capital investment for new power
plants
5% reduction in capital investment
Reduced water requirement for ash disposal Reduction of water consumption by approx. 30%
Reduction in CO2 emission Reduction in the range of 2-3% when using washed
coal
Improvement in ESP efficiency Improvement in ESP efficiency from 98% to 99%
Washeries on Zero Discharge Concept
Coal Crushing
Coal Washing
Coal fines removal
Slurry Pond
Fines
Supern
ata
nt W
ate
rWasheries
are designed
on zero
discharge
concept
having
closed water
circuit
system
Advantages
• Reduces adverse impact on the environment
• Helps in conservation of water
• Enhances project profitability
Potential Utilization in Mining Sector
Backfilling/ Stabilization of OB dumps:
Fly Ash increases water holding capacity, provides micro nutrients enhancing afforestation, being finer material fills the inner spaces of OB and stabilizes the same due to its binding property
Stowing of underground mines with fly ash (in lieu of sand) :
Stowing with fly ash reduces water requirement by about 50 per centand also power requirement for recirculation of water by 50 per centFly ash fills well up to the roof of the cavity as it is easily flowable anddoes not form cone like heep that happens in case of sand stowing
Construction of Haul roads:
Use of Fly Ash improves the life considerably, reduces maintenance cost, improves output and reduces consumption of tyres of dumpers as well as the down time for maintenance.
Use of Fly Ash in Ventilation stopping, fire stopping, dosing of mine fire
Sl.No. State Total Geographical
Area
Total Waste Land
2008-09
Total Mining
Wasteland1 Andhra Pradesh 275068 37296.62 15.52
2 Arunachal Pradesh 83743 14895.24 0.00
3 Assam 78438 8453.86 2.13
4 Bihar 94171 9601.01 3.78
5 Chattisgarh 135194 11482.18 5.97
6 Delhi 1483 90.21 0.04
7 Goa 3702 489.08 22.86
8 Gujarat 196024 20108.06 14.13
9 Haryana 44212 2145.98 33.18
10 Himachal Pradesh 55673 22347.88 7.98
11 Jammu and Kashmir 101387 75435.77 3.70
12 Jharkhand 79706 11017.38 27.37
13 Karnataka 191791 13030.62 27.62
14 Kerala 38863 2445.62 12.91
15 Madhya Pradesh 308252 40113.27 98.68
16 Maharashtra 307690 37830.82 40.62
17 Manipur 22327 5648.53 0.00
18 Meghalaya 22429 4127.43 0.04
19 Mizoram 21081 4958.64 0.00
20 Nagaland 16579 5266.72 0.00
21 Odisha 155707 16425.76 7.96
22 Punjab 50362 936.83 0.00
23 Rajasthan 342239 84929.10 116.18
24 Sikkim 7096 3273.15 0.00
25 Tamil Nadu 130058 8721.79 94.97
26 Tripura 10486 964.64 0.00
27 Uttarakhand 53483 12859.53 1.60
28 Uttar Pradesh 240928 9881.24 26.75
29 West Bengal 88752 1929.20 29.66
30 Union territories 9490 315.00 0.00
Total 3166414 467021.16 593.65
State wise total area under Wasteland (Sq.km.) during 2008-09
52
Details of Mining Waste Land
Total Geographical Area of India
= 3166414Km2
Total Waste land Area = 467021.16
km2
Mining Waste land
area =593.65Km2
S.no. Category Total Wasteland 2008-
09
1 Gullied and/or ravenous land-Medium 6145.96
2 Gullied and/or ravenous land-Deep/very deep ravine 1266.06
3 Land with dense scrub 86979.91
4 Land with open scrub 93033.00
5 Waterlogged and Marshy land-Permanent 1757.07
6 Waterlogged and Marshy land-Seasonal 6946.31
7 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-Moderate 5414.53
8 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-Strong 1391.09
9 Shifting cultivation area-Current Jhum 4814.68
10 Shifting cultivation area-Abandoned Jhum 4210.46
11 Under-utilized/degraded forest-Scrub dominated 83699.71
12 Agricultural land inside notified forest land 15680.26
13 Degraded pastures/grazing land 6832.17
14 Degraded land under plantation crops 278.53
15 Sands-Riverine 2111.96
16 Sands-Coastal sand 654.47
17 Sands- Desert Sand 3934.80
18 Sands- Semi-stabilized to stabilized (>40m) dune 9279.75
19 Sands-Semi-stabilized to stabilized moderately high
(15-40 m) dune
14273.03
20 Mining Wastelands 593.65
21 Industrial wastelands 58.00
22 Barren rocky area 59482.29
23 Snow cover and/or glacial area 58183.44
Total 467021.16
Category wise total area under wastelands (sq.km.) during 2008-09
Only
0.13% of
total
wasteland
54
93033
86979.91
83699.71
59482.29
58183.44
15680.26
14273.03
9279.75
593.65
45816.09
Land with open scrub
Land with dense scrub
Under-utilized/degraded forest-Scrub dominated
Barren rocky area
Snow cover and/or glacial area
Agricultural land inside notifiedforest land
Sands-Semi-stabilized to stabilizedmoderately high (15-40 m) dune
Sands- Semi-stabilized to stabilized(>40m) dune
Mining Wastelands
Others
Category wise total area under wastelands (sq.km.) during 2008-09
55
State Wasteland Area (Sq Km)
Andhra Pradesh 15.52
Arunachal Pradesh 0.00
Assam 2.13
Bihar 3.78
Chattisgarh 5.97
Delhi 0.04
Goa 22.86
Gujarat 14.13
Haryana 33.18
Himachal Pradesh 7.98
Jammu and Kashmir 3.70
Jharkhand 27.37
Karnataka 27.62
Kerala 12.91
Madhya Pradesh 98.68
Maharashtra 40.62
Manipur 0.00
Meghalaya 0.04
Mizoram 0.00
Nagaland 0.00
Odisha 7.96
Punjab 0.00
Rajasthan 116.18
Sikkim 0.00
Tamil Nadu 94.97
Tripura 0.00
Uttarakhand 1.60
