Sustainable Manure Management in Animal Farms in Leningrad ...

Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs

Sustainable Manure Management in Animal Farms in

Leningrad Oblast, RUSSIA

Phase II of the Operation of PIU

MANURE MANAGEMENT DATA UPDATE AND

FARM-SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

February 28, 2014

Financiers: Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (NDEP), the Ministry of the Environment of Finland

(FMoE), the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland (FMoAF)

Russian Partner: Leningrad Committee of Agriculture

Implementing Agency: Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO)

PIU Consultant: Maxwell Stamp PLC


Acronyms and Abbreviations

AC Agricultural Cooperative

EF Ecological Fund

EUR Euro

FMoAF Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

FMoE Finnish Ministry of Environment

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HELCOM Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission)

JSC Joint Stock Company

MF Model Farm

NDEP Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership

NEFCO Nordic Environment Finance Corporation

OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OJSC Open Joint Stock Company

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PF Pedigreed Farm

RUR Russian Rouble

SF State Farm


Executive Summary

This report was commissioned as part of the “Sustainable Manure Management in Animal Farms in

the Leningrad Region” project and provides insight intothe complex issue of livestock manure

management at the farm level in the region through direct contact with individual farmers and

livestock production managers.

Information from a range of standardised aggregate resources have been correlated to give a

picture of the livestock sector in the region and this is augmented by the results of survey

information from individual livestock operationson livestock numbers and annual manure/litter

production, storage and handling. The study has focused on larger scale operations only and has

been able to capture survey information from most farming operations in the area.

This integration of the aggregate and individual survey results highlights the difficulty in

quantifying and discussing sustainable manure management issues effectively at the farm levelin

the absence of a direct understanding of the volume of manure involved. By necessity this report

has adoptedstandardisedfigures for individual livestock production of phosphorus (P), and nitrogen

(N) which are key environmentalconsiderations at the landscape scale. The farm survey results,

particularly from the poultryproducers, show that manure/litter is currently treated as a

challengingbulky wastethat is an unavoidable by-product of production.The survey makes clear that

a main issue is still thehandling of manure/litter on adaily basis, as its value as an organic fertiliser is

poorly understood and undervalued.

Any progress toward sustainable use of the manure/litter on the landscape level will not be achieved

untilthe basic issues such as storage and volume reduction at the farm level are understood and

controlled.The survey also provides anecdotal evidence of secondary issues such inadequate

collection of contaminate effluent and wash water.

The report shows that, aside from a few notable cases, sustainable manure/littermanagementis not

an integral part of production system design in the region, and problemsassociated with any

increase in the volumes createdare not understood as a constraint on current or future livestock

production.

The impact on regulations surrounding the management of manure/litter are touched upon in

individual farm assessments along with a discussion on individual cases where public complaints

and regulatory non-compliance have highlighted the need for changes to manure/litter

management for individual poultry operations. The producers’ answers to these issues are primarily

based upon investment in additional “value added” treatmenttechnology to convert the

manure/litter into a marketable product. The report discusses those technologies that have already

been put in place as well aspotential new ones and highlight some of the issues they may face.


Across all sectors the lack or limited capacity of purpose-built facilities to handle and

treatmanure\litter is highlighted, as well as the very real economic restrictions that limit potential

investment in improved manure management strategies.

Most cattle farms report a reliance on in-field storage on a long term basis followed by land

application without any detailed management plans that can establish that this is beingdone in an

environmentally sustainable fashion. The pig sector is slightly different, with a larger proportion of

farms having purpose-built manure storage facilities.Based on the estimates of annual production

of pig manure made in the reportfor each farm, the overall capacity for storage is insufficientto

ensure sustainable land spreading.

Land spreading is the primary outlet for all manure in the region and the report highlights the

challenge of establishing if there is a sufficient suitable land base for its environmentally sustainable

usein theLeningrad Oblast that can support current and projected livestock numbers.The report

shows that there iscurrently no capacity to directly link the land base available for spreading to

individual sources oflivestock manure production. In addition there is no mechanism available to

assess the suitability and efficacyoffarm level manure management planning.

The report concludes that the lack of effectiveenforcement of environmental regulations remains a

systemic problem as it is the only primary mechanismto encourage the investment in and adoption

of more sustainable manure management strategies.


Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3

1. Introduction and Context ................................................................................................................ 9

2. Objectives and Scope ....................................................................................................................... 9

3. Methods and Data ......................................................................................................................... 10

4. Manure Management Practices on Farms in the Leningrad Region .............................................. 11

4.1 Aggregate Farm Data .................................................................................................... 11

4.1.1 Amount of Poultry / Livestock in Leningrad Oblast ............................................. 11

4.1.2 Amount of Manure/Litter and Nutrients ............................................................ 12

4.1.3 Availability of Manure Storage Facilities .............................................................. 1

4.1.4 Manure Management Methods and Shortcomings ............................................... 6

4.1.5 Projected figures for the development of livestock and poultry sectors .............. 10

4.1.6 Summary of Problems Identified across Farms in the Leningrad Oblast ............... 10

4.2 Individual Farm Data ..................................................................................................... 11

4.2.1 Poultry farms (>40,000 hens) ............................................................................ 11

4.2.2 Big livestock farms (>400 animals) .................................................................... 14

4.2.3 Pig Farms(>2,000 pigs) ...................................................................................... 19

4.2.4 Individual Poultry Farm Development Needs ...................................................... 20

5. Brief Financial Overview of the Agricultural Sector in Leningrad Oblast ....................................... 26

5.1 Profit/loss, productivity, and indebtedness at Rayon level ............................................... 26

5.2 Possible support for investments into manure management technologies ...................... 30

5.2.1 Ecological Financing Options Available Worldwide ............................................. 30

5.2.2 Ecological Financing Options Available on the Russian Market ........................... 32

Annex 1. Individual Farm Data Sheets ............................................................................................... 35

A. Open Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Primorskaya" (JSC "Poultry Farm Primorskaya") .... 35

1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 35

2. Production levels/ Future plans ........................................................................................ 36

3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary ....................................................................... 36

5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 37

B. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Udarnik” (JSC “Udarnik”) ....................................... 39


2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 39

3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 40


C. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lagolovo” (CJSC “Lagolovo”) ................................ 41





D. Open Joint Stock Company "Lenptitseprom" ........................................................................... 45






E. Limited Liability Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Lebyazhye” ............................................... 48





F. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lomonosovskaya” (JSC Lomonosovskaya”) ............ 51




G. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm “Nevskaya” (CJSC “Nevskaya”) ............................. 53





H. Closed Joint Stock Company "ZAO AgrokomplexOredej" ......................................................... 56





I. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Roskar” (JSC “Roskar”) ......................................... 60




5. Summary of PIU Activity to Date with Farm ..................................................................... 63

J. Limited Liability Company “Poultry Farm Russko-Vysotskaya” (LLC “Russko-Vysotskaya”) ...... 64



3. Financial Situation .......................................................................................................... 64



K. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Severnaya” (JSC “Severnaya”) ................................ 67





L. Closed Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Sinyavinskaya named after the 60th anniversary of

the USSR" (CJSC "Poultry Farm Sinyavinskaya") ...................................................................... 71






M. Open Joint Stock Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy” ........................................... 75






Tables and Figures

Table 1: Livestock numbers on all types of farms by the end of the year 2012, K heads* ...........................................11

Figure 1: Livestock Numbers on all types of farms by end of the year 2012(K heads) ............ Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Table 2: Livestock numbers on large scale farms by the 1st of April, K heads ...................................................................12

Table 3. Annual nutrient production by different livestock (kg/head/y, Ympäristöministeriö 2008, NTP 17-99)1

...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................13

Table 4: Total number of poultry, cattle and pigs (heads), manure (tons/y) and N & P (tons/y) produced on all

farms surveyed in Leningrad region by 1 January 2013 ............................................................................................................13

Figure 2: P (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013 .........................13

Figure 3: N (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013 ........................14

Table 5: Nutrient Production from livestock for those farms surveyed along with required land for ...................14

environmentally safe organic fertilisation. ......................................................................................................................................14

Table 6: Primary Farm Sources of P and N from manures across the Leningrad Oblast. .............................................15

Table 7: Nutrient output and farm types in different rayon’s. ................................................................................................17

Table 8: Manure/litter production on different farm sizes and land availability calculation for organic

fertilization ...................................................................................................................................................................................................18

Table 9 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in Leningrad region ................................................................................... 1

Figure 4 Availablility of on-farm equipped storage facilities (%) ............................................................................................ 1

Figure 5 Types of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities in the Leningrad region, as a % of overall farm

numbers, per specialization area ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

Table 10 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in different rayons of Leningrad oblast.......................................... 3

Table 11 On farm manure/litter storage facilities on different size farms in Leningrad oblast .................................. 4

Table 12 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities on different farm groups ............................ 4

Table 13 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities of farms of different size ............................. 5

Table 14 On farm levels available within manure/litter storage facilities on different sized farms .......................... 6

Table 15 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast ....... 7

Table 16 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast ....... 8

Figure 6 Methods of manure/litter utilization farms in Leningrad oblast, by farm specialisation ............................. 9

Table 17 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different sizes in Leningrad oblast ......................... 9

Table 18 Manure Management Data and Development Needs for Poultry Farms in the Leningrad Region .......21

Table 19 Share of profitable and loss making agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast .......................................27

Table 20 Credit-indebtedness of agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast, K. RUR.................................................28

Table 22 Volume of agricultural production in different rayons of Leningrad oblast (in actual prices), K. RUR.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................29

Table 23 Farm Financial results in different rayons of Leningrad oblast ............................................................................30

The update and its analyses have been carried out within the framework of the project “Sustainable Manure

Management in Animal Farms in Leningrad oblast” project, funded by NEFCO, NDEP, FMoE and FMoAF.


1. Introduction and Context

This report was commissioned as part of the project “Sustainable Manure Management in Animal

Farms in the Leningrad Region”. The overall objective of this project is to reduce nutrient runoff into

the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland (the Gulf) by implementing sustainable manure management

practices on large scale livestock farms in the Leningrad region.

Manure management is fairly underdeveloped in most farms in the Leningrad Region. Safe

spreading of manure to fields is often not possible due to a lack of field areas, so manure is often

spread in excess quantities over the available fields, or is stored in heaps or ponds, many of which

are now overfilled and risk having their structures collapse. Poultry farms in particular suffer from

the lack of sufficient fields for environmentally safe manure management, and poultry manure is

the main source of nutrient runoff, due to its high nutrient content. In this context, farms in the

Leningrad Oblast, and poultry farms in particular, pose a major pollution threat for the Gulf. Unsafe

manure management practices on cattle and pig farms also represent a growing threat, and it is

important to understand the extent of these practices in order to provide a reliable indication of the

risk of nutrient leaching to receiving water bodies and, eventually, to the Gulf.

2. Objectives and Scope

The objective of this report is to inspect and, where possible, quantify and qualitatively describe the

manure stores and manure spreading practices at poultry and other large livestock farms in the

Leningrad Region. This report is based upon data analysis carried out by the Sustainable Manure

Management Project Implementation Unit (PIU) between April and May 2013. Recent changes to

legislation relating to data security, including those specifying broad non-disclosure to “foreign”

organisations, resulted in the PIU encountering difficulty in obtaining detailed physical and financial

data from farms. Nonetheless, the current report details statistics related to the issues of sustainable

manure management in terms of general poultry/livestock numbers, quantity of manure produced,

and current methods of manure management on farms in the Leningrad Oblast, including:

13 out of 17 industrial scale poultry farms in the Oblast (82%) The total poultry numbers in

entire Oblast is notcurrently known.

All 15 industrial pig farms (100%) in the Oblast, including 7 pure pig farms and 8 mixed

livestock farms with pig units

All 124 livestock farms (100%) in the Oblast, including 116 cattle livestock farms and 8

mixed farms with cattle units

Statistics from Family farms and Private Plot Holders are not part of this study.

Statistics from these large scale industrial farms are analysed in light of anecdotal, physical and

other evidence gathered by PIU experts, and contextualised to provide as complete a picture of

manure management practices on farms in the Leningrad Oblast, while respecting data security

legislation and the confidentiality of some of the information that farms’ provided.

The information produced in this report will be used in future phases of the NEFCO-funded

Sustainable Manure Management project, and will contribute toward the overall implementation of

the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan in Russia.


3. Methods and Data

The research employed the following data collection methods and sources:

Farm visits

Face-to-face meetings

Phone interviews

Email inquiries

Monitoring of regional printed and electronic business and specialized media and market

reviews

Internet research

Previous studies conducted by marketing and consulting companies

Analysis of the manure output in Russia, Discovery Research group, 2012;

SZNNIMESH Justification of the ecologically sound technologies of manure/litter utilisation

on agricultural enterprises of north-west okrug of RF, Agriecological magazine #2 2011,

Kyiv;

Overviewof the organic fertilisers market in Leningrad Region, Maxwell Stamp Plc2012;

Sub-consultancy for development of technology for modernisation of manure processing

lines including detailing plant and machinery, preparation of complete packages of project

documents for three pilot livestock farms in the Leningrad region, NIRAS, 2012:

Review of potential Russian and International Markets for Organic Fertilisers Produced in

the Leningrad oblast by Large Animal Farms, POYRY, 2013.

The study contains data on:

Number of stock on big poultry, cattle and pig farms ( Main indicators of the development

of the agriculture in the Leningrad region, Annual reports of the Committee for Agriculture

and Fishery Complex of the Leningrad region for 2008-2012);

Volume of manure production on each farm (farm interviews,The system of normative

documents UDK.631.95.63621/4);

Type of manure storage facilities, and their capacity (site visits and farm interviews, Annual

reports of the Committee for Agriculture and Fishery Complex of the Leningrad region for

2008-2012);

Methods of manure/litter processing used on farms (site visits and farm interviews Annual

reports of the Committee for Agriculture and Fishery Complex of the Leningrad region for

2008-2012);

Farm profitability for the last 4 years (Annual farm financial reports for 2008-2012, farm

information update interviews);

The output from the project include livestock numbers of key farms in the region based onreal

world data andstandardised assessment of the P and K loading. The primary output is the

narrative on how individual farms are approaching manure management


4. Manure Management Practices on Farms in the Leningrad Region

This analysis begins by presenting an overall picture of the number of livestock and amount of

manure produced by all farms in the Leningrad oblast, with some rayon-level analysis.

The report then breaks down the available data on the basis of individual farms, with a particular

focus on poultry farms. It attempts to provide individual farm development needs, given the known

and estimated scale of manure management deficiencies on individual poultry farms.

4.1 Aggregate Farm Data

Livestock production is a leading agricultural branch in Leningrad oblast. It not only plays a very

important role in the region’s agricultural sector, accounting for a large proportion of the regional

GDP, but also holds significant social importance as it provides year-round employment and a stable

income for rural people.

4.1.1 Amount of Poultry / Livestock in Leningrad Oblast

Nationally it was reported that in 2012 the total number of livestock reached 179,000 cattle

(including 80,300 cows), 197,300 pigs, and 28.3 million poultry (see Table 1 below). Most livestock

production is concentrated on farms of different sizes and legal forms. 124 farms are involved in

cattle rearing (116 of these specialize in milk production, 8 mixed), 15 in pig rearing (7purely pig

production, 8 mixed) and 17 in poultry production.

Table 1: Livestock numbers on all types of farms by the end of the year 2012, K heads*

Type of animal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

2012

%

increase

from

2011 to

2013

Cattle – total 190.3 184.2 185 183.3 176.8 178.6 179.7 100.6

of which are cows 78 77.5 77.5 77.7 76.9 82.9 80.3 96.9

Pigs 66.5 66.3 90.8 166.2 182.2 194.4 197.3 101.5

Poultry 18,400 19,600 20,400 20,600 22,.800 25,300 28,.300* 111.9 *http://agroprom.lenobl.ru Monitoring of the main indicators in AIC (Agroindustrial complex)

Statistical Reports of the Agroindustrial Complex of Leningrad oblast in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

All poultry farms included

http://agroprom.lenobl.ru/


The project team was able to obtained data on most of the livestock operations in the region (13

poultry, 15 Pig, and 97 cattle farms) for the first quarter of 2013 and a comparative analysis was

made between current and previous data(Table 2) available from national statistics.

Table 2: Livestock numbers on large scale farms by the 1st of April, K heads

Type of animal 2012 2 2013

Cattle – total 179.7 161

of which are cows 80.3 NA1

Pigs 197.3 201

Poultry 28300 27812 1 Information unavailable

2 *http://agroprom.lenobl.ru Monitoring of the main indicators in AIC (Agroindustrial complex)

Statistical Reports of the Agroindustrial Complex of Leningrad oblast in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

As shown in Table 2 the field survey was able to provide a close approximate to the regional

statistics. Difference in the numbers are attributed to changing stock numbers, focus on larger

farms in the survey, and lack of figures for some farms due to non-participation in the survey.

4.1.2 Amount of Manure/Litter and Nutrients

As part of the survey direct estimates of the amount of manure/litter generated on each farm were

made along with current stock numbers. The estimates of manure volumes have known limitations

but are included as they represent direct farm results and provide at least some insight in the

volume of material produced on an annual basis. A calculated levels of N and P loading are based on

per animal basis not on manure volumes.

The actual livestock population found as part of the survey, on the basis of numbers of heads, can

be found in Tables 4 and in Annex 1 to this report (Individual Farm Data Sheets).

Collectively, large poultry and livestock farms produce close to 5 million tons of manure/litter per

year (see and Table 4, overleaf). The breakdown of litter/manure produced in the region is the

following:

Poultry litter – 1102034t

Pig manure – 627399t

Cattle manure – 3205282 t

This is problematic, particularly for poultry and pig farms, as many of these have no or a very small

amount of agricultural land suitable for spreading manure/litter as organic fertilizer, which means

that biogenic nutrients are leached into surrounding water bodies.

According to the project estimations the litter/manure produced on the regional farms in the

Leningrad area contains 9,223 tons of P and 38,219 tons of N (Table 4).

The project experts calculated the annual amount of P & N nutrient excretions based on the animal

numbers multiplied by the Russian HELCOM nutrient-excretion coefficients(Table 3) used for Russia,

which are specific for each animal group.

http://agroprom.lenobl.ru/


Table 3. Annual nutrient production by different livestock (kg/head/y, Ympäristöministeriö 2008,

NTP 17-99)1

Live Stock Group Nitrogen (kg/head/y) Phosphorus

(kg/head/y)

Dairy cattle i 74.5 18.3

Other cattle ii 30.1 6.65

Pig iii 15.3 3.75

Poultry iv 1.02 0.25

- egg laying 1.11 0.27

- broiler 0.92 0.23

SYKE & MTT / HELCOM Feb 2010 Towards Enhanced Protection of the Baltic Sea from Main Land-based

Threats: Reducing Agricultural Loading (BaltHazar) Final Report iCows were assumed to be dairy cows- iiAn average excretion of a cow, a bull, a heifer and a female and male calf. iiiAn average excretion of a sow with piglets and a meat pig. The Russian values refer to the average of pigs

less than 70 kg and pigs more than 70 kg. ivAn average excretion of a broiler chicken and egg-laying hen.

Table 4: Total number of poultry, cattle and pigs (heads), manure (tons/y) and N&P (tons/y) produced on all

farms surveyedin Leningrad region by 1 January 2013

Farm Type

Animal

numbers

Estimated Manure

tons/y P tons/y (RUS) N tons /y (RUS)

Poultry 27812090 1102034 7400 30300

Cattle – all classess1 161094 3205282 1071 4850

Pigs 200562 627,399 752 3069

Total

4934715 9223 38219 1 Due to the lack of detail cattle types all calculation are done based on “Other Cattle”

Figure 1: P (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013


Figure 2: N (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013

HELCOM recommends that the nutrient amount used when fertilizing should not exceed 170 kg/ha

of nitrogen and 25 kg/ha phosphorus. On this basis, farms in the Leningrad Region would

collectively need 368,920 ha of land for P application and 224,818 ha for N application to meet

environmentally-sound standards

Table 5: Nutrient Production from livestock for those farms surveyed along with required land for

environmentally safe organic fertilisation.

Groups of

farms

Number of

farms in the

group

Livestock numbers Nutrients

produced (t/year)

Percentage of

TotalNutrients

Produced(%) in the

region1

Max

Arable

land

needed,

P tons /y (RUS)

Poultry

Cattle

Pigs

N tons /y (RUS)

Poultry

Cattle

Pigs


Total Livestock P N P N

(ha)

Poultry 13 27,812,090 7,400 30,300 80 79

296,000

Cattle 97 161,094 1,071 4,850 12 13

42,840

Pig 12 200,562 752 3,069 8 8

30,080

* In Russia, agricultural land is classified into arable land (cultivated land), natural meadows and permanent pastures. Fertilization of

manure can be applied only on arable land. 1 SYKE & MTT / HELCOM Feb 2010 Towards Enhanced Protection of the Baltic Sea from Main Land-based Threats: Reducing

Agricultural Loading (BaltHazar) Final Report

Table 6: Primary Farm Sources of P and N from manures across the Leningrad Oblast.

Farm name Rayon Farm type

% of total regionalorganic

P output

% of total regional organic

P output

Severnaya Kirovskiy Poultry 33.33% 33.02%

Sinyavinskaya Kirovskiy Poultry 15.64% 15.50%

Roskar Vyborgskiy Poultry 14.69% 14.44%

Total 63.66% 62.96%

Table 5 shows the arable land requirement required for organic fertilization for each farm groupas

per the methodology described above in Section 4. The survey results found that poultry farms have

the highest land requirement for spread but have either none or only a small amount of agricultural

land suitable for applying manure in the form of organic fertilisers (460 ha have been estimated as

available out of the 296,000ha required to safely spread all manure produced). Table 6 shows that

three poultry farms in the region account for over 60% of the P and N production across the survey

region. This large and concentrated source of nutrients is of primary concern in terms of risk

assessment for pollution control.

The survey results were unable to fully establish the location and extent of land currently being

used for the spreading of manure by each individual farm. While there is the possibility that

manures could be spread on adjoining land and not reported, the large distances between the farms

presents a problem. Not only this, but there additional costs relating to processing manure/litter to

an applicable condition, including those associated with long storage, transportation (pellets,

granules) and spraying machinery, and the relatively higher costs for farms to apply organic versus

mineral fertilizers.

Table 7 shows the breakdown of N and P organic production across the rayons.There are substantial

variations between rayons and it is possible farms can sell/give manure/litter outside the boundaries

of their own rayon. However, in the rayons where many of the poultry farms are concentrated (e.g.

Vyborg, Kirov and Lomonosov), there is insufficient arable land to allow redistribution of

manure/litter as organic fertilizer. In these areas, new approaches to manure/litter utilization are

required to safeguard the environment.


The livestock number survey has provided an estimate on the amount of manure and nutrient

content. From this an estimate of the land required to spread these nutrients in an environmentally

safe manner has been estimated. The primary sources (Table 6) of nutrient production have also

been highlighted and these should be the focus in the assessment of risk associated with surface

water loading of nitrogen and phosphorus from either inappropriate manure storage or

unsustainable land spreading.

A breakdown based on Rayon’s is shown in Table 7 and demonstrates that from an administrative

perspective nearly half the nutrients arising from animal manure in the Leningrad Oblast comes

from Kirovskiy rayon. Farming rules and obligations and other pressures in this region regarding

manure management should be the focus of a review to understand why this concentration of

animal manures has occurred.


18

Table 7:Nutrient output and farm types in different rayons.

Annual Nutrient Production

(t/year)From Manure

Percentage of Total

NutrientsOutput for the

Region

Farm

numbers

Percentage of

those Farms in

Region Farm types

Rayon

P output

t/year

N output

t/year % P %N

Poultry Pig Cattle

Gatchinskiy 948.82768 3943.516 10.29% 10.31% 19 16% 4 3 12

Kingissepp 64.15255 290.3747 0.70% 0.76% 4 3%

4

Kirishky 35.7903 161.9982 0.39% 0.42% 4 3%

4

Kirovskiy 4522.6713 18596.3 49.05% 48.61% 3 2% 2

1

Lodeynipolskiy 20.0691 87.3846 0.22% 0.23% 3 2%

1 2

Lomonosovskiy 415.80768 1713.066 4.51% 4.48% 12 10% 3 1 8

Luzhskiy 159.58175 719.6395 1.73% 1.88% 12 10%

1 11

Priozerskiy 171.7123 752.1908 1.86% 1.97% 10 8%

1 9

Slantsevskiy 29.6324 134.1256 0.32% 0.35% 2 2%

2

Tikhvinsky 39.53425 178.9445 0.43% 0.47% 4 3%

4

Tosnenskiy 513.5564 2135.648 5.57% 5.58% 10 8%

2 8

Volkhovskiy 91.1388 403.224 0.99% 1.05% 7 6%

1 6

Volosovsky 153.59505 695.2197 1.67% 1.82% 13 11%

13

Vsevoldhskiy 275.29495 1157.813 2.99% 3.03% 9 7% 1 2 6

Vyborgskiy 1779.14679 7286.857 19.30% 19.05% 10 8% 3

7

Total 9220.5113 38256.3

122

13 12 97


19

Table 8: Manure/litter production on different farm sizes and land availability

Groups of farms as per livestock numbers

Number of farms in the group Average

livestock in

the group,

head

Livestock numbers Manure produced Arable land

Total % of the total Total,

head % of total Total, K. t.

% of

total Total, ha % of total

Without livestock 41 22.0 0 0 0 0 0 11,666 5.5

Up to 2,585 123 66.1 992 121,970 17.3 3,162 62.6 185,394 88.0

From 2,585 to 7,714 13 7.0 5,161 67,091 9.5 550 10.9 13,378 6.3

More than 7,714 9 4.8 57,308 515,773 73.2 1,342 26.6 250 0.1

Total in the region 186 100 3,789 704,834 100 5,055 100 210,688 100


1

4.1.3 Availability of Manure Storage Facilities

The current study showed that livestock enterprises in the region mainly use outdated methods of

manure storage – composting grounds, manure piles and pits etc. – which, in most cases, are poorly

fitted and are located on the edges of fields, or in specially-designated areas (Table 9).

Only 12.1% of cattle farms have specially-designated areas for manure storage, 21.4% of poultry

farms, 57.1% of pig farm, and 25% of mixed farms. Most cattle farms (68.1%) store manure on a

specially-organised (soil) field, whereas poultry farms prefer to have concrete grounds (71.4%).

Table 9 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in Leningrad region

Group of farms as per

specialisation:

Number of

farms in the

group

Storage and processing of manure/litter

Equipped

storage

Concrete

grounds

Soil field

grounds

Data not

available

Cattle 116 14 0 79 23

% of total 100 12.1 0.0 68.1 19.8

Poultry 14 3 10 0 1

% of total 100 21.4 71.4 0.0 7.1

Pig production 7 4 0 1 2

% of total 100 57.1 0.0 14.3 28.6

Cattle and pigs 8 2 0 4 2

% ofthe total 100 25.0 0.0 50.0 25.0

Total in the region* 145 23 10 84 28

% of total 100 15.9 6.9 57.9 19.3 *The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms

Figure 4 Availability of on-farm equipped storage facilities (%)


2

Figure 5 Types of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities in the Leningrad region, as a % of overall farm

numbers, per specialization area

Having completed the analysis of the available storage facilities it is worth mentioning that the

overall numbers presented in Table 9 above and Table 10 overleaf are insufficient to guarantee

ecologically sustainable manure/litter management in the region.

Table 10 overleaf demonstrates that livestock farms of 9 rayons in the Oblast have either no

specially-equipped manure/litter storage facilities, 4 rayons (Vyborgskiy, Volkhovskiy,

Lomonosovskiy, Priozerskiy) have such facilities on between 11.1-16.7% of all farms in the rayon,

and another 4 rayons (Vsevolzhskiy, Volosovskiy, Kingissepskiy, Slantsevskiy) have such facilities on

25-37% of all the farms in rayon.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cattle Poultry Pig production Cattle and pigs

Storage and processing of manure/litter Soil field grounds

Storage and processing of manure/litter Concrete grounds

Storage and processing of manure/litter Equipped storage


3

Table 10 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in different rayons of Leningrad oblast

Rayon name

Number of

farms in the

rayon

Method of manure/litter storage

Equipped

storage

Concrete

grounds

Soil/field

grounds Data not available

Boksitogorsk 2 0 0 0 2

% of total 100 0 0.0 0.0 100

Volosovskiy 14 5 0 8 1

% of total 100 35.7 0.0 57.1 7.1

Volkhovskiy 8 1 0 6 1

% of total 100 12.5 0.0 75.0 12.5

Vsevolzhskiy 8 3 0 5 0

% of total 100 37.5 0.0 62.5 0.0

Vyborgskiy 18 2 1 7 8

% of total 100 11.1 5.6 38.9 44.4

Gatchinskiy 19 0 4 12 3

% of total 100 0.0 21.1 63.2 15.8

Kingissepskiy 4 1 0 3 0

% of total 100 25.0 0.0 75.0 0.0

Kirishskiy 4 0 0 4 0

% of total 100 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Kirovskiy 3 0 2 1 0

% of total 100 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0

Lodeinopolskiy 3 0 0 3 0

% of total 100 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lomonosovskiy 13 2 3 7 1

% of total 100 15.4 23.1 53.8 7.7

Luzhskiy 12 0 0 11 1

% of total 100 0.0 0.0 91.7 8.3

Podporozhskiy 2 0 0 0 2

% of total 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Priozerskiy 12 2 0 8 2

% of total 100 16.7 0.0 66.7 16.7

Slantesvskiy 4 1 0 1 2

% of total 100 25.0 0.0 25.0 50.0

Tikhvinskiy 8 0 0 4 4

% of total 100 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0

Tosnenskiy 11 6 0 4 1

Total in the

region 145 23 10 84 28

% of total 100 15.9 6.9 57.9 19.3


4

Table 11 suggests that farms of groups B & C have more opportunity to set up specially-designated

and equipped manure/litter storage facilities. Farms of group A, which constitute 84.8% of that

total number of farms, primarily use soil field grounds, whereas medium and large sized farms use

more specially-designated and equipped storage facilities (30.8% and 33.3%, respectively) as well as

concrete grounds (30.8% and66.7%, respectively). The group A farms (up to 2,586 conventional

heads) produce 3,162 mln tons of manure (62.6% of the overall regional amount), whereas the B

and C scale farms that constitute 15.2% of overall farm numbers produce 37.4% of manure (1,882

mln tons). A group farms by this classification have 88% of the arable land, whereas medium and

big enterprises own only 6.4% of the arable land.

Table 11 On farm manure/litter storage facilities on different size farms in Leningrad oblast

Group of farms as per

livestock numbers,

heads

Average in the

group,

conventionalhea

d

Numbe

r of

farms

in the

group

%

of

tota

l

Manure/litter storage and processing

method

Equip.

storage

Concrete

ground

Soil

ground

Data not

available

GROUP A - Up to 2,585 991.6 123 84.8 16 0 81 26

% of total

100 13.0 0.0 65.9 21.1

GROUP B - 2,585-

7,714 5,160.8 13 9.0 4 4 3 2

% of total

100 30.8 30.8 23.1 15.4

GROUP C - over 7,714 57,308.1 9 6.2 3 6 0 0

% of total

100 33.3 66.7 0.0 0.0

Total in the region 3,789.4 145* 100 23 10 84 28

% of total 100 15.9 6.9 57.9 19.3 *The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms

The level of provision within the available specialized equipped storage facilities is quite low. The

overall provision within specialized equipped storage facilities among the regional farms that

provided data is 18.5%, including: 14.8% among cattle farms, 16.1% among poultry farms, 68.2%

among pig farms, and 22.7% among mixed cattle and pig farms (Table 12).

Table 12 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities on different farm groups

Group of farms

Nu

mber

of

farm

s

in t

he

gro

up

Including farms: On farms provided data

Not data

provided

Data

provided

Man

ure

ou

tpu

t, K

t.

%to

th

e to

tal

Cap

acit

y of

the

man

ure

sto

rage

wit

h t

urn

arou

nd,K

t.

%of

tota

l

Leve

lof

availa

bilit

y

of

equ

ipped

sto

rage

faci

litie

s, %

nu

mber

% o

f to

tal

nu

mber

% o

f to

tal

Cattle 116 23 82.14 93 79.49 2,984.4 62.5 442.5 50 14.8

Poultry 14 1 3.6 13 11.1 1,117.46 23.4 180 20.4 16.1

Pig 7 2 7.1 5 4.3 96.8 2.0 66 7.5 68.2

Mixed cattle & pig 8 2 7.1 6 5.1 578.9 12.1 195 22.1 33.7

Total in the oblast 145* 28 100 117 100 4,778 100 884 100 18.5


5

* The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms

The available levels of provision within specialized storage facilities varies from 0% (Gatchinskiy,

Kiroshskiy, Lodeynopolskiy, Luzhskiy, and Tikhvinskiyrayons) up to 59.6% (Slantsevskiy) (Table 13).

Table 13 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities on farms of different size

Rayon

Nu

mber

of

farm

s in

th

e ra

yon including: Farms provided data

Not provided

data Provided data

Man

ure

ou

tpu

t,K

.t.

% o

f to

tal

Cap

acit

y of

stora

ge

wit

h

tru

rnove

r,t.

% o

f to

tal

Leve

lof

avai

labili

ty o

f

equ

ipped

sto

rag

e fa

cilit

ies,

%

nu

mber

% o

f to

tal

nu

mber

% o

f to

tal

Boksitogorskiy 2 2 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0

Volosovskiy 14 1 3.6 13 11.1 481 10.1 180.0 20 37.4

Volkhovskiy 8 1 3.6 7 6.0 247 5.2 15.0 2 6.1

Vsevolzhskiy 8 0 0.0 8 6.8 268 5.6 82.5 9 30.8

Vyborgskiy 18 8 28.6 10 8.5 474 9.9 120.0 14 25.3

Gatchinskiy 19 3 10.7 16 13.7 492 10.3 0.0 0 0.0

Kingissepskiy 4 0 0.0 4 3.4 209 4.4 30.0 3 14.3

Kirishskiy 4 0 0.0 4 3.4 122 2.6 0.0 0 0.0

Kirovskiy 3 0 0.0 3 2.6 639 13.4 0.0 0 0.0

Lodeynopolskiy 3 0 0.0 3 2.6 46 1.0 0.0 0 0.0

Lomonosovskiy 13 1 3.6 12 10.3 274 5.7 30.0 3 10.9

Luzhskiy 12 1 3.6 11 9.4 331 6.9 0.0 0 0.0

Podporozhskiy 2 2 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0

Priozerskiy 12 2 7.1 10 8.5 386 8.1 66.0 7 17.1

Slantsevskiy 4 2 7.1 2 1.7 50 1.1 30.0 3 59.6

Tikhvinskiy 8 4 14.3 4 3.4 103 2.2 0.0 0 0.0

Tosnenskiy 11 1 3.6 10 8.5 656 13.7 330.0 37 50.3

0 145* 28 100.0 117 100.0 4,778 100.0 883.5 100 18.5 * The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms

Table 14overleaf demonstrates that the available levels of equipped manure/litter storage facilities

are higher among big farms.


6

Table 14 On farm levels available within manure/litter storage facilities on different sized farms

Farm group, heads

Ave

rag

e in

th

e gro

up, c

on

.hea

d

Nu

mber

of

farm

s

Including farms: Farms provided data

No data

provided

Data

provided

Man

ure

ou

tpu

t,K

.t.

% o

f to

tal

Cap

acit

y of

the

stora

ge

wit

h

turn

ove

r fa

ctor,

K t

.

%to

th

e to

tal

Leve

lof

avai

labili

ty o

f

equ

ipped

sto

rag

e fa

cilit

ies,

%

nu

mber

% o

f to

tal

nu

mber

% o

f to

tal

GROUP A - Up to 2,585 992 123 23 82.1 93 79.49 2,984.4 62.5 442.5 50 14.8

GROUP B - 2,585- 7,714 5,161 13 1 3.6 13 11.1 1,117.46 23.4 180 20.4 16.1

GROUP C - over 7,714 57,308 9 2 7.1 6 5.1 578.9 12.1 195 22.1 33.7

Total in the region 3,789 145* 28 100 117 100 4,778 100 884 100 18.5 * The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms

Among the farms that provided data, the level of availability in storage facilities is 14.8% in total,

which is lower than the average in the oblast by 3.7%. The availability rate among the 11.1% of

medium-sized agricultural enterprises that provided data was 16.1%, which is 2.4% lower than the

average in the oblast. The level of availability of equipped storage facilities among the 5.1% of large

farms that provided data is virtually twice as high, at 33.7%.

4.1.4 Manure Management Methods and Shortcomings

The low rate of availability of equipped storage facilities, combined with the lack of agricultural land

around a number of poultry and pig farms, leads to a high excess of accumulated manure/litter

during the agricultural season, sometimes exceeding the capacity of available storage facilities by

twofold or more. Because of this, farmers need to place manure/litter on non-prepared sites, where

it is washed away by rain, and affluent waters contaminate underground and open water resources,

as well as land around manure/litter storage places.

The lack of manure/litter storage facilities, especially for the liquid fraction, results in the farm

distributing it on the fields (where possible) all year round, or using soil grounds and terrains for

manure storage. The absence of protection facilities for affluent and storm water on the farms is

therefore a serious hazard.

On a number of farms the capacity of existing manure/litter storage facilities is too low to allow

manure application only in the period of its active use by the plants.

The current practice of manure/litter storage provides for the methods of its utilization in the

region- mainly long storing, composting and application on the fields (including application on

other neighbouring farms).


7

When analysing manure utilization practices by type of farm (Table 15), we see that all farms in the

Leningrad oblast use either long storing, composting or application on fields to deal with their litter.

New methods of manure storage and processing (separation of liquid and solid fractions before

storage/application) have been introduced on only 1.7% of cattle farms, 14% of pig farms and

12.5% of mixed farms.

Table 15 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast

Farm

specialisation

Number

of farms

in the

group

Methods of manure utilization

Separation,

long storage

and

application

Long storage

and

application

Composting

and application

Composting,

long storage

and application

No

data

Cattle 116 2 10 79 2 23

% of total 100.0 1.7 8.6 68.1 1.7 19.8

Poultry 14 0 2 11 0 1

% of total 100.0 0.0 14.3 78.6 0.0 7.1

Pig 7 1 3 1 0 2

% of total 100.0 14.3 42.9 14.3 0.0 28.6

Cattle & pig 8 1 1 4 0 2

% of total 100.0 12.5 12.5 50.0 0.0 25.0

Total in the

oblast 145* 4 16 95 2 28

% of total 100.0 2.8 11.0 65.5 1.4 19.3 * The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms

Similar results are found on the rayon level in Leningrad oblast (Table 16). New methods of

manure/litter application are only used in Priozerskiy and Tosnenskiyrayons.


8

Table 16 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast

Rayon grouping

Number

of farms

in the

rayon

Methods of manure/litter utilisation

separation,

long storage

&application

Long storage

& application

Composting &

application

composting,

long storage

& application

No

data

Boksitogorskiy 2 0 0 0 0 2

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Volosovskiy 14 1 4 8 0 1

% of total 100.0 7.1 28.6 57.1 0.0 7.1

Volkhovskiy 8 0 1 6 0 1

% of total 100.0 0.0 12.5 75.0 0.0 12.5

Vsevolzhskiy 8 0 1 6 1 0

% of total 100.0 0.0 12.5 75.0 12.5 0.0

Vyborgskiy 18 0 2 8 0 8

% of total 100.0 0.0 11.1 50.0 0.0 38.9

Gatchinskiy 19 0 0 16 0 3

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 84.2 0.0 15.8

Kingissepskiy 4 0 0 3 1 0

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 25.0 0.0

Kirishskiy 4 0 0 4 0 0

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Kirovskiy 3 0 0 3 0 0

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Lodeynopolskiy 3 0 0 3 0 0

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Lomonosovskiy 13 0 2 10 0 1

% of total 100.0 0.0 15.4 76.9 0.0 7.7

Luzhskiy 12 0 0 11 0 1

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 91.7 0.0 8.3

Podporozhskiy 2 0 0 0 0 2

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Priozerskiy 12 2 0 8 0 2

% of total 100.0 16.7 0.0 66.7 0.0 16.7

Slantsevskiy 4 0 1 1 0 2

% of total 100.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 0.0 50.0

Tikhvinskiy 8 0 0 4 0 4

% of total 100.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0

Tosneskiy 11 1 5 4 0 1

% of total 100.0 9.1 45.5 36.4 0.0 9.1

Total in the oblast 145 4 16 95 2 28

%of total 100.0 2.8 11.0 66.2 1.4 18.6


9

Figure 6 Methods of manure/litter utilization farms in Leningrad oblast, by farm specialisation

Big farms use new methods of manure/litter utilisation more widely when compared with small

farm units (Table 17). Thus in the first group of farms (Group A) only 1.6% use separation with long

storage and application, in the second group (Group B) this figure is equal 7.7%, in the third group

(Group C) – 11.1%.

Table 17 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different sizes in Leningrad oblast

Farm size.

Ave

rag

e in

th

e gro

up

con

.hea

ds.

Nu

mber

of

farm

s in

th

e

gro

up

Methods of manure/litter utilisation

separ

atio

n, l

on

g

stora

ge

and

app

licat

ion

Lon

g s

tora

ge

and

app

licat

ion

Co

mpo

stin

g a

nd

app

licat

ion

com

po

stin

g, l

on

g

stora

ge

& a

pp

licat

ion

No

dat

a

GROUP A - Up to 2,585 992 123 2 13 82 1 25

% of total 100 1.6 10.6 66.7 0.8 20.3

GROUP B - 2,585- 7,714 5,161 13 1 2 7 1 2

% of total 100 7.7 15.4 53.8 7.7 15.4

GROUP C - Over 7,714 57,308 9 1 1 7 0 0

% of total 100 11.1 11.1 77.8 0.0 0.0

Total in the oblast 3,789 145 4 16 96 2 27

% of total 100 2.8 11.0 66.2 1.4 18.6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Cattle Poultry Pig Cattle & pig Total in theoblast

Methods of manure utilisation Composting, long storage and application

Methods of manure utilisation Composting and application

Methods of manure utilisation Long storage and application

Methods of manure utilisation Separation, long storage and application


10

4.1.5 Projected figures for the development of livestock and poultry sectors

The projected figures for the development of livestock and poultry sectors for the period 2020

have recently become available to the public. These figures forecast a substantial increase of

poultry, livestock and pig numbers in all farm categories of the Leningrad Region. It is expected

that the bird population will increase from 28,300 mln (2012) up to 32,300 mln (2020), a 14.1%

increase, pig numbers from 197,330 (2012) to 400,000 (2020), a 202.7% increase, and cattle

numbers from 179,700 (2012) to 262,000 (2020), a 45.8% increase.

4.1.6 Summary of Problems Identified across Farms in the Leningrad Oblast

Combined data and observations from the current study demonstrate that most of the

manure/litter facilities on farms in the Leningrad oblast do not meet ecological requirements. Farms

often tend to underreport the volume of manure/litter produced, as well as how much of this is

appropriately used in the form of organic fertilizer.

Farms in the region consistently demonstrated a low capacity for correctly storing manure in the non-

agricultural season, when it cannot or should not be spread on fields. On the studied farms, the

volume of manure produced during winter housing season was found to be 1.5-2 times higher than

the capacity for storing it. Some farms did not have any storage facilities at all.

Other problems revealed by the current study include:

Farms spreading the liquid fraction of manure on fields all year round, in violation of

current legislature;

Usage of ground folds, terrain folds and fields for manure/litter storage, which are unable

to be fully cleaned , thus leading to the contamination of the subsurface waters;

Absence of protective facilities which can retain and gather effluent and drain waters

contaminated by manure content from the farms’ territories;

Discharge of sewage waters from milk storage buildings and equipment washing into the

manure pits, terrain andreclamation canals;

Absence of drain collection systems and effluent storages on farms;

Lack of qualified farm personnel; poor on-farm technological control equipment; violation

of technological storage requirements; regulations relating to transportation and the

application of organic fertilisers.