Uttar Pradesh 26.75
West Bengal 29.66
Union territories 0.00
Total 593.65
State wise distribution of Mining Wasteland
4.61% of
total
mining
wasteland
1% of
total
mining
wasteland
6.84% of
total
mining
wasteland
1.34% of
total
mining
wasteland
4.5%
4.99%
Of total
mining
wasteland
56
116.18
98.68
94.9740.6233.18
29.66
27.62
27.37
26.75
22.8675.76
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra
Haryana
West Bengal
Karnataka
Jharkhand
Uttar Pradesh
Goa
Others (12 States)
State wise distribution of Mining Wasteland
57
Gainful utilization of mining waste land
Converting mining wasteland (593.65 sq km) into eco-parks using fly ash – DADRI Experience
593.65 sq.km of the mining waste land can accommodate about 20730 Mm3 of fly ash (based on data provided by DADRI, NTPC)
Resettlement & Rehabilitation
Explore alternative sites and project designs to avoid / minimize disturbance to local population to the extent possible.
Development of RAP in consultation with PAPs and NGOs
Safeguard that PAPs improve their former standard of living and earning capacity.
RAP should be conceived and executed as a development programme and complementary to government schemes in rural development.
Intensification of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in and around the mining areas.
Company CSR Expenditure (Rupees in Lakhs)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
ECL 475.00 1314.00 624.00
BCCL 315.00 553.00 795.00
CCL 1098.00 1100.00 121.50
WCL 712.00 786.00 202.10
SECL 1570.00 1766.00 466.30
MCL 5345.00 1477.00 255.60
NCL 435.00 925.00 176.40
CMPDI 19.00 49.00 106.00
CIL (HQ) 871.00 259.00 817.00
Total 10840.00 8199.00 14561.00
Source: CIL SD Report 2012-13
CSR Expenditure Incurred by CIL
Renewable Energy Options
Wave Energy Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy Hydro-Electric Energy
Solar Energy
Solar Thermal Energy Conversion
Utilizes the ‘HEAT’ of sunlight.
Sunlight striking earth in 1 hour carries more energy than annual world
energy requirement.
Solar Energy Utilization Potential in
CIL
It is planned
to utilize the
solar energy
in all the big
coal mining
projects of
CIL. This will
help in
energy
conservation.
An R & D proposal towards “Design, Develop and Demonstrate a
Micro-Grid System for Optimization & Control of Multiple Sources
of power supply”, has been taken up by CMPDI as principle
implementing agency and M/s Gujarat Energy Research &
Management Institute (GERMI), Gandhinagar as Sub-implementing
agency.
Major objectives of this project are:
1. Design and demonstrate a pilot micro-grid project at CMPDI office
premises and residential colonies
2. Develop in-house technical expertise to design solar PV systems
and replicate it at other subsidiary companies of CIL
3. Long term performance evaluation to study and identify best
module and inverter technology suitable to atmospheric and
climatic conditions prevails in coal field areas.
Future Scenario – Green Mining
Introduction of Surface Miners for coal exploitation with interlocked water
spraying arrangement. This technology has already been introduced in
some coal mines.
In-pit belt conveying system eliminating coal transport by trucks in big
opencast projects
Transportation of coal by covered conveyor belts in CHPs
Wagon loading through silos in big opencast projects
Setting-up of more coal washeries to reduce coal consumption per unit of
power generated resulting in reduction in greenhouse gas emission.
Future Scenario – Green Mining
Disposal of fly-ash in backfilling of opencast projects as well as in underground mines with due regard to ground water quality
Introduction of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) i.e. CoalbedMethane (CBM), Coal Mine Methane (CMM), Abandoned Mine Methane (AMM), Ventilation Air Methane (VAM), Coal-to-Liquid (CTL), and CO2sequestration
CMPDI has taken a number of steps to meet the
aforesaid challenges.
Challenges Ahead…
Return of reclaimed land to the local community for productive usage and
as a source of income.
R & D efforts for aforesaid arrangement and also for use of the
reclaimed areas as possible resettlement sites. The reclaimed areas may
act as a pool of land for locating resettlement sites.
Minimizing external OB dumps to the extent possible.
Conclusion
The Opencast mining is likely to play a dominant role in foreseeable
future for meeting the coal requirement of the country.
A number of efforts has already been taken by CIL to address the
environmental issues associated with coal mining.
CIL is not only committed to restore the ecological balance but also in
creating new environmental resources i.e.• Enhancing forest cover, 3.43 Ha against each Ha of forest land used
• Creating huge water resource for future
Necessary fund is made available by CIL for promoting sustainable
development namely, afforestation, NPV and mine closure.
CIL will continue to undertake additional activities and financially support
to broaden the scope of sustainable development in the coal sector