The above factors affect the environment and also result in heavy losses in agricultural production.

Shortfall in yields due to manure/litter underutilization is estimated at around 100–120 K. tons of

grain, and it is estimated that around 5-7 billion RUR of environmental damage results (data from

draft programme “Manure/litter utilization by agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast for 2013-

2020”).


11

As the population of livestock constantly increases, the amount of manure/litter output also

continues to grow, requiring ever more sophisticated and larger scale methods for processing and

utilizing manure/litter. The increase of numbers of livestock, pigs and poultry should be

accompanied by the construction of new equipped manure storage facilities, modernization and

expanding the existing ones, and applying new technologically proven manure processing

technologies.

The current analysis suggests the following reasons are behind the slow development and

introduction of new efficient manure/litter utilization methods:

High capital intensity of the majority of manure/litter management projects at a reasonably

low agricultural production efficiency;

Absence of demonstrated production units of manure/litter utilization;

Lack of companies capable of designing and implementing safe manure/litter utilization

technologies on a professional level;

Credit burden of most agricultural enterprises;

Manure and other by-products of milk, meat and eggs production are considered of

secondary or little importance, and therefore it is not a primary concern for farms to

implement non-hazardous manure management practices;

Current ecological legislature does not provide sufficient financial penalties for agricultural

enterprises who do not implement environmentally sustainable manure management

practices. Current ecological sanctions and penalties (e.g. 10,000-40,000 RUR per annum

for poultry farms) are seen as preferable to the costs of introducing manure management

and utilization technology;

Lack of economic incentives for enterprises to introduce environment friendly technologies,

or to apply organic fertilisers produced from manure/litter;

Lack of information on new progressive methods of manure management, and on nutritive

values of organic fertilisers and their importance for agriculture and the environment;

Capital costs to implement investment projects targeted at improving manure/litter utilization

could cost half the price of the whole agricultural enterprise construction. With this view in

mind the development of low cost, highly efficient technologies and equipment for ecologically

safe manure processing/utilization has not only ecological but economic and social importance.

4.2 Individual Farm Data

4.2.1 Poultry farms (>40,000 hens)

The number of birds stated in the below table represents the total number of birds on the poultry

farm (including youngsters) as at 1 October 2013. Individual poultry farm data sheets found in

Annex 1 of this report give annual average of layers/broilers on each farm.

Name of the

farm

Total

Number

of

birdshea

Layers,

heads

Broilers,he

ads

Quantity of

manure(t/ye

ar)

Type ofmanure

storage and

capacity

Manure

management(techno

logy, t/year)


12

ds

Vsevolzhskiy

rayon

579,120 579,120 26,808

JSC "Poultry

Factory

Nevskaya"

579,120 579,120 0 26,808 Storage facility

(40,000 m3)

26,808 t/year

Concrete storage

facility with total

capacity of 40,000

m3

Still operating but

closing soon after

bankruptcy

Vyborgskiy

rayon

6,670,62

7

4,626,52

7

2,044,000 202,629

Poultry

factory“Udar

nik”

577,400 329,400 248,000 36,700 4 open

reservoirs with

paved bottom

and sides (total

capacity 40,000

m3)

450 ha of own

land for

manure

spreading

23,238t/year

Approximately

30,000t manure is

currently in 3 of the

4 concrete reservoirs

(one is empty, one is

in the process of

being emptied)

5,850 t (16% of

annual output) can

be safely spread on

farm’s own land

JSC " Poultry

Factory

Primorskaya"

810,427 810,427 32,000 4 open

reservoirs with

paved bottom

& sides (total

capacity

40,000m3)

167 ha of own

land for

manure

spreading

32,000 t/year

199,480t of manure

is currently in

storage and on fields

27,500t manure is

currently in the 4

concrete storage

reservoirs (2 full, one

¾ full, one empty)

2,171 t (6.8% of

annual output) can

be safely spread on

farm’s own land

Drying and

incineration is being

considered as a

solution

JSC " Poultry

Factory

Roskar"

5,282,800 3,48700

0

1,796,000 133,929 Compostinggro

und

20,000 m2

600 ha of own

land for

133,929 t/year

20,000 t in

composting ground

13,000 t dried,

granulated and


13

manure

spreading

marketed in

granulation plant

93,129 t processed

into organic fertiliser

using the

microbiological

preparation

"SilyUrozjaya" (“The

Power of the

Harvest”)

7,800 t (5.8% of

annual output) can

be safely spread on

farm’s own land

Drying and

incineration is being

considered as a

solution

Gatcinskiy

rayon

2,437,09

4

1,378,73

8 137,006

"Perepyeloch

ka" Ltd

161,240 161,240 7,518 Concrete

composting

ground

Composting,

7,518 t/year

JSC

"Lenptitsepro

m "

309,530 309,530 13,849 Concrete

composting

ground

Composting,

13,849t/year

JSC "Oredezj" 1,157,324 1,157,32

4 79,000 Concrete

composting

ground

79,000 t/year

32,704 t stored on

farm

8,690 t (11% of

annual output) can

be safely spread on

farm’s own land

460 t used on farm

1,011t bio-

fermented

67,679 t given to

farms in Luga region

JSC "Poultry

Factory

Voiskovitsi"

809,000 809,000 97,494 Concrete

composting

ground

Composting, 97,494

t/year

Kirovskiy

rayon

16,723,0

00

11,381,0

00 618,170

JSC "Poultry

Factory

Sinyavinskaya

"

5,342,000 5,342,00

0 242,435 Concrete and

soil composting

grounds

Composting,

242,435 t/year


14

JSC "Poultry

Farm

Severnaya"

11,381,00

0 11,381,000 375,735 Concrete and

soil composting

grounds

375,735 t/year

There are specially-

equipped manure

storages on site, but

375,000 tons of

manure will still

remain after long

term storage and

fermentation

The farm has none of

its own land for

manure use

Lomonosovsk

iy rayon

1,444,03

8

631,039 808,999 56,566

JSC "Poultry

Factory

Lagolovo"

379,450 367,830 11,620 16,840 Specially-

equipped

manure storage

facility (9,000 t

capacity)

Concrete

composting

grounds (2,000

t capacity)

Composting

grounds (3,000

t capacity)

12,500t/year

14,000 t can be

stored and

composted

according to current

capacity of manure

management

facilities, and these

are currently filled

with 13,000 t of

manure (nearly at

capacity)

2,379 t (19% of

annual output) of

manure can be safely

spread on farm’s

own land

"Poultry

factory

Russko-

Vysotskaya"

LTD

735599 91,829 643,770 27,037 Concrete and

soil composting

grounds

27,037 t/year

Farm bankrupt: will

probably close or be

taken over by

Sinyavinskaya

"Poultry

Factory

Lebyazhye"

LTD

287,000 183,000 104,000 12,689 Concrete and

soil composting

grounds

Composting,

8,210 t/year

4.2.2 Big livestock farms (>400 animals)

Name of the farm Number Quantity Type & capacity of Manure management (technology,


15

of

animals

of

manure,

t/year

manure storage quantity t/year)

Volosovsky rayon 23,230 490585

JSC"Pedigreed Farm

Gomontovo"

2,873 51,756 yes (15,000 m3) Separation, long storage and

application,

51,756 t/year

"Seltso" 1,145 25,058 on ground storage

compound

Composting and application

25,058 t/year

"Trud" 1,989 35,280 yes (15,000 m3) Long storage and application,

35,280 t/year

JSC "Ushevitsy" 1,199 25,878 on ground storage

compound


25,878t/year

JSC " Syaglitsy" 470 9,920 On ground storage

compound


9,920 t/year

JSC "Ostrogovitsy" 2,379 53,049 yes (25,000 m3) Composting and application

53,049 t/year

JSC "Symino" 1,730 43,130 On ground storage

compound


43,130 t/year

OJSC "Udarnik" 2,319 57,578 yes (30,000 m3) Long storage and application

57,578 t/year

JSC " Pedigreed farm

Rabotitsy"

3,372 57,362 yes (35,000 m3) Long storage and application

57,362 t/year

JSC“Pedigreed Farm

Torosovo"

1,722 32,347 On ground storage

compound


32,347 t/year

JSC "Pedigreed Farm

Leninski put"


compound

Composting and application,

36,660 t/year

SF "Demonstration

Farm Kalozhitsy"


compound


34,504 t/year

"Volna" 657 28,336 On ground storage

compound


28,336 t/year

Volkhovsky rayon 10,572 225436

JCS "Volkhovsky" 2,027 43,431 On ground storage

compound


43,431 t/year

JCS "Zarechye" 2,037 49,599 On ground storage

compound


49,599 t/year

JCS "Aleksino" 1,144 26,309 On ground storage

compound


26,309 t/year

OJCS "Pedigreed Farm

Myslinsky”


compound


44,423 t/year

OJCS "Pedigreed Farm

Novoladozhskiy"


compound

46,148 t/year has slurry separator

needs storage for liquid faction and

injection equipment

“Ferma" Ltd 703 15,526 On ground storage

compound


15,526 t/year

Vsevolzhskiy rayon 10,022 195,244


16

AC “Progorodny" 2,766 48,089 On ground storage

compound


8,089 t/year

JSC "PF Prinevskoye" 2,134 39,463 On ground storage

compound + storage

(10000 m3)

Composting, long storage and

application, 39,463 t/year

"Milk farm Bugry 711 12,205 On ground storage

compound


12,205 t/year

OJSC

"SovkhozVsevolzhsky"


compound


34,503 t/year

OJSC "Sputnik" 1,074 17,855 On ground storage

compound


17,855 t/year

"Ruchyi" 1,678 43,129 On ground storage

compound


43,129 t/year

Vyborgsky rayon 8990 196235

"Matrosovo" Ltd 1,355 25,877 On ground storage

compound


25,877 t/year

"Losyevo" Ltd 1,384 30,276 On ground storage

compound


30,276 t/year

AC "Shestakovskiy" 532 15,785 On ground storage

compound


15,785 t/year

AC"Polyany" 1,653 35,797 On ground storage

compound


35,797 t/year

"Smena" Ltd 1,658 37,522 On ground storage

compound


37,522 t/year

AC"CoophazNiva" 1,607 31,915 On ground storage

compound


31,915 t/year

AC"Ryabovskiy" 801 19,063 On ground storage

compound


9,063 t/year

Gatchinskiy rayon 17,462 356825

JSC "Gatchinskoye" 1,464 36,660 On ground storage

compound


36,660 t/year

OJSC PF “Plamya" 2,575 49,685 On ground storage

compound


49,685 t/year

JSC "Orlinskoye" 1,405 27,387 On ground storage

compound


27,387 t/year

AC "Kobralovskiy" 1,314 25,877 On ground storage

compound


25,877 t/year

OJSC PF

“Krasnogvariskiy”


compound


40,541 t/year

JSC "Chernovo" 1,658 32,347 On ground storage

compound

Composting and application, 32,347

t/year

JSC “PF Bolshevik" 1,640 32,347 On ground storage

compound


t/year

ОJSC "PF Lesnoye" 1,948 39,247 On ground storage

compound


t/year

"Slavyanka" Ltd. 1,100 22,211 On ground storage Composting and application, 22,211


17

compound t/year

SF DF"Suida" 513 13,542 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Iskra" 517 11,515 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC PF "Niva" 1,119 25,446 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Kingissep rayon 9,647 209,090

JSC "Pribrezhnoye" 1,005 22,643 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Kotelskoye" 2,629 56,844 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "PF"Agro- Balt" 3,301 66,850 On ground storage

compound + storage

facility (20000 м3)

composting, long storage and

application, 66,850 t/year

JSC "Opolye" 2,712 62,753 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Kirishsky rayon 5,382 122,54

Farm Cooperative

"Osnichevskiy"


compound


t/year

JSC "Kirishskiy" 1,021 21,435 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Budogosch" 1,510 34,503 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Berezovskoye" 821 18,545 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Kirovskiy rayon 1,122 20,702

Farm Coooperative

"DalnayaPolyana"


compound


t/year

Lodeinopolski rayon 1,854 39,894

JSC"Oyatskoye" 412 8,410 On ground storage

compound

Composting and application,8,410

t/year

JSC “ Rasvet” 1,442 31,484 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Lomonovskiy rayon 8,472 180,279

JSC "Pobeda" 1,520 33641 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Mozhaiskoye" 849 19,796 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Predportovoy" 1,285 27,732 Storage facility

(15,000 m3)

Long storage and application,27,732

t/year

JSC"Koporye" 722 14,534 On ground storage

compound


t/year

"Koporye” Ltd. 412 13,672 On ground storage

compound

Long storage facility and

application,13,672 t/year


18

JSC DemoFarm

"KrasnayaBaltica


compound


t/year

JSC "Kipen" 875 17,640 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Krasnoselskoye" 1,069 21,780 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Luzhskiy rayon 23095 325,320

ОJSC "Voloshovo" 926 23,289 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC PF “Rapti" 2,173 41,490 On ground storage

compound


t/year

"Sheremetyevo" Ltd 854 17,467 On ground storage

compound


t/year

ОJSC "Partisan" 1,584 32,778 On ground storage

compound


t/year

"Satis" 481 20,745 On ground storage

compound


t/year

"Pravda"Ltd 872 32,778 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Novoyevremya" 950 21,909 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Oredezhskiy" 1,513 34,934 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Skreblovo" 1,547 34,805 On ground storage

compound


t/year

PF"Urozhai" 1,023 21,996 On ground storage

compound


t/year

ОJSC "Rassvet" 11,172 43,129 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Priozerskiy rayon 17,787 339123

JSC "PF Razdolye" 1,526 31,484 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC PF "Petrovskiy" 2,300 43,172 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC PF "Rastsvet" 1,669 29,759 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "PF Grazhdanskiy" 3,155 51,755 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC PF

“Krasnoarmeiskiy”


compound


t/year

JSCPF

"Krasnoozernoye"


compound+ storage

facility (20000 m3)

Composting, separation, long

storage and application,47,442

t/year

JSC PF 1,736 43,129 On ground storage Composting and application,43,129


19

"Pervomaiskoye" compound t/year

Going to go to separation, storage

application liquid faction on own

land

JSC "Melnikovo" 1,670 31,053 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Sudakovo" 1,023 22,427 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Slantsevskiy rayon 4,456 86043

JSC "Rodina" 2,376 48,305 Storage facility(20,000

m3)

Long storage and application,

48,305 t/year

JSC "Osminskoye" 2,080 37,738 On ground storage

compound


t/year

Tikhvinskiy rayon 5945 111703

JSC “ Andreyevskoye" 1,969 40,541 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Gorskiy" 1,316 24,152 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Cultura-Agro" 1,906 31,484 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Isakovskiy" 754 15,526 On ground storage

compound

On ground storage

compound,15,526 t/year

Tosnenskiy rayon 13591 306476

Farm Cooperative " PF

Detskoselskiy"

2,844 61,157 Storage facility

(30,000 m3)


t/year

Farm

cooperative"Shushary"

974 20,702 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "PF Telman" 2,286 60,597 On ground storage

compound


t/year

JSC "Agrotechnika” 1,777 36,358 Storage capacity

(15000 m3)


t/year

JSC "Lyuban" 2,722 57,793 Storage facility

(25000 m3)

Long storage and

application57,793t/year

" Voskhod" Ltd. 719 17,424 On ground storage

compound


t/year

"Petrokholod.

Agricultural

technologies"

1,518 33,641 Storage facility (20000

m3)


t/year

" Farm Voskhod" Ltd, 751 18,804 On ground storage

compound


t/year

4.2.3 Pig Farms(>2,000 pigs)

Name of the farms Number

of pigs

Quantity

of

Type of manure

storage & capacity

Manure management (technology;

t/year)


20

manure

t/year

Volkhovskiy rayon 5,556 20,786

"Rassvet plus" 5,556 20,786 Storage capacity

(10,000 m3)


20,786 t/year

Vsevolzhskiy rayon 13,943 45,305

JSC PF "Ruchyi" 10,591 32,764 Storage capacity

(20,000 m3)


32,764 t/year

"Svinka" Ltd 3,352 12,540 Storage capacity

(5,000 m3)


12,540 t/year

Gatchinskiy rayon 46,584 144,113

JSC “PF Plamya” 7,822 24,198 Storage capacity

(15,000 m3)

Long storageand application,

24,198 t/year

"Rusbelgo"LTD 25,713 79,545 -

JSC "Novyisvet" 13,049 40,368 -

Lodeynipolskiy rayon 2,064 5,611

"Oyatskoye" Ltd 2,064 5,611 Soil grounds Composting and application,

5,611 t/year

Lomomosovskiy rayon 3,011 11,264

"Psofida" Ltd 3,011 11,264 Storage facility (5,000

m3)

Long storage andapplication,

11,264 t/year

Luzhskiy rayon 1,600 4,949

JSC PF"Rapti" 1,600 4,949 Soil grounds Composting and application,

4,949 t/year

Priozerskiy rayon 14,957 46,271

"Livestock complex

Bor" Ltd


(24,000 m3)

separation, long storage, building

peat “cascade” filtration system for

liquid faction

46,271 t/year

Tosneskiy rayon 112,847 349,103

"Ryurik -Agro" 95,384 295,080 Storage facility

(100,000 m3)

separation, composting, long

storage,295,080 t/year

Agroholding

"Pulkovskiy"


(30,000 m3)


54,023 t/year

4.2.4 Individual Poultry Farm Development Needs

Individual data sheets for each poultry farm in the Leningrad Region can be found in Annex 1 to

this report. These data sheets contain detailed information on past and current production levels,

estimated financial data, information on the current manure/poultry litter situation, current manure

management issues identified, and PIU work with each farm to date.


21

Table 18 below summarises the key findings from the individual poultry farm data update, namely

what issues have been identified with managing each farm’s annual manure output, and how the

PIU has been and continues to work with each farm.

Table 18Manure Management Data and Development Needs for Poultry Farms in the Leningrad Region

Farm Manure Details Development needs

Primorskaya At present, the poultry farm has an average

of 700,000 laying hens. The poultry farm

produces on average 80 tons of manure a

day; up to 37,543 tonnes annually. The

manure is stored in four stores of a total

area of 40,000 m2. The farm has no land of

its own; recently the farm tried to buy

some land in the Pskov region but was

unsuccessful. The farm is also unusual in

that is has no piped gas so relies on diesel

fuel and coal for heat for the chicken

houses, processing plant and other farm

buildings.

Analysis by the PIU has shown that under

the current production conditions, being

lack of agricultural land and limited

regional marketsfor organic fertilizers,

there is a constant need for heat to warm

the poultry houses. The most appropriate

method of poultry litter management is

therefore incineration to produce heat for

poultry houses, and to sell resultant ash for

mineral fertilizer or as use as a filler in the

manufacture of concrete blocks. Cage litter

is at the wetter end of the spectrum

around 70% moisture content on average.

The best moisture content for incineration

of litter is put at 30% so this will

necessitate some drying beforehand. The

farm has agreed with the PIU that the only

acceptable manure management solution

is that of litter drying followed by

incineration without the use of

supplementary fuel. Currently the farm’s

annual fuel bill is 29M RUR (€674,000).All

this cost could be eliminated with a litter

drying incineration plant. Spare heat could

also be sold into the nearby local

community.

Udarnik The farm produces eggs and chicken meat.

Recent modernization of production

facilities were carried out. Presently there

are 329,000 laying hens and 248,000

broilers. There are plans to utilize recently

renovated poultry sheds to house up to

900,000 broilers it is expected that numbers

will be 320,000 by the end of October.

Currently the farm produces up to 40

tonnes of litter a day amounting to 23,238

tonnes annually. In 1985 poultry litter

storage was built 1,000m away from the

farm’s production zone. The storage

consists of 4 open reservoirs- 1,000 tons

The fact that the farm has some land is

helpful but will not solve the problem as it

is too small an area and can only take a

maximum of 6,750 tonnes of litter.

Alternative litter management

technologies therefore need to be used.

The PIU has introduced and discussed

several different litter management

technologies with the farm at different

times, including poultry litter drying,

incineration and bio-fermentation.

Recently the farm has received a

commercial offer from “OOO Dynamic” for

a bio-fermentation system including a


22

each. Today two of them are completely

full. The farm has 450 hectares of land

some few kilometres from the farmstead.

pelletizing plant to produce organic

fertiliser able to cope with up to 85

tonnes/day of litter.

So far the farm is still undecided on the

manure management technology it wants

to adopt, despite the PIU’s best efforts. The

farm director has recently been replaced

which has not helped. The farm was invited

to send two members of staff to the recent

PIU organised poultry litter study tour but

declined to send anybody at all. Certainly if

the level of broiler production is increased

to the figure of 900,000 heads then the

manure problems can only become

considerably worse, principally through

lack of storage space and no processing of

litter beyond some relatively small amount

being spread on the land and composting.

Oradezj The farm has 1,157,324 laying hens in

cages, 673 hectares of their own land, and

produces a total of 82,138 tonnes of

manure annually. Currently 12,988 tonnes

are stored on concrete, 460 tonnes are used

around the farm, 1011 tonnes are bio-

fermented (Biozem) leaving 67,679 tonnes

that are effectively given away to 5 farms

in the Luga region. The litter being

transported there at the farm’s own cost

amounts to around 18M RUR (€420,000)

annually.

The farm wishes to reduce their

considerable transport costs for taking

poultry litter to the south of the region

and being paid little or nothing for it. The

farm considers the first step to be the

installation of poultry litter drying

equipment as this will considerably reduce

the annual tonnage to be transported to

the 5 farms that currently take the litter.

Once the litter drying equipment is

successfully installed and up and running

then further treatment of the dried litter

can be considered.

The farm was visited by VDL Agrotech in

early October when a detailed proposal

was drawn up for litter drying as a starting

point for a total litter management plan

for the farm. Once the poultry litter

equipment is detailed then the PIU will

assist the farm in producing project

documentation

Lagolovo The farm has 278,303 laying hens and

202,000 broilers. Currently the farm

produces 12,500 tons of manure annually,

and has 183 hectares of arable land, which

enables them to apply up to 2,379 tons of

the total litter output on the fields. There is

also a specially-equipped manure storage

facility which takes up to 9,000 tons of

The farm is not a pilot farm, but has

engaged with the PIU and has been

proposed several options for poultry litter

management including accelerated

fermentation using drum fermenters, and

poultry litter incineration without use of

supplementary fuel.

In recent years, the farm has experienced a


23

litter, concrete composting grounds for up

to 2,000 tons, and composting grounds for

3,000 tons. At the time of the survey,

13,000 tons of litter were accumulated in

poultry manure storage.

decline in profitability and an increase in

debt, and decided to cease operations in

2013, likely instead converting into a

logistics centre. The PIU therefore put farm

experts in touch with GNU SZNIIMESH to

discuss the possibility of processing the

remaining accumulated manure into

organic fertilizer using SZNIIMESH drum

fermenters.

Lebyazhye Currently the farm has 180,000 heads of

layers, and 104,000 heads of broilers, and

produces over 10 million heads of day-old

chicks per year. The farm produces 22-29

tons of litter per day, or 16,184 tons per

year. There are two concrete composting

grounds used for manure storage (taking at

any one time between 8-10,000 tons of

litter mixed with peat), and a soil

composting ground. The farm owns none of

its own arable land, and would require at

least 1,245 hectares of land to dispose of

litter safely.

“Lebyazhye" is not a pilot farm, but has

engaged with the PIU, participated in

seminars and events organized by the PIU,

and received the safe manure management

manual. Currently, SZNIIMESH/PIU is

working with the management company

KER-Holding Ltd to develop various

proposals for the accelerated fermentation

of manure on Lebyazhye, including

composting at sites with active mixing by

agitators, using chamber bio-fermenters,

and using drum fermenters.

Lenptitseprom The number of birds on the farm is more

than 309,000 heads, including 162,000

heads of youngsters. The farm produces

13,849 tons of manure annually. It has

specially constructed concrete composting

grounds in the vicinity of the farm

(currently storing 9,000 tons manure). Field

grounds are also used for composting.

“Lenptitseprom” has 120 ha or arable land

allowing it to safely apply 19.8% of the

total annual manure output. To spread the

remainder safely, it would require at least

an additional 855 ha of agricultural land.

Poultry farm “Lenptitseprom” is not a pilot

farm. Nonetheless, specialists of the

poultry farm have participated in seminars

organised by the PIU, and received the

manure management manual.

Lomonosovskaya Since its merger with Poultry farm

“Severnaya” in October 2011, the main

activity of “Lomonosovskaya” farm has

been the leasing of property, plants and

equipment. There is no data available on

current or past production levels.

In October 2011 broiler meat production

was discontinued. During 2012 the

remaining poultry litter (after disinfection)

was taken out on the fields

Nevskaya There are currently 432,604 heads of layers

on the farm. The annual litter output is

33,537 tons of wet manure per year which,

after natural shrinkage, yields 26,807 tons

of litter. There is a specially-constructed

40,000m3 manure storage facility, divided

The farm is not a pilot farm, but the PIU

has proposed Nevskaya several options for

poultry litter management, including

poultry litter incineration without use of

supplementary fuel (energy recovery), and

supplying neighbouring “Interflora” green


24

into 4 sections.

The farm has none of its own arable land,

and to dispose of all its litter would require

at least 2,062 ha. The farm has previously

been fined for dumping bio waste, and land

contamination by organic waste. Local

residents have complained about the smell

from unsafe dumping of manure.

house with manure for biogas generation.

Experts of the farm have been invited to all

seminars and events organized by the PIU.

The current difficult financial situation of

“Nevskaya” has not allowed the PIU to

carry out further work with the farm.

Roskar Estimated poultry numbers in 2012 was

4,797,500 heads. The farm produces more

than 135,000 tons of poultry litter

annually, about 400-500 tons per day. They

have a 20,000m2 concrete composting

ground on site, a granulation plant (deals

with 13,000 t manure annually), and also

have developed a technology for processing

manure into organic fertiliser using the

microbiological preparation "SilyUrozjaya"

(93,129 t processed annually).

Only 7,800 t (5.8% of annual output) can

be safely spread on farm’s 600 ha of its

own land. They would require at least an

additional 9,702 ha of agricultural land to

safely spread the at least 126,000 tons of

excess manure.

Roskar is not pilot farm, but

representatives have nonetheless attended

seminars and events organized by the PIU,

and have received the manual for safe

manure management. Roskar is currently

working with firm "Dunamis" who are

looking into a variety of different solutions

including assisting in the marketing of

granular fertilizer, installation and

maintenance of a unit for drying, and sale

of additional products made from

granulated poultry litter. Roskar attended

the recent PIU workshop on

drying/incineration technology and are

also considering this as a possible solution.

Russko-

Vysotskaya

In 2012, the number of broiler youngsters

was 643,770 heads, laying hens 91,829

heads, and rearing chickens 34,909 heads.

The poultry farm produces more than

39,000 tons of fresh chicken litter annually,

or about 100-120 tons per day. There are

specially-equipped concrete and soil

composting grounds on the farm, which

can store no more than 18 thousand tons

of manure. The farm would require at least

an additional 2,080 ha of agricultural land

to dispose of its entire annual output of

poultry litter. It has received sanctions and

fines from regional environmental

authorities for dumping of litter and

contamination of water bodies.

Russko-Vysotskaya is not a pilot farm.

Farm representatives have been invited to

all seminars and events organized by the

PIU however, the very difficult financial

situation of the farm (which has filed for

bankruptcy) has not allowed the PIU to

carry out further work with them.

Severnaya In 2012, there were more than 11 million

heads of poultry on the farm. Because of

current construction of a new branch, the

poultry farm will soon produce more than

560,000 tons of fresh chicken litter

annually, about 1,536 tons per day. There

The farm is not a pilot farm, however two

new major projects are under preparation

by companies Rika Biofuels and Gasumin

the Leningrad region, and specialists of

these companies participated in the

seminars organized by the PIU. The essence


25

are specially-equipped manure storages on

site, but 375,000 tons of manure will still

remain after long term storage and

fermentation. To dispose of the entire

annual output of poultry litter, the farm

would require at least an additional 28,903

ha of agricultural land than what it already

owns. Despite measures taken by the

management to ensure environmentally

safe poultry litter management, problems

of disposing of liquid waste remain,

particularly due to the mismatch in the

time needed to store/disinfect manure

versus the when organic fertilizers can be

applied on the fields. The farm has been

reported for problems of systemic runoff of

affluent waters flooding forest areas, for

example in a recent report from NGO Green

Front which alleges a pipe running from

Severnaya is discharging liquid waste

directly into nearby forests.1

of these projects are to recycle manure in

biogas plants, with the resulting gas to be

purified from extraneous gases, then

liquefied and sold to consumers. The main

products are: liquefied biogas, carbon

dioxide, and magnesium. There are plans to

build a plant in the vicinity of town

Kirovsk, with the bulk of raw materials to

be supplied from poultry farm “Severnaya”.

The products from the biogas plant are

planned to be sold to Sweden (liquefied

biogas), Russia (CO2), Latvia (magnesium).

Sinyavinskaya In 2012, the number of poultry on JSC

Poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya" amounted to

more than 5.3 million heads, including 1.8

million heads of youngsters. The annual

output of poultry litter is more than

240,000 tons of fresh manure; about 660-

700 tons per day. The farm uses specially

constructed concrete composting grounds

for manure storage, although the farm is

unable to market the resulting compost

product, and so they transport it to

neighbouring farms for free.

Sinyavinskayadoes not own any of its own

land, and would require at least 18,649

hectares to safely dispose of the annual

output of litter. The farm has received

sanctions from regional environmental

inspectors for overflowing composting

grounds, and dumping of bio waste. Since

then, the farm has taken steps to rectify

the situation and has been cleared of

violations by the Regional authorities,

although questions over their manure

management practices remain.

Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya” is not pilot

farm, but has participated in seminars

organised by the PIU, and have received

the PIU’s manure management manual.

The farm intends to introduce a system of

manure incineration, costing 1.5 billion

RUR, and which would generate electricity

and heat for the farm. The PIU had a brief

meeting with the farm’s General Directorin

September 2013, at which the farm denied

the existing manure management

problems, expressed several contradicting

opinions, and stated: “Management of the

farm is not interested in manure

management technologies. We do not

trust European equipment”.

1http://www.greenfront.su/post/746

http://www.greenfront.su/post/746


26

Voyskovitsy In 2012, there were 507,000 heads of layers

and 302,000 heads of broilers on the farm.

After current upgrading and modernisation

of production facilities, it is estimated that

this will reach approximately 5401,000 and

322,000 heads respectively. The farm

produces 150 tons of poultry litter per day,

or 45-55,000 tons annually. There is a

concrete composting ground for poultry

manure storage, in which 30-35,000 tons

of litter is stored in piles for long term

disinfection. To dispose entire amount of

produced poultry litter on its own fields,

the farm would require at least 7,500

hectares of land. Instead, the farm stores

litter on open field sites (particularly in

winter, when it cannot be used as a

fertiliser), exposing it to various weather

conditions including snow, rain, high/flood

water, etc., and leading to manure effluent

that leaks into the soil and water sources.

This poses problems/nuisances to local

residents,and has been repeatedly reported

by the media.

Voyskovitsy is not a pilot farm, but its

managers have been invited to all seminars

and events organized by the PIU, and have

received the manure management manual.

Perepelochka The “Prepelochka” farm is a structural unit

of the “Lenptitseprom” farm. The farm is

situated in Gatchinskiy rayon The farm was

registered on May 14 2004 on the basis of

the poultry farm “Skvoritsi”.The poultry

houses were modernised, and new

slaughterhouse facilities opened. It is the

biggest producer of quail eggs and meat in

the region. In 2012 there were 161,240

heads of quails.The farm produces 7,518

tons of litter annually.

Perepelochka is not a pilot farm, but its

managers have been invited to all seminars

and events organized by the PIU, and have

received the manure management manual.

5. Brief Financial Overview of the Agricultural Sector in Leningrad

Oblast2

5.1 Profit/loss, productivity, and indebtedness at Rayon level

Agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast do not have the financial resources for lump sum

investments to introduce advanced manure/litter processing technology. The financial situation on

2 Estimated data, as farms are not able to shared detailed financial data with outside parties


27

many farms is also continually becoming worse. In 2012, the number of farms in the region that

were making a loss increased from 15.3% to 25.9% (in comparison with 2011) (Table 19), a trend

which is noticeable in all rayons of the oblast.

Table 19 Share of profitable and loss making agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast

The credit-indebtedness of agricultural enterprises also increased by 24.1% from 2011-2012,

reaching 418 billion RUR (Table 20).

Rayons Share of loss making farms, % Share of profitable farms, %

2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 2010 2011 2012

Volosovskiy 23.1 16.7 36.4 100.0 76.9 83.3 63.6

Volokhovskiy 14.3 16.7 20.0 85.7 100.0 83.3 80.0

Vsevolzhskiy 28.6 22.2 33.3 71.4 77.8 100.0 66.7

Vyborgskiy 23.1 27.3 18.2 20.0 76.9 72.7 81.8 80.0

Gatchinskiy 33.3 37.5 16.7 25.0 66.7 62.5 83.3 75.0

Kingissepskiy 60.0 60.0 40.0 40.0 100.0 100.0

Kirishskiy 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0

Kirovskiy 33.3 16.7 20.0 20.0 66.7 83.3 80.0 80.0

Lomonosovskiy 44.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 55.6

Luzhskiy 11.1 33.3 11.1 22.2 88.9 66.7 88.9 77.8

Priozerskiy 11.1 88.9 100.0 100.0 100.0

Slantsevskiy 100.0 100.0

Tikhvinskiy 55.6 44.4 33.3 44.4 44.4 55.6 66.7 55.6

Tosnenskiy 40.0 16.7 20.0 60.0 83.3 80.0 100.0

Total 20.6 24.8 15.3 25.9 79.4 75.2 84.7 74.1


28

Table 20 Credit-indebtedness of agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast, K. RUR

Rayon 2009 2010 2011 2012 % increase

2011-2012

Boksitogorskiy 4,378,240 0 0 0

Volosovskiy 2,838,698 2,907,311 3,076,760 3,340,144 108.6

Volkhovskiy 377,490 314,576 276,678 473,351 171.1

Vsevolzhskiy 1,313,276 2,046,368 3,912,540 5,124,701 131.0

Vyborgskiy 2,514,442 3,028,984 3,083,080 3,765,054 122.1

Gatchinskiy 3,789,441 5,487,341 4,916,108 5,017,356 102.1

Kingissepskiy 604,334 678,949 823,463 805,381 97.8

Kirishskiy 43,592 70,632 107,826 63,551 58.9

Kirovskiy 5,333,365 6,932,370 8,405,961 12,003,275 142.8

Lodeinopolskiy 0 0 0 725,511

Lomonosovskiy 2,270,446 2,326,151 3,031,820 2,670,633 88.1

Luzhskiy 1,246,558 1,169,864 1,453,934 1,521,901 104.7

Podporozhskiy 617,607 0 0 0

Priozerskiy 965,298 1,044,938 1,197,768 1,322,847 110.4

Tikhviskiy 931,639 1,000,616 728,848 1,213,095 166.4

Tosnenskiy 2,148,838 3,284,208 2,664,710 3,758,853 141.1

Total 29,373,264 30,292,308 33,679,496 41,805,653 124.1

Agricultural enterprises in all rayons in the Leningrad region showed an increase in credit

indebtedness, except for Kingissep and Lomonosovrayons, where indebtedness decreased by 2.2%

and 11.9%, respectively.

In 2012, the sum total of credit-indebtedness in the oblast equaled 96.1% of the agricultural

production volume in actual prices, and was 9 times the profits generated (Table 21). The level of

credit indebtedness exceeded the value of agricultural production in 7 rayons of the oblast.

Table 21

Comparison of credit-indebtedness with the value of products produced in Leningrad oblast in 2012

Rayon

Value of agri-

products (in

actual prices), K

RUR

Profit (+) or

loss (-) before

taxation K

RUR

Credit-

indebtedness, K

RUR.

Credit indebtedness

% of value

of agri-

production

Magnitude

against profit

(or loss)

Boksitogorskiy 34,148.92 0 0

Volosovskiy 2,928,108 61,863 3,340,144 114.1 54.0

Volkhovskiy 802,467.3 146,832 473,351 59.0 3.2

Vsevolozhskiy 3,365,018 12,708 5,124,701 152.3 403.3

Vyborgskiy 5,917,853 667,171 3,765,054 63.6 5.6

Gatchinskiy 4,233,460 276,708 5,017,356 118.5 18.1

Kingissepskiy 1,114,719 85,896 805,381 72.2 9.4

Kirishskiy 483,774.4 735 63,551 13.1 86.5


29

Kirovskiy 10,366,729 2,769,075 12,003,275 115.8 4.3

Lodeynipolskiy 155,394.2 -10,995 725,511 466.9 -66.0

Lomonosovskiy 6,107,711 -193,784 2,670,633 43.7 -13.8

Luzhskiy 1,560,348 -7,626 152,1901 97.5 -199.6

Podporozhskiy 32,992.82 0 0.0

Priozerskiy 2,373,923 161,817 1,322,847 55.7 8.2

Slantsevskiy 444,179.7 0.0

Tikhvinskiy 616,311.2 -111,933 1,213,095 196.8 -10.8

Tosnenskiy 2,987,663 789,117 3,758,853 125.8 4.8

Total 43,524,801 4,647,584 41,805,653 96.1 9.0

While credit-indebtedness increased by 24.1% in 2012 from the previous year (Table 21 above), the

value of agricultural production increased by only 12.2%, and profit decreased by 2.2% (Tables 22

and 23, below).

Table 22 Volume of agricultural production in different rayons of Leningrad oblast (in actual prices), K. RUR.

Rayon 2009 2010 2011 2012 % change

2011-2012

Boksitogorskiy 25,942 27,497 30,567.17 34,148.92 111.2

Volosovskiy 1,986,800 1,903,077 2,446,838 2,928,108 128.6

Volkhovskiy 739,554 700,147 761,593.7 802,467.3 108.8

Vsevolozhskiy 2,296,327 2,197,253 3,212,857 3,365,018 146.2

Vuborgskiy 3,827,559 4,503,151 5,480,957 5,917,853 121.7

Gatchinskiy 3,554,130 3,263,943 3,415,502 4,233,460 104.6

Kingissepskiy 799,173 761,516 982,194 1,114,719 129.0

Kirishskiy 351,952 350,053 470,940.6 483,774.4 134.5

Kirovskiy 5,718,878 6,773,602 7,012,490 10,366,729 103.5

Lodeynopolskiy 162,968 158,556 164,830.1 155,394.2 104.0

Lomonosovskiy 6,059,042 6,523,149 5,907,765 6,107,711 90.6

Luzhskiy 1,258,017 1,257,701 1,319,773 1,560,348 104.9

Podporozhskiy 31,006 27,603 31,914.5 32,992.82 115.6

Priozerskiy 1,252,769 1,256,728 1,442,747 2,373,923 114.8

Slantsevskiy 361,218 375,714 458,225.7 444,179.7 122.0

Tikhvinskiy 321,059 349,901 571,960.4 616,311.2 163.5

Tosnenskiy 2,123,686 2,838,650 3,599,630 2,987,663 126.8

Total 30,870,080 33,268,241 37,310,786 43,524,801 112.2


30

Table 23Farm Financial results in different rayons of Leningrad oblast

Rayons Profit (+) or loss (-) before tax, K. RUR. % change

2011-2012 2009 2010 2011 2012

Boksitogorskiy -701,362

Volosovskiy 182,171 199,372 211,864 61,863 29,2

Volkhovskiy 79,044 63,575 83,024 146,832 176,9

Vsevolozhskiy 158,770 124,910 167,948 12,708 7,6

Vyborgskiy 544,588 342,354 367,417 667,171 181,6

Gatchinskiy 65,713 123,923 187,434 276,708 147,6

Kingissepskiy 24,741 4,796 94,842 85,896 90,6

Kirishskiy 38,945 37,989 237,884 735 0,3

Kirovskiy 1,322,381 713,597 1,843,042 2,769,075 150,2

Lodeinopolskiy

-10,995

Lomonosovskiy 1,025,370 857,582 673,837 -193,784 -28,8

Luzhskiy 38,289 26,391 66,282 -7,626 -11,5

Podporozhskiy -66,149

Priozerskiy 130,857 117,987 147,619 161,817 109,6

Tikhvinskiy -234,232 -68,937 310,517 -111,933 -36,0

Tosnenskiy -28,132 308,907 362,587 789,117 217,6

Total 2,580,995 2,852,446 4,754,297 4,647,584 97,8

5.2 Possible support for investments into manure management technologies

5.2.1 Ecological Financing Options Available Worldwide

The brief financial analyses above shows that many farms in Leningrad oblast do not have the

financial resources to attract investments at commercial banking rates for the introduction of new

manure management solutions.

Russia currently does not have a great deal of experience in financing ecological projects, which the

manure management solutions under discussion with pilot farms in the Leningradoblast

undoubtedly constitute. It would therefore benefit from analysing the financing methods used to

support projects elsewhere aimed at environmental protection, production of energy from

renewable sources. Currently, the most widely used means of financing ecological projects globally

are:

1. Central Governmental budget (and budgets of other levels in case of federal structure of the

country);

2. An enterprise’s own financial resources;

3. Commercial banks;

4. Leasing companies;

5. Special investment funds;

6. Ecological funds;


31

7. Insurance companies;

8. International financial organisations;

9. Budgetary funds of donor countries (on bilateral agreements);

The first seven means of financing are national, and the last two are international. Central

government and regional government funds, an enterprise’s own financial resources, and loans

from credit banks are most widely used in developed countries, most of which are members of the

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In these cases, certain

environmental imperatives are usually set at a national level (including obligations to abide by

international agreements, relating for example to the cessation of use of ozone-depleting

substances, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and increase in electricity production using

renewable sources of energy). To achieve these ends, partial finance is directly allocated from

government budge funds, but most finance comes through indirect support measures in the form of

tax and other economic benefits. In the majority of cases when state benefits and an enterprise’s

own funds are insufficient, enterprises apply to commercial banks for loans.

Leasing companies successfully operate in many countries, but in many countries they do not cover

environmental activities. This is the case in Russia, where most leasing companies do not provide for

purchasing the equipment necessary for manure/litter processing, organic fertilizer production, or

biogas production. This type of equipment is still considered illiquid, and leasing operations perceive

it as risky.

In a number of countries in Western Europe, special investment funds have been established to

finance large infrastructure projects that resolve the problems of dumping/utilizing solid waste,

through the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants, etc. Projects financed in this

manner usually attract lower profits when compared with other capital investment opportunities.

These investment funds could however attract resources from pension, insurance and other funds,

as participants in the financial pool receive state support in the form of tax exemptions and benefits

Insurance companies are involved in environmental insurance in a few European countries only.

International financial institutions and bilateral donors provide financing for the ecological needs of

developing counties only, although recently there is a tendency to provide such assistance to

countries with economies in transition. The provision of funds is almost always conditional on

certain requirements for example: the scope of the environmental activities; a limited choice of

technologies; following set rules of equipment purchase; and the level of efficiency of the finance

to be invested. Bilateral donors also agree on priority geographical areas for project implementation.

Many of them put a condition of purchasing equipment in the donor’s country of origin.

Ecological funds are important mechanisms for financing environmental measures and mobilizing

foreign investment. Ecological funds (EF) are widely used in the transitional economies of Central

and Eastern Europe. They are at different levels of development in various countries, from financing

the implementation of large, efficient projects (Poland and Hungary) to solving the issues of

revenue formation at the legislative level (Central Asian countries). As a rule EFs are established to

finance long- and medium-term ecological projects in countries where financial markets are not


32

well developed, banking credit rates are high and banking institutions do not see their interest in

crediting ecological projects.

5.2.2 Ecological Financing Options Available on the Russian Market

It is estimated that the pilot farms of the current project have varying financing needs (depending

on technological manure management solutions they agree upon), varying from 15 mln RUR to 160

mln RUR. Technical assistance projects rarely allocate grants of such amounts.

A study was conducted on banking and leasing options on the Russian market, with a view of

attracting investment for the introduction of new and advanced technologies of manure

management, thus reducing pollution from sewage and emissions.

Most credit resources of commercial banks are available at an interest rate of 16-18% per annum

(e.g. ALFA-BANK, INDEX BANK, NOMOS BANK, PROMINVESTNANK, SBERBANK). This interest rate is

fairly high for livestock and poultry farms that have already invested significant financial resources

in production extension and modernization, as seen in the credit-indebtedness figures presented in

Section 5.1 above.

One way of tackling high interest rates and balancing the existing debts of agricultural enterprises

could be to consider federal subsidies forthe introduction of new technologies for manure/litter

processing, bioenergy production, and organic fertilizer production on large farms. There is a

precedent of such subsidies for small and medium sized enterprises, so it may be possible to extend

this to large agricultural enterprises for environmental ends. Equipment for processing organic

waste and for biogas production is included in the federal subsidy register for enterprises

introducing new technologies and equipment and, if applied, this could reduce the real annual rate

to around 6-8%. The Leningrad Regional Government Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries

Complex, along with experts from the PIU, are working on proposals in this direction.

When considering the option of buying expensive equipment using lease schemes it is worth

mentioning that although monthly payments are, as a rule, higher compared with classic credit

schemes, the total repayment sum is less (with economy on profit tax and VAT, especially in cases

when equipment is put on a lessee balance at a start of the agreement).The average price increase is

12-14% on lease schemes, and 16-18% at classic credit schemes. Below some basic conditions of

some interviewed lease companies are quoted:

Company name Equipment price (RUR) Min. matched funding

requirement

Lease period

RosAgroLeasing 1 mln-50 mln 7% up to 60 months

VTB 24-Leasing 1 mln-200 mln 15% up to 60 months

PECO-Leasing 1 mln-50 mln 20% 13-36 months

Baltic-Leasing 500 000-30 mln 10% 12-50 months

12-120 months

The majority of leasing companies interviewed still consider manure/litter processing, organic

fertilizer production, and biogas production equipment to be illiquid, and leasing operations with


33

them are seen as risky, so leasing this equipment for purchase is still uncommon in Russia. Foreign

companies selling equipment in Russia are required to have a Representative Office in Russia,

otherwise a lease agreement will not be possible. Some of the Russian equipment producers already

work with leasing companies, for example there are currently possibilities for obtaining lease

financing for the composite fuel production equipment “BioREKS”. Under this scheme, the leasing

finance covers up to 90% of the equipment price for a period of 36-84 months. The annual

equipment price increase is 8%. An analogue scheme is used when buying equipment produced by

“JSC Bezopastniyetechnologii” (first payment from 10%, lease period 24-84 months, average annual

price increase 7-15%). Leasing schemes could really be effective in financing new technologies and

equipment, to decrease the costs of and thus intensify production. Leasing reduces the need for an

outlay of an enterprise’s own capital, as the agreement is almost completely financed by leasor.

Other advantages of leasing include:

Availability of funds - leasing may be the only option for companies that do not have

enough assets for a mortgage;

Flexibility of lease payments - payments can be adapted to the cash flow of the enterprise;

Accelerated depreciation of the lease object – there are more possibilities to renew obsolete

equipment, and decrease the amount of profit taxed;

Time - the lease period can besignificantly longer than a credit period, which can smooth

unevenness of multi-temporal costs and revenue flow;

Tax benefits, governmental support - decrease of taxed profit, customs duties and

international leasing operations taxes;

Increase of industrial potential;

Improvement of production technology;

Minimizing risk – this opens the possibility for innovations in manure/litter processing,

organic fertilizer production, biogas production, etc.

Leading European companies specializing in innovative technologies for producing biogas, fuel

pellets, briquettes and biodiesel are commencing operations in Russia. Such companies often offer

financing of investment projects and export deals through foreign banks at rates of 5-6% in hard

currency. One such example is German company AGRO-T, which acts as an integrator and provides

complex projects to organize, equip and manage production processes in Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,

Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan. Large livestock and poultry farms with a stable market for their products

may be able to take advantage of this opportunity. A similar approach is used to finance the gas

piston cogeneration equipment manufactured by Slovak company ENGUL, and which is used for

biogas production, for up to 85% of the cost at 5.5-5.9%. The value of this type of equipment is

able to be exempted from tax duties and VAT with a condition that the capacity of the unit is more

than 750 kWt and there is a direct contract between the manufacturer and Russian buyer-company

(Resolution of the Government of the RF #372 dated 30.04.2009). These foreign-financed projects

are subject to the risk of exchange rate volatility, although recently fluctuations in currency have

been minimal.


34

Investment proposals for any type of financing should be submitted when project documentation

for selected technical solutions, along with economic projections and documentation, has been

prepared and approved by licensed Russian authorities.


35

Annex 1. Individual Farm Data Sheets

(Pilot farms are presented first, followed by non-pilot farms, in alphabetical order)

(Note: Bird numbers given are for average number of birds per year so average number of layers, average

number of broilers with no account taken of young stock that may be on the farm)

A. Open Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Primorskaya" (JSC

"Poultry Farm Primorskaya") Completed 15 October 2013

1. General Information

1.1 Contact

Address: 188840, Leningrad region, Vyborg district, settlement KrasnayaDolina / Tel.: (81378)71-358, 71-309, 71-

238, 8(812)715-99-24 / Fax: 7(812)337-11-02; 7(81378)7-13-58 / E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] /

1.2 Farm Director

General Director FalaleevaYuliyaLeonidovna / Tel.: +79217724633

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

28.29% shares belong to JSC URIELE Handelsellschaftm.b.H / Address: Esslingasse 4 A1010 Vienna, Austria

42.71% shares belong to JSC “Orgsin Invest”

29% shares belong to JSC Uriele group / Address: 117342, Moscow, Vedenskogo, 13, house b

1.4 Description

Open Joint Stock Company Poultry farm "Primorskaya" (formerly "Primorye") was established in 1967 on the basis

of a poultry sovhoz (collective farm). At its peak, number of poultry heads on the farm reached 500,000 units, but

decreased to 100,000 from 1995. The farm’s current capacity is more than 700,000 laying hens (cross Hisex –

brown) with a productivity of323 eggs/layer/year.

In late 2003, “Primorskaya” a programme of full-scale renovations was undertaken. In the first phase, there was a

major overhaul of poultry sheds, with installation of advanced cages from Spanish company Zukami. This

coincided with an increased in the number of heads of laying hens from 26,000 to 71,000 in each shed, and the

automation of all production processes. Installation of an automatic ventilation system from Dutch company

Hottraco allowed ventilation to be provided to poultry houses according to international best practi ce. In the

second phase of renovation, sorting and packaging units were modernised, installing an automated line from

Dutch company Staalkat that provides high product quality control and accurate measurement, thus excluding the

change of re-grading eggs during sorting. Each egg is tested using egg tester, which can detect up to 15 hidden

defects. The slaughterhouse has also been modernised since 2003, with equipment from German company

Hartmann, allowing “Primorskaya” to produce a wide range of chilled and frozen meat from laying hens. The use

of instant freezing technology ensures high safety of products for a long time. The farm also has a production unit

for liquid pasteurized egg products, such as melange, and pasteurised whites and yolks, which was equ ipped by

French company Actini. A special machine breaks the eggs and, at 74 degrees Celcius, the raw material is then

smeared and pasteurized by an antiseptic anti-bacterial ultra-pasteurizer, Actiflash. This ensures that the

nutrients, organoleptic and functional properties of eggs are preserved, increasing the shelf life to up to 8 weeks

and completely eliminating any risk of contamination. In 2012, a feed mill was installed and became operational.

In 2006, the HAACP system was introduced (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points), which allowed the


36

identification and elimination of all risks associated with the egg production. In addition, the farm was awarded a

certificate of comprehensive evaluation to IQ net standard, a single international standard that is recognised in 36

countries worldwide.

2. Production levels/ Future plans

Poultry farm "Primorskaya" focuses on the production of chicken eggs, pasteurized liquid egg products, chicken

meat, and frozen chicken meat. Annual production of chicken eggs is currently around 180 million units, chicken

meat approximately 570-750 tons, and melange between 370-550 tons. In 2012 number of birds was 740,000

heads, including 555,655 layers, and 184,345 youngsters. In 2012, 186.7 million eggs were produced with an

average egg laying capacity of hen layers around 336 eggs per head. The number of bird places for laying hens is

currently 810,427units, and the average annual number of laying hens over the past 5 years has been 470-550,000

birds, with 213-235,000 youngsters. After upgrades and renovations are completed in future, the number of laying

hens is expected to increase up to 1 - 1.175 million heads, with egg production to double.

Table 1

Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades

Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number

of Broilers

(heads)

Production

level – eggs

(million)

Production level –

poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 266.5 418,000 N/A 111.4 562

2009 295.9 424,800 N/A 125.7 566

2010 325.3 484,000 N/A 157.5 709

2011 333.3 528,000 N/A 176.0 655

2012 336.0 555,655 N/A 186.7 No data

Estimated, post-

productivity upgrades

336.0 1,000,000 –

1,175,000

N/A 336.0 – 395.0 No data

The main consumer of chicken eggs from Primorskaya is the supermarket network "Lenta", which has 36 shopping

centres, 17 of which are located in St. Petersburg, 4 in the North West, 8 in the Central District, and 7 in the

Southern Federal District. In 2012, the "Lenta" opened 9 new complexes, of which 7 are located in St. Petersburg,

and 2 in the North-Western Federal District. The main buyers of melange are baking enterprises in St. Petersburg,

including "Hlebniy Dom LLC", “PervoyeHlebopecarnoyeObedinenye LLC", "Morozko LLC" and

"RusskiyeBlinySeveroZapad OOO". Meat products sold by company "Companion".

Sale prices are quite competitive, as seen in Table 2 below. Egg prices practically have not changed since 2008 and

they are 50% below retail prices, ranging from 23-26 roubles per 10 pcs. Poultry meat prices range from 25-50

roubles per kilo, which has doubled in recent years. Prices for melange are negotiable, thus quite unstable.

Table 2

Product Current Selling Price Variation over past 5 years

Eggs 21-25 RUR per 10 pieces Stable (nil)

Poultry Meat 23-57 RUR per kg Increasing (doubled in past 5 years)

Melange 1,669-115,540 RUR per ton Unstable

3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary


37

Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Primorskaya farm. As can be seen, the

farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to

comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.

Table 3

Manure / Poultry Litter Situation

Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of Storage Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that

can be spread (based

on HELCOM

standards, approx. 13

tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

32,000 199,480

4 open

reservoirs with

paved bottom &

sides: - capacity

40,000m3

Field storage

facility

167

2,171 tons (6,8% of

annual output)

2,462 2,295

4.1 Storage capacity of Manure/Litter

According to the data provided by the poultry farm the daily manure output is 80 tons, or 32 -37,000 tons

annually. Initial moisture content of the poultry litter of cage birds is 70-75%, and density 650-750 kg/m3. There

are 4 specially constructed open manure storage reservoirs in the vicinity of the farm with a total capacity of

40,000 tons (10,000 tons each). Currently, one storage reservoir is empty, two are completely full, and the fo urth is

three quarters full. There are also field storage facilities, used for the storage of semi-decomposed poultry litter.

Currently, 194,000 tonnes of manure is stored in reservoirs and on the fields, a volume of more than 6 times the

annual manure output.

4.2 Treatmentof Manure/Litter

As a result of its long maturation in manure storages and open field sites (8-12 months, sometimes longer),

poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and compost. Primorskaya

farm is only able to apply up to 2,171 tons of decomposed and/or semi-decomposed litter on its 167 ha of

agricultural land in order to comply with HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons

of manure per ha). This corresponds to 6.8% of the total annual manure output of Primorskaya farm. To dispose of

the remaining 93.2% of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm

requires at least an additional 2,295ha of agricultural land.

When plans for expansion of production have been implemented, and the number of laying hens consequently

increases, manure output will increased 1.8-2.1 times its current level, and a total of between 4,300 and 5,100 ha

of land will be required for safe manure application.

4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified

The main problem is that poultry litter is accumulated on the fields, and the annual increase of manure/litter

volume along with poor or insufficient storage/spreading capacity has an adverse effect on the environment.

Further expansion of production will exacerbate this problem.

5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm

During the process of fermentation, litter is reduced in volume by 25-30%, which means that manure

management remains a critical environmental problem. Given that the farm has some of its own agricultural land,

there are various options for manure management methods which can be applied. Primorskaya have been


38

presented these options as follows:

1. Poultry litter incineration with use of supplementary fuel . This project was developed by Finnish company

NIRAS. The project cost (capex) 13mn Euros (approximately 1.4 times more than annual revenue from production

activities), with annual operating costs for servicing at 3,424,000 Euros in the first 3 years of operation and

2,924,000 Euros thereafter, and other annual costs at 2,319,000 Euros. This means that the total losses in the first

three years of operation are estimated at 1,800,000 Euros, and 900,000 Euros thereafter. The project deemed by

management of the poultry farm to be too expensive and financially inefficient, and so was not accepted.

2. Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel . Energy recovery - hot water for heating and other

needs:

A) Commercial proposal of the group of companies Agro-3 «Ecology». The project cost is 60mln RUR, and cost

recovery due to savings in the heating cost is 2 years. This was not accepted by the management of the poultry

farm due to: i) the lack of evidence of implemented projects on industrial scale by the company, ii) the

technology having not been tested on caged bird litter, and iii) distrust of equipment produced in Russia.

B) Poultry litter drying and incineration without use of supplementary fuel companies BHSL (Ireland) and VDL

Agrotech (Holland). Energy recovery - hot water, electricity. Commercial offer of the company is under

preparation.


39

B. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Udarnik” (JSC

“Udarnik”) Completed 17 September 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188850, Leningrad Region, Vyborg District, Settlement Pobeda / Tel.: 81378) 6-53-22, 6-53-27; (812) 115-

36-34 / Fax.: (81378) 2-56-63, 2-08-73 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www.spkudarnik.ru

1.2 Farm Director

General Director ChistyakovGrigoriyNikolaevich / Tel.: (881378) 65322

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

100% of shares belong to JSC “Gatchinsky Feed Mill” (http://www.gatchinsky-kkz.ru/index.php?lang=en)

1.4 Description

Poultry Farm "Udarnik" was built and became operational on 1 January 1970, with a design capacity of 250,000

laying hens. Since this time, the poultry farm has been consolidated, changed its specialisations, reconstructed its

poultry sheds and modernised production and processing areas, including a recent decision to equip poultry

houses with cages from Spanish company ARUAS (which complies with EU and WTO requirements). These

investments in new equipment should be completed soon, with a total cost of 3.5 million roubles.

There are two free range poultry houses equipped according to the EU requirements. The investment in upgrades

will allow the farm to increase the capacity of each shed from 32,000 to 56,000 animals. Work is also underway to

install a modern and effective microclimate control system in each poultry house.

The farm is also diversifying its production, having recently started to rear broilers. Twelve broiler chicken houses

have been constructed, with a maximum capacity of 900,000 birds, and a new slaughterhou se has been set up

with a maximum capacity of 3,000 birds per hour.

2. Production Levels / Future plans

The factory produces more than 35 kinds of products: eggs, chicken, different kinds of cutlets ("Amateur",

"Special", "Pozharskie", "Neva"), sausages, escalopes, kebabs and meat in marinade. Production levels have been

steadily increasing since investments in productivity upgrades, and expansion into broiler rearing and production

of poultry meat, as seen in Table 1 below.

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number of

Broilers

(heads)

Production

level – eggs


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 303.5 440,100 N/A 133.6 mln 569

2009 308 445,900 N/A 137.3 mln 617

2010 307.1 403,600 N/A 124 mln 620

2011 283.2 461,200 N/A 130.6 mln 471

2012 252 329,400 248000 81.9 mln 4,306

Estimated, post-


312 450,000 800000 140 mln 14,000

The main consumers of chicken eggs are the supermarket chains «Pyaterochka», «Karusel», and «Diksi». Products are


40

delivered to St. Petersburg, Republic of Karelia, Leningrad and Murmansk oblasts. Selling prices are competitive, as

demonstrated in Table 2 below. The farm has 4 stores: two in Vyborg and one in Roshchino settlement and Pobeda

settlement. All farm products from Udarnik are certified and produced according to the requirements of state

standards.

Table 2


Eggs 23-25 RUR per 10 eggs Stable (nil)


3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation

Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Udarnik farm. As can be seen, the farm

currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to


Table 3

Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary

Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

36,700 40,000 4 open

reservoirs

with paved

bottom and

sides

450 ha 5,850 tons

(16% of annual

output)

2,823 ha 2,373 ha

4.1 Storage of Manure / Litter

The 4 open manure storage reservoirs on Udarnik were built in in 1985, each with a capacity of 1,000 tons, with

paved sides and bottom. Poultry litter is transported 1,000m from the farm’s production area to the storage

facilities via asphalt roads by lorries and tractors with trailers. Liquid litter is similarly transported using tanks.

Currently, two of the four storage reservoirs are full, and one is empty, to which litter is delivered daily from the

poultry sheds. The fourth reservoir is in the process being emptied; the decomposed litter from this storage

reservoir is partially applied on the fields owned by the farm, partially removed and stored at the field sites,

partially transferred to other agricultural organizations, and partially used by personal subsistence farmers and

gardeners.

4.2 Treatment of Manure / Litter


poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and compost. Udarnik farm

is only able to apply up to 5,850 tons of decomposed and/or semi-decomposed litter on its 450 ha of agricultural

land in order to comply with HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure

per ha).This corresponds to 16% of the total annual manure output of Udarnik farm. To dispose of the remaining

84% of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm requires at least an

additional 2,370 ha of agricultural land. If we consider the current expansion of production into broiler chicken

rearing, and the consequent increase in manure / litter output, it is estimated that the total land requirement for

safe utilisation of the total manure output will be between 6,000-6,300 hectares.


41


The main problem for the farm is how to use the excess of at least 30,000 tons of poultry litter per year that is

unable to be safely spread on the farm’s own land. The recent increase in production means that the output of

manure will be increased up to 75-85,000 tonne a year. There is no similar increase in the capacity of the farm to

process manure which, combined with the fact that litter needs to be stored over the long -term for its

disinfection, that there are no other farms on which Udarnik can use the manure, and that current manure

storages are overflowing, means that the farm is forced to take manure to the field sites.


During the process of fermentation, litter is reduced in volume by 25-30%, which means that manure

management remains a critical environmental problem. Given that the farm has some of its own agricultural land,

there are various options for manure management methods which can be applied. Udarnik have been pre sented

these options as follows:

1. Poultry litter incineration with use of supplementary fuel . This project was developed by Finnish company

NIRAS. The project cost (capex) 19mn Euros (approximately 2.3 times more than annual revenue from production

activities), with annual operating costs for servicing at 3,850,000 Euros in the first 3 years of operation and

3,150,000 Euros thereafter, with annual turnover from sales of 1,560,000 Euros. This means that the total losses in

the first three years of operation are estimated at 3,200,000 Euros, and 2,000,000 Euros thereafter. The project

deemed by management of the poultry farm to be too expensive and financially inefficient, and so was not

accepted

2. Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel. Energy recovery - hot water for heating and other

needs:

A) Commercial proposal of the group of companies Agro-3 «Ecology». The project cost is 80 mln RUR, and cost

recovery due to savings in the heating cost is 3 years. This was not accepted by the management of the poultry

farm due to: i) the lack of evidence of implemented projects on industrial scale by the company, ii) th e

technology having not been tested on caged bird litter, and iii) distrust of equipment produced in Russia.

B) Poultry litter drying and incineration without use of supplementary fuel companies BHSL (Ireland) and VDL

Agrotech (Holland). Energy recovery - hot water, electricity. Commercial offer of the company is under

preparation.

3. Biogas plant- commercial proposal by company “Biogasenergostroy”. Not accepted, because there is not enough

experience of use of biogas plants in the poultry industry. Given the absence/lack of land for poultry litter

disposal, the proposed projectwould not solve all the problems. The digestion of litter in bioreactors results inliquid

fraction which needs to be treated resulting in additional costs.Although the solid fraction is reduced, it has to be

also disposed safely. Produced methane can be utilized for energy production..

4. Express bio-fermentation with the preparation of bulk and/or granulated organic fertilizers, feed additives, fuel

for boiler houses – “Dunamis” company's proposal is on the final stage of preparation to be considered by the

management of the poultry farm. Preliminary capital cost of the project is 88 mln RUR, payback period is 5-6

years. If successful, various poultry farms would be willing to participate in the implementation of this project.

C. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lagolovo” (CJSC

“Lagolovo”) Completed 16 September 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188517, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, Settlement Lagolovo / Tel.: +7(812) 741 -13-68, 6-53-27 /

Fax.: +7(812) 741-36-53, +7(812)3295356 / E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


42

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Lihachev Vladimir Sergeevich

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

Likhachev Vladimir Sergeyevich - 83.99% of shares

SolovyovaLudmila - 3.1% of shares

GishyanLudmilaNikolayevna - 0.45% of shares

1.4 Description

Poultry Farm "Lagolovo" is located in the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region. The farm commenced

operations in 1992, since which time it has repeatedly changed ownership. The company was registered in its

present form ZAO (CJSC) on 6 November 2002. The main production activities of “Lagolovo” are poultry farming,

and the production of meat and grass meal. The main specialization of the enterprise is egg production

(accounting for 78.9% of total revenue). In recent years, the farm has accounted for between 2.8 -4.6% of total

produce on the market of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region, with 9.9% of the total production of meat

and poultry meat products.

The farm owns 183 hectares of arable land used for growing of perennial grasses and annual plants for the

production of grass meal.

In recent years there has been a decline in egg and poultry production because of the restructuring of poultry

technology in order to save costs due to a sharp increase of feed prices which has caused a difficult financial

situation for the company. Poultry farm managers developed a plan of anti-crisis measures, but the company

cannot yet implement the approved plan and increase production.

In accordance with this crisis action plan, several measures were undertaken in order to save energy, including:

reducing the heating period of units, installation of nipple drinkers and reserve tanks for stable drinking, rationing

of the water supply, irregular electric lighting, and maintenance of electrical installations. These activities helped

to reduce production costs.

Over the past two years, between 2010 and 2012, average egg production decreased by 11.8%, and the

productivity of laying hens decreased by 18.7 eggs per layer. The adult flock replacement rate was 1.29%. At the

end of 2012, the number of employees at the poultry farm was 36 less than in 2011, at a total of 199 people.

At the time of this study, it was reported that the poultry farm may be decommissioned due to low profitability

and accumulated debt. According to unofficial sources, there may be plans to build a logistics center on the

current territory of the poultry farm.


The main products of the farm are eggs and poultry meat obtained after the culling/selection of the main flock. In

the past two years, the number of heads has been reduced and accordingly the level of production has decreased.

The main competitors of “Lagolovo” are large egg-producing poultry farms in the Leningrad region, including JSC

Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya", JSC Poultry farm “Roskar", and JSC Poultry farm “Primorskaya".

Between 2008 and 2011, the total volume of production on “Lagolovo” increased overall, from an average annual

number of 272,907 poultry heads in 2008 to 360,089 poultry heads in early 2011. Egg production during the same

period increased from 82.5 million to 112.6 million, and the company was included in the list of top 100 poultry

farms of the Russian Federation (in 92nd place).

Since 2011, however, there has been an overall reduction of poultry and egg production on the farm. In 2012, the

poultry flock reduced by 20% (from 346,141 to 278,303 heads) in comparison with 2011, and egg production

reduced by 25.3% (from 112.6 million eggs to 79.4 million). The main reasons for the reduction in production was

forced measures and change in technology in order to save costs and to overcome the difficult financial situation.

In 2012, of the products that poultry farm "Lagolovo" sold, 6.2% were packed eggs, and 7.1% were branded

“Lagolovskoe” rustic eggs. Of the packed eggs, 18% were the highest category eggs, 56.9% were the C-1 category,


43

and the remaining 25.1% were lower category eggs (including 10.8% mélange).

In late 2011, the decision was made to convert from egg production to broiler meat production, as a more

profitable option. In 2012, the farm reared 202,000 broiler heads, slaughtered 154,000 heads and produced 310

tons of meat in addition to the 711 tons from end of production layers.

Table 1

Past and Present Production Levels

Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number

of Broilers

(heads)

Production

level – eggs

(million)


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 302.3 272,907 82,5 398

2009 310.5 338,808 105,2 411

2010 312.7 360,089 112,6 632

2011 307.1 346,141 106,3 348

2012 285.3 278,303 202,000 79,4 711

Poultry Farm "Lagolovo" wholesales eggs in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, which are produced according

to veterinary requirements and certificates of compliance. Prices over the past 5 years have been relatively stable,

at between 21-24 RUR per 10 pieces.

3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation In recent years, poultry litter output has been reduced due to a sharp decrease in production volume and the

partial conversion of the facility to broiler production. In 2011, 16,840 tons of litter was produced, reducing to

only 12,500 tons in 2012. The poultry farm owns 183 hectares of arable land, which enables them to apply up to

8,300 tons of the total litter output on the fields. There is also a specially-equipped manure storage facility which

takes up to 9,000 tons of litter, concrete composting grounds for up to 2,000 tons, and t composting grounds for

3,000 tons. At the time of the survey, 13,000 tons of litter were accumulated in poultry manure storage. Table 3

below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Lagolovo farm.

Table 3


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land (ha)

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

16,840 11,227 Storage

facility,

concrete

and soil

composting

grounds

183 2379 1295 -1112


Poultry farm “Lagolovo” is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, the poultry farm has been proposed several options for

poultry litter management by the PIU, including:

Accelerated fermentation using drum fermenters;

Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel . Energy recovery - hot water for heating


44

and other needs. Specialists of the poultry farm participated in a Study Trip (organized by the PIU in

partnership with company Agro-3 "Ecology), visiting poultry farm “Konkursnaya” (Moscow region) to

study the Russian experience of poultry litter incineration on a production scale;

Currently, in connection with the farm’s plans to cease operations, the PIU put farm experts in touch with

GNU SZNIIMESH to discuss the possibility of processing the accumulated manure into organic fertilizer

using SZNIIMESH drum fermenters.


45

D. Open Joint Stock Company "Lenptitseprom" Completed 25 October 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188351, Leningrad Region, Gatchina District, Settlement Tervolovo / Tel.: 7(812) 960-01-60, +7 (812) 960-

01-61/ Fax .:+7 (812) 960-01-61 / E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] / Website: http://www.lopp.ru

1.2 Farm Director

General Director TrusovYuriy Vasilyevich

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

75.72% of ordinary shares belong to Limited Liability Company "NEVAPORT" (St. Petersburg, Sedov street

11, building A)

23.35% of ordinary shares belong to a limited liability company Cascata HOLDINGS LTD (Richard End

Verengarias 12 ARAUZUS Castle's Court, 3rd Floor, Office 303, Limassol, Cyprus)

0.01% of ordinary shares belong to TrusovYuriy Vasilyevich (St. Petersburg)

1.4 Description

In 1965 "Lenptitseprom" was founded as a state enterprise to manage the poultry industry in the Leningrad

region. Specialists of the establishment were responsible for planning and developing the poultry industry in the

region and had a direct impact on all aspects of functioning of poultry farms. In 1992, during the period of active

privatization of poultry farms, “Lenptitseprom” was transformed into a Joint Stock Company providing consulting

services to poultry farms. In 1994, “Lenptitseprom” established its own production capab ilities. Currently, JSC

"Lenptitseprom" has the following branches:

“Volosovskaya” hatchery and poultry breeding station;

Poultry farm "Baltiyskaya";

Poultry Breeding Farm "Lebyazhe"* (a pedigreed reproduction poultry farm, livestock figures are counted

separately and are presented in Data Sheet E);

Poultry farm "Krasnyezori";

According to rough estimates total number of poultry is about 309,530 birds. The main activities of

"Lenptitseprom" are:

The production, processing and marketing of poultry products (eggs and egg powder, poultry meat

chickens and broilers, quail eggs);

Manufacture and sale of poultry breeding products (broiler hatching eggs and day-old chicks);

Production and sale of day-old chicks (meat and egg breeds), quail, ducks, geese and turkeys for small

plot holders, farmers and small farms;

Trade and procurement.

JSC "Lenptitseprom" has a slaughter and processing line in its structure. “Trading House Lenptitseprom” was

established as a subsidiary for marketing products from its various branches. The total number of employees is 860

people.


The main economic activity is production of chicken eggs. Products from the farm are mainly marketed for retail

in St. Petersburg and the wider Leningrad region. In 2012, the number of birds was more than 309,000 heads,

including 162,000 heads of youngsters, and the farm produced more than 69 million eggs. The average egg price is

currently 23-25 RUR per 10 pieces, and this has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years.



46

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers (heads)

Number of

Broilers

(heads)

Production level

– eggs (million)

Production level

– poultry meat

(tons, live

weight)

2009 301 597,074 179,600,000

2010 313 360,090 112,600,000

2011 304 300,987 91,500,000

2012 286 243,347 69,500,000

3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Lenptitseprom farm. As can be seen, the



Table 3


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

13,849 9,233

Concrete

composting

grounds

210 2,730 1,065 855


In JSC “Lenptitseprom” the annual manure output is13,849 tons, according to the estimated data. There are

specially constructed concrete composting grounds in the vicinity of the farm, which are used for poultry litter

storage. When necessary, field grounds are also used for composting. Currently, 9,000 tons of manure is stored on

concrete composting grounds and on the fields.



poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and compost.

“Lenptitseprom” farm is only able to apply up to 2,730 tons of decomposed and/or semi-decomposed litter on its

210 ha of agricultural land in order to comply with HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as

being 13 tons of manure per ha). This corresponds to 19.8% of the total annual manure output of “Lenptitseprom”

farm. To dispose of the remaining 80.2% of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM

standards, the farm requires at least an additional 855 ha of agricultural land.


The main problem is that poultry litter is accumulated on the fields, and the annual increase of manure/litter

volume along with poor or insufficient storage/spreading capacity has an adverse effect on the environment.

Further expansion of production will exacerbate this problem.



47

Poultry farm “Lenptitseprom” is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, specialists of the poultry farm have participated in

seminars organised by the PIU. The PIU has also givenits manure manual (“Manure / poultry litter management on

livestock farms to ensure the ecological security of the territory, ground and underground water bodies in the

Leningrad region”) to the General Director of the farmTrusovYuriy Vasilyevich (during a meeting devoted to

problems of soil fertility, which was initiated by the Public Chamber of the Leningrad Region ).This manual contains

information about different technological solutions and legislative requirements for environmentally safe manure

management.YuriyVasilyevich said that he found the manual “very informative and obviously useful”.


48

E. Limited Liability Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Lebyazhye” Completed 22 October 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188522, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, Village Shundorovo / Tel.: (+7(812) 423 -09-60, +7 (81376)

7-24-22812) / Fax.: +7 (81376) 7-24-16 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: http://www.ptitsefabrika-

lebyazhye.ru

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Kuksov Vladimir Mikhaylovich / Tel.: 8 (812) 423-09-60, 8 (81376) 72-416

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

100% shares belong to JSC "Lenptitseprom”

1.4 Description

Poultry breeding farm "Lebyazhye" commenced operations in 1985. The farm specialises in the production of

breeding chickens for meat-producing poultry farms, and supplies chickens to other farms in the Leningrad region

for subsequent rearing. It is the only producer of breeding chickens for meat production in the North-West region

of Russia. Since its establishment, the company has repeatedly changed ownership. From 1993 to 1996 it was in

the form of a Joint Stock Company, between 1997 and 2001 it was a branch of "Lentptitseprom" and, since 2001,

it has operated in the form of Limited Liability Company as a branch of “Lenptitseprom”.

In 1995, shareholders of JSC Poultry Breeding farm “Lebyazhe" requested to join with JSC "Lenptitseprom". At this

time, the poultry birds were gone, and there was a debt of more than 19 billion roubles. The Regional

Administration supported the idea of a mergerand assisted in the implementation of statutory procedures. Since

1996, JSC Poultry Breeding farm “Lebyazhe" continued its activities as a branch of "Lenptitseprom". In order to

restore the poultry farm’s production levels, "Lenptitseprom" attracted a partner, French company "ISA" (today it is

"Hubbard"), which created breeds of meat crosses, such asLa Vedetta Isa, Isa 15 and others. They are highly

productive and economic breeds of chickens.

The system of financial support for the production of breeding chickens (accepted by the Government of the

Leningrad region) helped to recover and increase the volume of production, and partially offset the rising costs of

production. Due to improved technology and better use of production space, in 2005 "Lebyazhe" produced more

than 3.7 million day-old chicks and became the second largest supplier of breeding production on the Russian

market. However, there remained a need to increase production of the pedigree flock and, in the spring of 2006, it

became clear that further increase of production will be impossible without major reconstruction. After careful

study of the proposals of several West European firms, specialists from “Lebhyzahe” decided to upgrade feeding

and watering equipment using the firm "Roxell", and brought in civil Engineers of the “Neofors” group of

companies to assist with the development of technical solutions, as well as install and commission equipment.

As a result of the reconstruction, 45 poultry houses were equipped with feeding and watering equipment from

Belgian company "Roxell"; “KiXoo” oval feeders for the parent and grandparent flocks of chickens ("Hubbard "), a

“Vitoo” system of feeders for replacement flock, and the “SPARKcup” drinking system.

Two additional poultry houses (71mx 60m) were constructed with a capacity of 15,000 breeding hens and

cockerels. New poultry sheds were equipped with a unique venti lation system with overpressure (no analogues in

Russia), automated systems for feeding, watering and lighting, as well as effective barriers against harmful micro -

organisms. The same technical standards are seen in the reconstructed hatchery, located at a distance from the

poultry farm in the village of Volosovo. The hatchery was equipped by the company "Pas Reform" (Holland). In

2010 – 2011, two replacement flock poultry houses were reconstructed and four sheds for grown birds.

"Lenptitseprom" does not have any plans to stop its reconstruction plans. The company will design the second


http://www.ptitsefabrika-lebyazhye.ru/

http://www.ptitsefabrika-lebyazhye.ru/


49

phase of reconstruction of "Lebyazhe" and start to design first order reproducer for the egg layers.


Poultry farm "Lebyazhe" is a reproducer of the first order. It rears breeding chickens of parent forms of meat

crosses, which were developed and introduced by selection centre of firm Hubbard. As a reproducer of the first

order, it supplies popular crosses, such as resource-saving cross F-15 with a mini chicken on the parent flock. In

this bird, a recessive gene for dwarfism in the maternal line allows savings of up to 12kg of feed per head for the

1-64 week period, so farms can use the production area more efficiently, increasing the density of birds in the

production area by up to 6.5-7 heads per m2. “Lebyazhe” supplies day-old chicks of the parental forms to more

than 70 poultry farms of the Russian Federation. It produces over 10 million heads of day-old chicks per year. Past

data on production levels is unavailable, but currently the farm has approximately 183,000 heads of layers, and

approximately 104,000 heads of broilers. The selling prices of day-old chicks depend on number to be supplied and

ranges from 18 to 35 RUR per head.

3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Table 1 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on “Lebyazhye” farm. As can be seen, the



Table 1


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM standards,

approx. 13 tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

12,869

8580 Concrete

and soil

composting

ground

0 0 990 980


The poultry litter output in “Lebyazhye” farm is 35 tons per day or 12,869 tons per year (according to the estimate

data). There are concrete composting grounds used for manure storage, which consist of two reservoirs/trenches

of 90m x10m each, and a soil composting ground. During winter periods litter is taken to the concrete composting

ground, and in the summer to the soil composting ground. Between 8-10,000 tons of litter mixed with peat is

placed in the concrete composting ground at any one time. During storage and fermentation, the litter reduces in

volume by 25-30% compared with the original amount. However, due to precipitation on the stored manure, the

mass of the stored manure increases even as its volume decreases.


Initially, the full amount of poultry litter produced is placed in the concrete composting ground, where it is stored

in piles for 8-12 months. Poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition

and compost. Compost is then used on the fields of neighbouring farms, or sold to gardeners and small plot

holders, as the farm owns none of its own arable land. To dispose of the entire amount of poultry litter produced

on its own fields, the farm would require at least 1,245 hectares of land.


The main problem is that, due to long-term storage on open field sites, poultry litter is exposed to various weather

conditions (snow, rain, high/flood water, etc.). This increases its volume and leads to the formation of manure

effluent that leaks into the soil and water sources. During this period of time, ammonia is released into the

atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the quality of litter as fertilizer, as well as leading to air pollution, although


50

mixing with peat somehow slows down those processes and improves quality of the resulting naturally fermented

compost.


“Lebyazhye" is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, “Lebyazhye” farm managers have participated in seminars and events

organized by the PIU. The PIU has also distributed to the farm its manure manual ( “Manure / poultry litter

management on livestock farms to ensure the ecological security of the territory, ground and u nderground water

bodies in the Leningrad region”). This manual contains information about different technological solutions and

legislative requirements for environmentally safe manure management.

Currently, SZNIIMESH/PIU is working with the management company KER-Holding Ltd (http://www.ker-

holding.ru/eng/about) to solve the problem of poultry litter management on “Lebyazhye” farm. Specialists of the

firm and SZNIIMESH have developed various proposals for the accelerated fermentation of manure, in particular:

Composting at sites with active mixing by agitators;

Using chamber bio-fermenters; and

Using of drum fermenters.

http://www.ker-holding.ru/eng/about

http://www.ker-holding.ru/eng/about


51

F. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lomonosovskaya” (JSC

Lomonosovskaya”) Completed 18 September 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188502, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, village Gorbunki / Tel.: +7 (81376) 5-32-10 / Fax.: (+7

(812) 421-26-44 / E-mail: [email protected].

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Willeke van den Brink/ Tel.: (81362) 632641.3

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

100 % of shares belong to JSC “Poultry farm Severnaya” 187322, Leningrad Region, Kirovskiy District, settlement

Sinyavino-1

1.4 Description

Broiler Poultry Farm "Lomonosovskaya" began its operations on December 1, 1960. At that time it was the largest

broiler poultry farm in Europe, and for a long time it was one of the leading poultry meat producing enterprises of

the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region. For some years, about 40% of the region’s poultry meat was

produced there. In 1993, as a result of the farm’s privatization, "Lomonosovskaya" was transformed into a Joint

Stock Company, and was similarly modernised with the introduction of new, modern production technology. In

October 2011, based on the decision of the sole shareholder of JSC Poultry farm "Severnaya" and JSC Poultry farm

“Lomonosovskaya", and according to a merger agreement, the farms were reorganized in line with Articl e 19.1 of

the Federal Law "On Joint-Stock Companies". As a result of the reorganization, of JSC Poultry farm "Severnaya"

became the sole successor of the property, rights and liabilities of Poultry farm “Lomonosovskaya".


Until October 2011, the poultry farm was the most technologically effective enterprise engaged in production of

broiler meat, and the largest producer of broiler meat in the North-West region. The main products of poultry

production activities are: completely eviscerated broiler chickens; broiler meat cuts (breasts, legs, and wings);

mince; and other products. Most of the farm’s products are fresh meat (kept at 0 – 4 °c) that retains its flavour

and 100% of its dietary properties. Products of the farm are marketed in Saint Petersburg, Moscow and the wider

Leningrad, Moscow and Novgorod regions.

Since its merger with Poultry farm “Severnaya” in October 2011, the main activity of “Lomonosovskaya” farm has

been the leasing of property, plants and equipment.

There is no data currently available on current or past production levels.


52


In October 2011 broiler meat production was discontinued. During 2012 the remaining poultry litter (after

disinfection) was taken out on the fields.


53

G. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm “Nevskaya” (CJSC

“Nevskaya”) Completed 14October 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188668, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozjsk District, Settlement Leskolovo / Tel.: +7(81370) 5 -41-40, 6-53-27;

+7(81370) 5-43-00; +7(81370) 5-42-01 / Fax.: (81370) 5-42-01, +7(812)3295356 / E-mail: [email protected];

[email protected]

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Malov Oleg Amirovich / Tel: (881370) 5-41-40

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

LLC Poultry farm “Novaya Nevskaya” – 1.89 % of shares

Private persons (861 people) – 98.19 % of shares

1.4 Description

The farm commenced operations in 1974 in accordance with a standard design intended for 250,000 heads of

laying hens. Since this time, the farm has repeatedly changed ownership, and was registered in its present form

ZAO (CJSC “Nevskaya”) on 6 February 1993. The average number of employees is 175 people.

The company has undergone modernisation several times. The last renovation was in 2005, when 10 poultry

houses were equipped with cages from Spanish firm Zukami, and at which time the number of bird places

increased to 900,000. Investment in this modernisation amounted to 3 million EUR.

The main specialization of “Nevskaya” is egg production, but poultry and egg production levels has been unstable

over the years, varying greatly depending on the economic situation of the company. Crosses Loman and Hy -Line

are used for the production of eggs. Between 2005-2009, poultry farm "Nevskaya" was one of the largest egg

producers in the Leningrad region, accounting for 7% of the market, and 30-40% of products were exported to

Moscow and the Moscow region.

There are 18 poultry houses (55,000 laying hens each), of which only 10 are currently used. There is a growing unit

designed for 90,00 heads, as well as a feed plant, and a slaughterhouse for culled birds.

In recent years, due to management problems and breaches in technological processes (inadequate repeated

“induced molting” of birds to increase production, egg quality, and profitability of flocks in their second or third

laying seasons, when it was needed to replace flock), levels of production and profitability declined. This left

“Nevskaya” with multi-million RUB losses, severe debt, and put them on the edge of bankruptcy. On 27 February

2013, the Arbitration Court of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region enacted an external control procedure for

a period of 18 months in respect of “Nevskaya” farm, appointing an external manager, Viktor Bychenkov.

The farm has a bad reputation with regional environmental control authorities in connection with the unresolved

issue of the disposal of produced poultry manure.


For a long time, poultry farm "Nevskaya" was a major representative of the poultry industry in the North -West

region, but over the past five years, the situation has worsened. The number of heads has been reduced and

accordingly the level of production has decreased, as well as the egg capacity of remaining poultry.The main

products of the farm are eggs (first category) and poultry meat obtained after the culling/selection of the main

flock.




54

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number

of Broilers

(heads)

Production

level – eggs

(million)


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 242.8 700,000 NA 170 NA

2009 246 573,290 NA 140.8 NA

2010 309 557,891 NA 172.5 NA

2011 313 453,994 NA 142.1 NA

2012 252 432,604 NA 108.8 NA

Poultry Farm "Nevskaya" wholesales eggs in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, in Moscow and Moscow

region, where egg prices range between 21-24 RUR per 10 pieces. The end products are produced according to

veterinary standards and certificates of compliance.

3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Table 2overleaf gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on “Nevskaya” poultry farm. As can be

seen, the farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output,

if it is to comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.

Table 2


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land (ha)

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

26,808 17,872

Storage

facility, divided

into 4 sections

10,000m3 each

0 0 2,062 2,062


According to the survey conducted, the litter output of caged birds is 33,537 tons of wet manure per year which,

after natural shrinkage, yields 26,807 tons of litter. There is a specially-constructed 40,000m3 manure storage

facility, divided into 4 sections.



poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and composting. T he

poultry farm has no agricultural land which is why decomposed and semi-decomposed manure is taken on the


55

fields and to the fields of the farms and individual plot holders. To dispose of the total annual production of

poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm requires at least 2,062ha of agricultural land.


Although management of the poultry farm officially declares that the entire volume of the resulting manure is

composted and is brought to the field sites in accordance with the technology, according to available information,

this is not true. In 2012, land contamination by organic waste was recorded in the vicinity of poultry farms on an

area of 2 hectares. It was also found that waste was being disposed of on composting grounds, with 80m3 ofwaste

(packaging cardboard, feathers, and egg shells) dumped there. Non-compliance was found in the area of recycling

and collection of bio-waste, as well as breach of the requirements of veterinary and sanitary rules.

Based on these offenses/infringement of the law, JSC Poultry farm “Nevskaya" and the General Director were fined

40,000 and 2,000 RUR, respectively. An order was also issued to rehabilitate land to the condition suitable for use,

and bring the land back to a state suitable for agricultural use.

In addition, removal of manure on the fields of neighbouring farms also caused complaints from residents living

nearby to these fields. Heaps of manure are stored on fields for a long time (time spre ading and application of

manure into the soil in crop growing farms do not always coincide with the terms and requirements to clear

overflowing manure storages), which threatens to contaminate the environment.

These facts indicate lack of available storage, and non-compliance with established standards for the storage and

disposal of poultry litter.


Poultry farm “Nevskaya” is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, the poultry farm has been proposed several options for

poultry litter management by the PIU, including:

Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel . Energy recovery - hot water for heating and

other needs. Specialists of the poultry farm participated in a Study Trip (organized by the PIU in

partnership with company Agro-3 "Ecology), visiting poultry farm “Konkursnaya” (Moscow region) to study

the Russian experience of poultry litter incineration on a production scale;

Biogas plant to supply gas to greenhouse complex. The PIU had a meetingwith managers of the

“Interflora” green house complex/flower growing dealer, which is situated across the road from the poultry

farm. The managers of Interflora have expressed interest to buy biogas, because at the time the

greenhouses were already built and with gas burners installed, but the company had experienced

difficulties with obtaining all the legal requirements for gas supply. Nonetheless, the owners of the green

houses were not ready to invest in building a biogas plant, given that biogas technology for poultry litter

has not yet been fully developed.

Experts of the poultry farm have been invited to all seminars and events organized by the PIU. The current

difficult financial situation of “Nevskaya” has not allowed the PIY to carry out further work with the farm.


56

H. Closed Joint Stock Company "ZAO AgrokomplexOredej" Completed 22 October 2013


1.1 Contact

188335, Leningrad Region, Gatchina District, Village Batovo, 1 / Tel.: 13949; +7(81371)54816; 54 -841; 63160

/ Fax.: 15824;+7(81371)54335 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website : http://www.ak-oredej.ru

1.2 Farm Director

General Director AndreevaNelliVladimirovna / Tel.: +7(81371)54816

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

Since 2002, Oredej has belonged to the one of the biggest food producing holdings in North West Federal District,

Aladushkin Group”. This group is the leader in the North-West of Russia for the production of flour, cereal, animal

feed and eggs. "Aladushkin Group" consists of the following companies: JSC "Petersburg MelnichniyKombinat", JSC

"LeningradskiyKombinat of Hleboproductov, named after Kirov" including branches of the "Kirov feed mill", and

JSC Agricultural Complex "Oredej".A list of affiliated persons has not been disclosed.

1.4 Description

Agricultural Complex “Oredej” was originally called “Zavodskaya” farm when established on 31 December 1965.

Since this time, “Zavodskaya” was formed into a closed Joint Stock Company in 1992, and subsequently renamed

Agricultural Complex "Oredej" in 2001. Following a merger with JSC Poultry Farm “Skvoritsy" in 2002, “Oredej” was

reorganised and the company became part of the holding "Aladushkin Group".

The farm has a land area of 2.8 hectares, and also owns 673 hectares of farmland.

There are 4 different crosses of poultry used in the production: "Hisex White","Lohman LSL -Classic","Hisex Brown"

and "Lohmann Brown Classic".

All equipment on the farm is modern and produced by world's leading manufacturers. Egg sorters come from

Dutch company “Staalkat”, and cages from Spanish company “Zucami”. In the summer of 2013, the farm began

growing feed cereals to ensure self-sufficiency, and it plans to sell cereals to feed mills, later acquiring the feed at

reduced prices.

On the poultry farm there are 25 poultry houses: 3 are designed for young birds (287,520 bird places), 18 for

laying hens (1,162,264 bird places), and 3 poultry houses are vacant and awaiting renovation. Each poultry house

has a different capacity, ranging from 55,660 bird places (poultry house number 11) to 79,680 bird places (poultry

house number 12). On the poultry farm there is a feed unit, egg store, slaughterhouse and other ancillary

buildings.


ZAO AgrokomplexOredej is one of the leading egg producers in the North West region of Russia.Currently there are

1,157,000 heads of layers, including 162,000 heads of youngsters. Past stock and production levels are shown in

Table 1 overleaf. Nowadays the company produces over 200 million eggs a year, making it the third largest egg

producer in the Leningrad region. The farm sells chicken eggs and processed eggs, poultry meat and speciality

meats, and organic fertilisers.


http://www.ak-oredej.ru/


57

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number

of Broilers

(heads)

Production level

– eggs (million)


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 315 595,238 N/A 187,500,000 N/A

2009 317 543,849 N/A 172,400,000 N/A

2010 328 610,128 N/A 200,000,000 N/A

2011 330 724,901 N/A 239,000,000 N/A

2012 324 907,968 N/A 294,000,000 N/A

The main consumers of chicken eggs are members of food producing holding “Aladushkin group” and the network

of supermarkets in the North West Federal District. Sale prices are quite competitive, egg prices, ranging from 23 -

25 roubles per 10 eggs, and poultry meat ranging from 25-50 roubles per kg. Over the past 5 years, prices for eggs

were almost constant, but prices for poultry meat have almost doubled.

Table 2


Eggs 23-25 RUR per 10 eggs Stable (nil)


3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Oredej farm. As can be seen, the farm



Table 3


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land ha

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

79,000 32,704

Concrete

composting

ground 673 8749 6,076 5403


According to data provided by the farm, the annual output of caged bird poultry litter is between 70 -80,000

tons.There is a specially constructed concrete composting ground within the farm which, as at 1 January 2013,

contained 32,704 tons of poultry litter.

HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure per ha). Given that the poultry

farm owns 673 hectares of agricultural land, it is only able to apply up to 8,749 tons of decomposed and/or semi-

decomposed litter on the land. This corresponds to 11.1% of the total annual manure output of Oredej farm. To

dispose of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm would require at

least an additional 5,380 ha of agricultural land.



58

The majority (approximately 99% of the total amount) of poultry litter on Oradej farm is exposed to the natural

fermentation process during its time stored in concrete composting grounds. This natural fermentation process

takes around 6-12 months, after which the disinfected poultry litter is partially distributed (for free) to gardeners,

private plot holders and agricultural organizations in Luga district. Of the approximately 70-80,000 ton annual

output of litter, 50,000 tons goes to agricultural organizations in Luga district, about 13 tons is applied on the

farm’s fields, and about 500 tons is sold to gardeners and private plots holders . In addition, about 300-350 tons of

fresh manure is mixed with peat, stored for 3-6 months for natural fermentation and sold as compost to local

residents (about 1,000 tons in total).

The remaining litter – currently approximately 1,000 tons (1.2% of the annual output of litter produced at Oradej)

– is processed using an innovative biofermentation process. On 26 October 2011, with the participation of Sergei

Vasilyevich Yakhnyuk (Vice-Governor of the Leningrad Region / Chairman of the Committee for Agroindustry and

Fishery Complex), Oradej held the "Technopark of Military Engineering Technical University" and opened a pilot

“biofermentation” processing unit for chicken manure under the framework of the firm “Biozem”. This

"biofermentation" processing unit used American "Biopharm" technology was refined and improved by scientists

of Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Land Reclamation in Tver, under the leadership of Professor N.

Kovalev, and was awarded the State Prize of Russian Federation in the fie ld of science and technology. The

principle of technology is to thoroughly mix poultry litter in certain proportions (depending on the laboratory

tests) with peat, sawdust, straw or other organic waste, and then put the resulting mixture into a “bioferment er”

tank. The mixture undergoes a process of self-heating due to propagation and processing of a mixture of bacteria

(measured by nanometers), until it reaches a certain temperature. The process has a regulated supply of air (no

heating), and lasts for 7 days. As a result, the mixture turns into multi-purpose compost (KMN). In 2012, 1,000

tons of fresh poultry litter was given to the firm “Biozem” as part of their long-term agreement with Oradej.

The poultry farm also provides a production base to the company "Scarabey" for testing of aerobic microbial

processing of chicken manure.


The concrete composting ground on Oradej farm is open/exposed, and cannot protect poultry litter from the

effects of rain, snow, runoff onto the ground, and runoff to the river Oredej. Currently, the farm’s annual transport

costs amount to approximately 18 million roubles, largely due to the cost of delivering disinfected poultry litter to

crop growing farms in Luga district.

Due to the need for long-term storage of litter for its disinfection, and the lack of options to use manure on the

fields of other farms, poultry litter accumulates too rapidly for turnover in storage, and the farm is forced to take

it to the field sites were it is exposed to precipitation and creates a nuisance for local residents. This is regularly

reported on by the media.


Poultry farm Oredej is not a pilot farm. However, the PIU has under the framework of its Terms of Reference

provided the farm with:

Support to manure management investments

Support to prepare detailed investment plans, necessary funding applications, tendering documents, etc.:

advice, review of the plans, etc.

Identification of potential buyers of manure for fertiliser processing:

o The PIU assisted the firm "Biozem" to develop a business plan for poultry litter processing using bio

fermentation technology, which has been tested both on Oradej farm and in other parts of Russia.

Biozem was however unable to find investors, and the business plan submitted to NEFCO was

therefore not approved. Currently, Biozem is seeking funding sources and more efficient markets

including outside of Russia, e.g. Germany (they have obtained the necessary documents to export).

o The PIU has presented the farm with poultry litter drying technology developed by VDL Agrotech

(Holland), with the objective of reducing transportation costs for Oradej when manure is delivered

to farms in Luga district. The technology was seen in action by the head of Oradej farm during the

PIU-organised Study Tour in July 2013, was subsequently approved, and a letter of intent for


59

implementation was drafted and signed. The VDL Agrotech commercial offer is currently under

preparation.


60

I. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Roskar” (JSC “Roskar”) Completed 16 October 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188855, Leningrad Region, Vyborg District, Settlement Pervomayskoe / Tel.: (812) 314-71-04(812) 431 98

41/ Fax.:(812) 312-18-73, (812) 431 98 42 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www.roskar-spb.ru

1.2 Farm Director

General Director GoryachovValeriy Pavlovich / Tel.: +(812) 431-99-42, (812) 312-18-73

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned by:

Goryachev Valery Pavlovich - 28.68% of shares

Japaridze George Kukurevich - 21.24% of shares

Shvedkova Lydia Mikhailovna - 15.84% shares

Kuryleva Margarita Evganyevna - 10.6% of shares

Isakov Viktor Alexandrovich - 4.84% of shares

1.4 Description

The Poultry Farm was established in December 1972, changing its name to “Roskar” in 1992, which derives from

“Russian Karelia”, as the farm is located on the Karelian Isthmus.

Poultry Farm "Roskar" is a modern poultry farm with a closed production process including egg production as well

as the processing of poultry meat and complete utilization of poultry house waste (feathers, dead animals,

slaughterhouse waste, etc.). The complex includes an animal feed plant, plants for the production of meat and

bone meal, a unit for the production of organic fertilizers, a unit of parent flock, and an incubation plant for

laying hens and broiler chickens (comprising units of breeding and production flock). There are also egg sorting

and packing plants, an egg processing unit, a poultry slaughterhouse and meat processing unit, and a system of

warehouses for storing produce.


The main activities of JSC "Poultry farm Roskar" are poultry breeding, and production of poultry meat and edible

by-products. At the time when the farm was established, the design capacity was 260,000 laying hens. By 2012,

the number of poultry in JSC "Poultry farm Roskar" reached 5,282,800 heads. Since it started operations, the

poultry farm has produced 13 billion eggs, 81,000 tons of liquid egg products, 18,000 tons of dry egg products,

and 202,000 tons of poultry meat. Currently, the company successfully works in two directions: industria l

production of eggs and broiler meat. In 2012 egg production totaled 873 million units, and broiler meat 20,500

tons.

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of Layers

(heads)

Number of

Broilers (heads)

Production level

– eggs (million)

Production level – poultry

meat (tons, live weight)

2008 335 1,894,627 No data 634.7 12,049

2009 341 2,100,293 No data 716.2 No data

2010 340 2,230,635 No data 758.4 No data

2011 340 2,478,235 No data 842.6 No data

2012 344 2,537,791* No data* 873.0 20,500


61

* There is only a layers population number in the official statistics, the broilers are estimated to be around 1 mln.

heads

The farm’s products are marketed in St. Petersburg, Moscow and the North-West region of the Russian Federation,

as well as Central and Southern Federal Districts. The range, which already includes more than 400 items/types is

constantly expanding, and the company regularly introduces new egg and meat brands to offer consumers high

quality products. The main product of "Roskar" is branded packaged eggs. The farm specialises in the production of

enriched eggs, which have therapeutic properties due to the increased content of certain elements (trademark

"Extra", "Activita", "Omega-3 Active", "Polziki" (for kids), "Happy hen", "Mega"). They also produce a range of meat

products, including broiler chicken in marinade, frozen broiler meat, chicken breasts, whole chickens, broiler

chicken stomachs, frozen readymade chicken dishes with vegetables (zrazy), gutted broiler chickens, and frozen

nuggets. In addition to chicken meat products, “Roskar” also produces a range of egg products, including quick -

frozen omelettes, pasteurized liquid egg yolks/whites, and pasteurized egg powder. They also produce dry poultry

litter. "Poultry farm Roskar" achieves good selling prices for its products, as seen in Table 2 below.

Table 2


Eggs 28-32 RUR per 10 pieces Stable (nil)

Poultry Meat 59-70 RUR per kg Stable (nil)

At the end of November 2012, "Poultry farm Roskar" was awarded an SGS certificate for their compliance with

food safety management requirements for poultry farms, according to international standards set out in the FSSC

22000 scheme. The certificate was issued by SGS after a certification audit, which "Poultry farm Roskar"

successfully passed.

3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Roskar farm. As can be seen, the farm


comply with HELCOM standards.

Table 3


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that

can be spread

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfallha

133,929 No data Concrete

composting

grounds

20,000m2

600 7,800 10,302 9,702


Roskar farm annually produces more than 135,000 tons of poultry litter, about 400-500 tons per day. They have a

20,000m2 concrete composting ground on site, which stores some of the manure for organic

decomposition/fermentation.

In 2006, the farm built and put into operation a granulation plant. The plant produces high quality organic

fertilizer, applicable to all types of agricultural production. However, the production of this type of organic

fertilizer has faced a number of obstacles, including the high price of the product. Not all farmers are willing to


62

pay for high-quality organic fertilizer, even if it is priced competitively.

Because of this, Roskar management decided to look at alternative solutions to manure management, and

subsequently developed and implemented an agrochemical technology for processing poultry litter into organic

fertilizer, called "SilyUrozjaya" (“The Power of the Harvest”). This product has been researched and evaluated by

experts in leading institutes in Moscow and St. Petersburg. It works by processing dried, stored chicken manure

using a microbiological preparation. This preparation contains a mixed culture of microorganisms that exist in the

natural environment worldwide. Chicken manure is stored in piles in specially prepared elevated field sites (where

there are no nearby water bodies) in autumn, winter and early spring. The piles are a length of about 150 m,

constantly mixed by agitator and stored for between 1 and 1.5 months. At all stages of the production the

technological requirements of application of organic fertilizers are controlled, and the temperature of the manure

piles is constantly monitored. At a certain temperature all pathogens are killed. When organic fertilizer is ready,

and tests verify that there are no pathogenic microorganisms present, and when favorable weather conditions

occur (such that the machinery is able to enter into the field), the finished product can be applied to soil and

subsequently plowed and disked.

Only a small amount of the total 135,000 annual manure output can be stored in the concrete composting

ground, and less than 10% of the total amount of manure is dried, granulated and marketed. This means that

about 80% of the remaining manure is processed into organic fertiliser using the microbiological

preparation/substance described above. The finished product is either disposed of for free on the fields of

neighbouring farms, delivered to agricultural producers (gardeners and private plot holders) under contracts, or

distributed on the farm’s own fields (4-5%). HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13

tons of manure per ha). Given that Roskar poultry farm owns 600 hectares of farmland, it can only safely apply up

to 7,800 tons of decomposed or semi-decomposed poultry litter on its own land, which corresponds to 5.8% of

the annual volume of production. To dispose of the entire annual output of poultry litter, Roskar would require at

least an additional 9,702 ha of agricultural land. This means that they are left with a problem of how to manage

the at least 126,000 tons of excess manure.


Despite the fact that Roskar appear to have both granulation and microbiological technologies of manure

management in place, the media regularly reports on complaints of residents of the village of Kirovskoye(Vyborg

district of Leningrad region) suffocating from the strong smell of chicken litter, because CJSC "Poultry farm

Roskar" stores/dumps the waste on the fields near the village. In a recent conversation with the “Lenoblinform”

press, EgorLeontiev (Head of the regional branch of environmental projects of "Green Patrol", a public organization

in the North-West region of the Russian Federation), described the “gross violations of environmental regulations"

on the farm and said:

“Those who transport chicken manure to the fields don’t even bother to distribute it evenly on

the territory as a natural fertilizer, instead dumping it in large quantities on the fields. Of

course, such actions must be stopped. We have already sent several requests to the number of

regulatory agencies about the necessity of environmental inspection, including to

organizations such as the Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries Complex, the

“Rospotrebnadzor” (federal service for consumer rights protection and human well-being

surveillance) and “Rostehnadzor” (Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision

Service), and the Office of the Public Prosecutor. We have collected evidence base on such

cases. We hope that the experts will determine the quality of sanitation and environmental

conditions in the enterprise, and enforce the applicable regulations."

Meanwhile, workers of “Roskar” refute the claims made by activists and residents of Kirovskoye village , explaining

how they have treated the poultry litter so that it is not hazardous. When asked about complaints from residents

of Kirovskoye village, “Roskar” noted:

“Transport of agricultural fertilizer made by "Power of the Harvest" is done in accordance with

the agreement of 27.04.2012 (a contract between the farm and the owner of the plot of land).

The sites for organic fertilizer were placed 5km away from the nearest buildings, which is

consistent with the requirements of sanitary legislation, that require piles of organic fertilizer

to be no closer than 300m to nearby buildings. Thus, there have been no violations of


63

environmental laws by the CJSC "Poultry Roskar"”.

The poultry farm was visited on 14 October 2013 by Vice-Governor of the Leningrad Region (also Chairman of the

Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries Complex), Sergey Vasilyevich Yakhnyuk, and Chairman of the Regional

Committee of the State Control of Natural Resources and Environmental Safety, Mikhail Kozminykh. They looked

at the quality of recycling of waste products (poultry litter) at the farm, and Mikhail Kozminykh stressed:

“The approach to waste management is a worthy example for all of the producers of the

Leningrad Region, and as an environmentalist I am happy. It's no secret that a number of

companies in the region have claims against them in this regard. Any process chain for

production should be aimed at minimizing environmental risks. Neither the employees of the

company, nor the inhabitants of surrounding areas should feel an environmental hazard.

"Roskar" is an example to follow.”

Sergey Yakhnyuk was also satisfied with the results of trips, and believed that the criticism of the poultry farms

does not always correspond to the actual situation.

Scientists claim that the main cause of ecological imbalance in areas where poultry farms are functioning is due

to the defects by the designers/planners. The doctor of agricultural sciences Valery Lysenko says that many farms

use a so-called “simplified” system of manure utilization, whereby waste is removed from poultry houses and

stored for long periods, with indefinite terms of application on the fields. In the meantime, waste accumulates

precipitation and the amount of stored mass increases, rapidly reducing the possibility for its effective use.

Despite the measures taken by the management of “Roskar” poultry farm in order to ensure the environmentally

safe disposal of manure, several problems remain, including marketing of granular fertilizer produced, the

discrepancy in terms of the application of organic fertilizers and the necessity to clear manure storages, and a lack

of land for safe spreading of manure and fertiliser.

5. Summary of PIU Activity to Date with Farm CJSC "Poultry farm Roskar" is not pilot farm. Nonetheless, farm representatives have attended seminars and events

organized by the PIU. They have received the manual for safe manure management, containing information about

different technological solutions as well as legislative requirements for environmentally saf e manure management.

Currently, “Roskar” is working with firm "Dunamis" who are looking into a variety of different solutions including

assisting in the marketing of granular fertilizer, installation and maintenance of a unit for drying, and sale of

additional products made from granulated poultry litter.


64

J. Limited Liability Company “Poultry Farm Russko-Vysotskaya” (LLC

“Russko-Vysotskaya”) Completed 30 October 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 187516, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, village Russko-Vysotskaya / Tel.: +7 (812) 4230283; (812)

275–57–96 / Fax.: +7 (812) 423-09-75

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Rugalov Nikolay Afanasyevich / Tel.: +7 (812) 4230283

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

100 % shares belong to Agro industrial company “OGO”

1.4 Description

Poultry Farm "Russko-Vysotskaya" commenced operations in 1968, at which time its production capacity was 2

million broilers a year. It was then one of the biggest leading enterprises of the North -West region of Russia. At

the beginning of the 1990s, the company was privatised and reorganized into a Limited Liability Company. In

2007, the poultry farm was acquired by agro-industrial company “OGO”.

On the poultry farm “Russko-Vysotskaya” there are all the necessary facilities for closed production cycle: poultry

sheds for parent and youngster flocks, incubators, slaughterhouse, feed preparation centre, weigh station,

workshops and others.


The main activity of LLC "Russko-Vysotskaya" is poultry meat production. The farm delivers high quality products

due to strict compliance with advanced technology of poultry production, the introduction of high yielding

crosses of birds, and balanced feeding. The products are in high demand among customers due to their high

quality and superior taste, are confirmed by the Veterinary Service and the State Sanitary and Epidemiological

Service through regular laboratory monitoring. The products have veterinary, sanitary and epidemiological

certificates and certificates of compliance, allowing them to be marketed. The poultry farm is constantly working

to improve and expand the range of products, which in addition to broiler chickens also include various types of

semi-finished products (breast, thigh, leg, wing, set for soup, sets of meat, deboned chicken meat and mince, etc.).

The farm also sells chicken eggs and hatching eggs.

In 2004, LLC Poultry farm "Russko- Vysotskaya” entered into the European Union of Poultry Breeders, which is an

indirect confirmation of the high quality of farm’s produce. Owing to their correct approach to breeding of

poultry, broiler meat production has been steadily increasing. In 2008, the farm produced 11,000 tonnes of poultry

meat and by 2012 this reached 12,000 tons of broiler meat, accounting for 5% of the region’s poultry production

(240,000 tons total in 2012). In 2012, the number of broiler youngsters was 643,770 heads, laying hens 91,829

heads, and rearing chickens 34,909 heads. The main products in 2012 were bro iler chicken meat, chicken fillets,

legs, breasts, and broiler chickens. The average price of broiler meat ranges from 30 to 74 RUR per 1 kg.

3. Financial Situation

The poultry farm is characterized by an unstable financial situation. On 30 May 2013, the A rbitration Court of St.

Petersburg and the Leningrad region introduced a monitoring procedure in respect of LLC Poultry farm "Russko –

Vysotskaya”, and approved Vakhrameev Mikhail as an interim manager. Their shared debt is estimated at 500

million RUR. The enterprise has entered bankruptcy, largely due to the bankruptcy of their parent company, as the


65

owner of poultry farm agro-industrial company "OGO" declared bankruptcy on the basis of conflict with

shareholders, with a total debt estimated at 7 billion RUR. The assets (property and equipment) of “Russko-

Vysotskaya” poultry farm, according to "SPARK-Interfax ", accounted for 123 million RUR in 2011.


Table 1 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on poultry farm “Russko-Vysotskaya”. As

can be seen, the farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure

output, if it is to comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 be low.

Table 1


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

27,038 18,025

Concrete and

soil

composting

ground

0 0 2,080 2,080


The poultry farm produces more than 39,000 tons of fresh chicken litter annually, or about 100-120 tons per day.

There are specially-equipped concrete and soil composting grounds on the farm, which can store no more than 18

thousand tons of manure.


As a result of its long maturation in concrete composting grounds and open field sites (8-12 months, sometimes

longer), poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and composting.

The poultry farm has no arable land, therefore after disinfection decomposed and semi-decomposed manure is

disposed of for free on the fields of neighbouring farms, or delivered to agricultural producers (gardeners and

private plot holders). HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure per ha)

which means the farm would require at least an additional 2,080 ha of agricultural land to dispose of its entire

annual output of poultry litter.


Despite the measures taken by the management to ensure environmentally safe poultry litter management,

problems of its disposal remain.

The Leningrad Inter-District Environmental Prosecutor, jointly with branches of the federal government health

care "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Leningrad region" audited the poultry farm’s compliance with

federal legislation. The audit found that the company produces waste with various levels of hazard, including the

accumulation of mass volumes of poultry litter on the composting grounds. These and similar violatio ns lead to a

significant deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the municipalities, and violate the rights

of citizens to a healthy environment, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the

Federal Law "On the sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population". In this regard, the Leningrad Inter-

District Environmental Prosecutor instituted administrative proceedings (under Art. 8.2 Administrative Code -

failure to comply with environmental and sanitary requirements for the treatment of industrial and domestic

waste or other hazardous substances) against poultry farm «Russko-Vysotskaya». The Department of the Federal

Service for Supervision of Natural Resources in the North-West Federal District offered LLC poultry farm «Russko -

Vysotskaya» the opportunity to voluntarily compensate for the damage caused to the stream “Bezymyanny”, which


66

is part of catchment area of the Baltic Sea basin. The poultry farm has exceeded established limits/norms for

discharges of pollutants.

In November 2013 violations of the rules of protection of the water body were found as a result of the planned

on-site inspection. In the stream was found an excess of allowable concentrations of pollutants, including

nitrogen and phosphorus. For the violations (in accordance with Part 4 of the Administrative Code Article 8.13),

the poultry farm was fined 35,000 RUR, and damage brought to the water body was also estimated. A statement

was sent to the Director General, proposing payment of damages in the amount of 1,429,000 RUR. If this is not

paid voluntarily, the funds will be charged through the court.


JSC "Russko-Vysotskaya" is not a pilot farm. Farm representatives have been invited to all seminars and events

organized by the PIU. The very difficult financial situation of “Russko - Vysotskaya” has not allowed the PIU to

carry out further work with the farm.


67

K. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Severnaya” (JSC

“Severnaya”) Completed 21 September 2013 by


1.1 Contact

Address: 187322, Leningrad Region, Kirovskiy District, settlement Sinyavino-1 / Tel.: +7 (813) 626-32-64, (812)

961-19-92; (812) 275–57–96 / Fax.: +7 (813) 626-30-00 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www.severnaya.ru

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Willeke van den Brink/ Tel.: (812) 626-43 52

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

100% shares belong to “Agro invest Brinky”, according to the law of Holland.

1.4 Description

Poultry Farm "Severnaya" began its operations on 1 January 1987, at which time it was state enterprise. In

February 1993, "Severnaya" was reorganized into Closed Joint Stock Company Poultry farm "Severnaya", and on 10

January 2007 into Open Join Stock Company Poultry farm "Severnaya". In 1998, "Severnaya" acquired poultry

breeding farm "Voyskovitsy" for the production of incubation eggs, and in 2000 bought the poultry farm

“Lomonosovskaya". In 2011, as a result of reorganization, all assets of “Lomonosovskaya” poultry farm were

transferred to the poultry farm "Severnaya".

Since 1996, there has been a modernization of existing production facilities and, in 2006, the largest poultry

incubator in Europe and Asia was constructed at “Severnaya”. The process of p roduction and slaughter of broiler

chickens meets the highest international hygiene and technical standards. In December 2007, the company was

certified according to food safety standard ISO 22000 and HACCP. During 2009, construction of a new incubator

with a capacity of 122 million incubated eggs a year continued, as well as construction of a new plant for heat

treatment of chicken feed, with a production capacity of 550,000 tons of feed per year.

By 2005, “Severnaya” had the following facilities: a feed preparation center with 60t/h capacity, an incubator,

slaughterhouse, completed reconstructed poultry houses with upgraded equipment, and a special unit for

addressing the disposal of bird waste (feathers, dead animals, waste of the slaughter house etc.). Poultry farms

“Voyskovitsy” and “Lomonosovskaya” were also reequipped in 2005, and the infrastructure was rebuilt.

Given that the owners have experience in the renovation of old soviet poultry farms built between the 1970 and

80s, they decided not to rebuild, but to build new ones, which is how the project “Mginskoe” (a branch of poultry

farm "Severnaya") started. In 2004-2005, the farm started the first building plans including all expertise (EIA) and

approvals. As a result of expansion Poultry «Severnaya» now consists of four operating divisions/branches:

Poultry Breeding farm “Voyskovitsy” (acquired in 1998);

Poultry farm “Lomonosovskaya” (acquired in 2000);

Poultry farm “Severnaya”;

Broiler production, poultry farm “Mginskoe”, currently under construction .

All production units are located in different regions of the Leningrad region, not far from the center of St.

Petersburg. The “Mginskoe” complex for the production of broiler chickens will consist of five poultry production

areas, each of which will include 16 poultry houses, with a total capacity of 10.2 million poultry heads. The project

is expected to be completed at the end of 2013.

This expansion, along with the reconstruction and modernization of poultry farms, production of feed, slaughter

houses, waste utilization units and incubators contribute “Severnaya”’s status as one of the leading suppliers of

fresh chicken meat on the market in Russia.

http://www.severnaya.ru/


68


Poultry farm "Severnaya" is the largest poultry farm in the Leningrad region. The main activity of JSC Poultry farm

"Severnaya" is poultry meat production, and its main products are broiler chicken meat, chicken fillets, legs,

breasts, and broiler chickens.

In 2012, the number of poultry in “Severnaya” was more than 11 mill ion heads, producing 152,200 tons of poultry

meat. Poultry farm "Severnaya" is the leading supplier of fresh chicken meat on the market in Russia, and has

reputation as a producer of “Best Russian Chickens" tm.

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/

year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number of Broilers

(heads)

Productio

n level –

eggs


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 3,532,929 47,245

2009 3,618,226 48,386

2010 3,751,458 50,168

2011 6,540,930 87,471

2012 11,381,000 152,200

2013 12,000,000-

14,200,000* 160,000 – 187,000

* The figure includes the branch “Mginskoye”, not yet operating in full capacity

The products are marketed in St. Petersburg, Moscow, the North-West and Central regions of Russia.

Average prices of poultry meat ranges from 57 to 74 RUR per kg, remaining largely stable over the past 5 years

but increasing by 10% in 2012 compared to recent years.


Table 3 overleaf gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on poultry farm “Severnaya”. As can be

seen, the farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output,

if it is to comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.


69

Table 3


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of Storage Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that

can be spread

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

375,735 122,953

Specially

equipped manure

storages,

concrete

composting

ground 0 0 28,903 28,903


Because of current construction of a new branch, the poultry farm will soon produce more than 560,000 tons of

fresh chicken litter annually, or about 1,536 tons per day. There are specially-equipped manure storages on site,

but 375,000 tons of manure will still remain after long term storage and fermentation. The farm’s General Director

states "there are several storage tanks for chicken manure on the farm, where manure is stored and then taken out

on the fields; the farm has several contracts w ith agricultural enterprises to transport resulting fertilizers”.

HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure per ha). To dispose of the

entire annual output of poultry litter, the farm would therefore require at least an additional 28,903 ha of

agricultural land.


Despite the measures taken by the management to ensure environmentally safe poultry litter management,

problems relating to its disposal remain. There is a problem of systemic runoff of affluent waters flooding forest

areas.

A year ago, on the basis of applications from local residents, environmentalists recorded/monitored penetration of

liquid waste into the “Tetkin” stream. Experts of “Rosprirodnadsor” (The Fede ral Service for Supervision of Natural

Resources) revealed that drains are polluted and there is an environmental hazard. Forestry specialists of

“Lenoblles” in Kirov district branch discovered a pipe (250mm diameter) that is discharging liquid waste to th e

territory of the Mginskiy forest district, and the flooded area is about 2 hectares of forest. The pipe comes from

the territory of JSC poultry farm “Severnaya”. The Leningrad District Environmental Prosecutor's Office conducted

an audit of “Severnaya” farm’s compliance with environmental legislation in the Vsevolozhsk district of the

Leningrad region. As reported by "Lenoblinform", the press office of the regional prosecutor's office, “the audit

revealed that the poultry farm dumps liquid waste (inadequately treated wastewater in excess of the maximum

allowable concentrations of pollutants) into the “Tetkin” stream, which flows into the channel of Staraya Ladoga

(basin of Lake Ladoga)”. Upon gross violation of environmental laws, the acting head of the Leningrad district

environmental prosecutor filed a lawsuit in the Kirov City Court (Leningrad region). The purpose of the claim is to

oblige JSC Poultry Farm «Severnaya» to ensure treatment of wastewater to ensure it is at the allowable

concentration of pollutants. The Prosecutor’s demands were satisfied and the judgement of Kirov City Court has

been entered into force.

At the same time, ecologists from the "Green Front" report that the problem of "vast forest lagoons/lakes filled

with chicken manure waste sludge" is not yet resolved. Residents of nearby gardening societies (dacha plots

holders) still complain about intermittent suffocating stink coming from the waste lagoons/lakes. The head of

environmental projects of "Green Front", YegorLeontiev, said:

“We have already sent the appropriate request to the Kirov district Forestry of Leningrad

region, to conduct a site inspection and to take action within the authority. Runoff of effluent


70

ends up in some kind of swamp, and already there have been formed wagons of liquid waste.

There is a terrible odour/stink. There is no life there, the sanitary and epidemiological situation

is very serious, and very dangerous. All of those effluents go into the “Tetkin” stream. The

prosecutor's office specialists went with us and recorded an excess of the allowable

concentrations of pollutants, but the runoff still takes place and will continue to do so.

Forestry officers are now alarmed because of the flooded forest, and there are several hectares

flooded. Experts from “Rosprirodnadsor” (The Federal Service for Supervision of Natural

Resources) are calculating the extent of the damage caused to “Tetkin” stream from the

disposal of industrial and domestic sewage in excess of the maximum permissible

concentration.”

However, local residents now say that the smell from these lagoons/lakes has become weaker, although there is

still runoff into the “Tetkin” stream. The Environmental Prosecutor's Office recorded the maximum permissible

concentration in the wastewaters of the farm, but the problem is currently still not solved. There is a necessity to

calculate damage caused to the forest and to enforce/recover/collect it and, if the discharge of waste does not

stop, there is a need to apply extreme measures such as the suspension of the company’s production activities up

to 90 days, according to Article 8.2 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation.

According to experts of “Rosprirodnadsor” (The Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources), there was

technical re-equipment of existing treatment facilities at the poultry farm between 2010 to 2012 inclusive, and

there are plans (for 2013 and 2014) to build and install additional equipment at wastewater treatment plants.


JSC "Poultry farm “Severnaya" is not a pilot farm.

Despite the measures taken by the management of the farm to ensure the environmental safety of poultry litter

management, the problems remain: disposing of liquid waste, and a mismatch of the time needed to clean manure

versus the when organic fertilizers should be applied on the fields.

At the present time, two new major projects are under preparation by company Rika Biofuels. Specialists fromthis

companyparticipated in the seminars organized by the PIU. The essence of this projectis to recycle manure in

biogas plants, with the resulting gas to be purified from extraneous gases, then liquefied and sold to consumers.

The main products are: liquefied biogas, carbon dioxide, and magnesium. There are plans to build a plant in the

vicinity of town Kirovsk, with the bulk of raw materials to be supplied from poultry farm “Severnaya”. The products

from the biogas plant are planned to be sold to Sweden ( liquefied biogas), Russia (CO2) and Latvia (magnesium).


71

L. Closed Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Sinyavinskaya named

after the 60th anniversary of the USSR" (CJSC "Poultry Farm

Sinyavinskaya") Completed 23 October 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 187326, Leningrad region, Kirov district, settlement Priladozjskiy / Tel.: +7 8136263264, (812) 961 -19-92

(812) 275–57–96 / (812) 449-6095; (812)449 60 90; (812)449 60 93 / Fax: (812) 449-6095 / E-mail:

[email protected] / Website: www.pfsin.ru/company

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Melnikov Oleg Nikitovich/ Tel.: +7 (812) 449-6092

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned.

60.73% of ordinary shares belong to Limited Liability Company "Lenptitseprom-E” (194200 Russia, Saint-

Petersburg, Lesnoy prospect, Bldg. 69, 3 A)

25.63% of ordinary shares belong to Melnikov Nikita Olegovich

7.63% of ordinary shares belong to GalkevichVladaVladimirovna.

1.4 Description

State Enterprise (Production Association) "Sinyavinskaya" named after the 60th anniversary of the USSR was

organized to provide the population in the east of the Leningrad region with eggs and poultry products.

Construction commenced in 1976, and the farm became operational in 1978 in the form of breeding complex

"Nazia", which later became "Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya". It was one of the earliest and best examples of the

industrialization of agriculture in the USSR and, for over 20 years, the factory was the largest in Russia and in

Europe. There were 985,000 bird places for keeping youngsters and 2,753,000 bird places for the industrial flock of

laying hens.

In November 1992, due to privatization, the poultry farm was transformed into a Joint Stock Company.

In 2008 a new stage of development of the company started, including major reconstruction as part of a national

project for the development of agro-industrial complexes. During the first phase, the production zone was

reconstructed, 9 poultry sheds (9 stories each, 250,000 bird places each) were excluded from the production

process, and 6 were eliminated. These were replaced with 9 new poultry houses and 3 warehouses. The

slaughterhouse was reconstructed, the use of ammonium-compressor units was discontinued, and 5 new cold

stores were installed, operating on Freon. During the second phase of reconstruction 7 new poultry houses were

built, as well as a warehouse and 8 poultry houses for youngsters. During the third phase, 4 new poultry houses

for youngsters were built, as well as 2 poultry houses for industrial scale production (450,000 bird places in each).

In 2007, the first egg grading and packaging unit started to work, equipped with modern high -performance

equipment and a capacity of 200,000 eggs per hour. Productivity of the sorting unit increased from 1,600,000

eggs per shift before reconstruction to 4,200,000 per shift after reconstruction, making it the most powerful

sorting plant in the world.

In total as a result of the reconstruction, the following facilities were constructed: 12 industrial scale poultry

houses (240,000 heads each), 4 industrial scale poultry houses (120,000 heads each), 4 industrial scale poultry

houses (450,000 heads each), and 14 industrial scale poultry houses for rearing youngsters (120,000 heads each).

The total number of bird places amounts to 1,680,000 for youngsters and 5,760,000 for industrial flock.



http://www.pfsin.ru/company


72

Egg production has risen substantially since the reconstruction of the poultry farm. At the end of 2012 the

number of heads of industrial flock increased to 3.58 million, and the gross production amounted to

1,172,800,000 eggs. Moreover, the poultry farm manufactures as by-products more than 200 tons of egg powder

and about 1,900 tons of chicken meat.

In 2012, the number of poultry on JSC Poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya" amounted to more than 5.3 million heads,

including 1.8 million heads of youngsters.

Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number

of Broilers

(heads)

Production

level – eggs

(million)


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 317 1,832,177 NA 580.8 NA

2009 318 2,306,193 NA 733.6 NA

2010 328 2,321,832 NA 760.4 NA

2011 334 3,001,797 NA 1,002 NA

2012 328 3,575,610 NA 1,172.8 NA

Estimated, post-


4,000,000-

5,000,000 NA 1,200-1,500 NA

Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya” produces very high quality products, meeting requirements of the residents of

Leningrad and other regions of Russia, as confirmed by international quality certificate ISO 22000 -2007. The

poultry farm was the first in Russia to received certification allowing them to export chicken eggs abroad.

Following the procedures for accreditation and licensing, poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya" obtained an EEC certificate

for the production of egg powder, which allows the company to export egg powder to the EU.

The poultry farm is the largest agro-industrial complex in Russia and Western Europe, and the largest egg

producer in the North-West Federal District of Russia, accounting for one third of the egg market of St. Petersburg

and the Leningrad region. The main markets of the farm’s end products are retailers of St. Petersburg (70%), retail

chains of Moscow (10%), wholesalers of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (10%), and wholesalers of

Moscow (10%). Average egg prices range from 22-27 roubles per 10 pcs.

3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary Table 2 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Sinyavinskaya farm. As can be seen, the



Table 2


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM


tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

242,435 161,623

Concrete and

soil

composting

grounds

0 0 18,649 18,649



73

Due to the expansion of the farm’s production, and an increase in the number of bird places, the annual output of

poultry litter will be more than 240,000 of fresh manure; about 660-700 tons per day. The farm uses specially

constructed concrete composting grounds for manure storage. The farm director states that “equipment for

composting is constantly working at the poultry farm; the only problem is that nobody wants compost - there is

no market”. The organic fertilizer resulting from composting is transported in its entirety to the fields of

neighbouring farms for free, as Sinyavinskaya does not own land. The farm would require at least 18,649 hectares

of agricultural land to safely dispose of the annual output of litter according to HELCOM recommendations

(estimated as being13 tons of manure per ha).


There is 1 poultry litter dryer, manufactured by Spanish firm Zukami, installed on the poultry farm. The capacity of

the dryer is very low and it is not continuously operating. It was installed first of all to pilot a manure

management technology different to what is already in use, and to convince the inspecting authorities that the

poultry farm does its best to deal with the manure problem. There are however problems with use of the dryer. It

does not dry manure to the desired moisture content, and the resulting material is inconsistent, resulting in

“lumps/clots”. The system is also not compact, and is designed according to the prevailing weather conditions in

Spain, i.e. many more hours of sunlight and hotter average temperatures than in the Leningrad region.


Despite measures taken by the management to ensure environmentally-safe manure management, problems with

its disposal remain.

The Leningrad inter-district environmental prosecutor's office, in conjunction with branches of the Federal

government health care "Centre for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Leningrad Region", held an inspection of

poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya" in order to verify compliance with federal legislation. The resulting audit found that

"Sinyavinskaya" has no project for organization of the sanitary protection zone. The buildings in the biological

waste processing area are unsanitary, and there are large volumes of manure in concrete composting grounds.

Meat-and-bone meal packaging offcuts were dumped there as well, which is a violation of the site’s rules of

operation. A previous order/direction issued by the Directorate Centre of Gossanepidnadzor (State Committee of

Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision) of Kirov region, which prescribes the organisation of sanitary -

protection zones and elimination of violations of sanitary laws, is not implemented by the farm. These and other

infringements lead to a significant deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the

municipalities, infringing the rights of citizens to a healthy environment, guaranteed by the Constitut ion of the

Russian Federation and the Federal law "on the sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population".

The Leningrad Office of the Inter-District Environmental Prosecutor therefore directed poultry farm

“Sinyavinskaya" to rectify the violations, and warned the director of the farm about the violations of the law. A

subsequent review by the Office of the Inter-District Environmental Prosecutor revealed that CJSC Poultry Farm

“Sinyavinskaya" has taken actions to implement the order. Participants of the Inspection Committee of the

Legislative Assembly of Leningrad region for Agroindustry and Fisheries inspected the concrete composting

grounds at the poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya", finding a huge open air manure storage site that is now almost

empty, because waste from poultry production is actively being taken out on the fields. The Director of

"Sinyavinskaya" Melnikov Oleg Nikitovich (member/deputy of the Regional Legislative Assembly) states that the

“resulting compost is ready-made organic fertilizer, but there are no buyers for such product, so the poultry farm

gives it for free to the farms of the Kirov region, to the ploughed fields. In 2006, when we came to the farm, the

manure in concrete composting ground was 5m in height, so it was terrible even to come close, but eventually we

have solved this issue".

5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya” is not pilot farm. Nonetheless, specialists from the poultry farm have participated in

seminars organised by the PIU, and have received the PIU’s manure manual (“Manure / poultry litter management

on livestock farms to ensure the ecological security of the territory, ground and underground water bodies in the

Leningrad region”). This manual contains information about different technological solutions and legislative


74

requirements for environmentally safe manure management.

The head of the farm has told the press that, having studied international experience, the poultry farm plans to

introduce a system of manure incineration. The cost of the project is 1.5 billion RUR. From the power generated in

the form of electricity and heat, the incinerator on the farm will match the Volkhov hydroelectric station.

(http://agri-news.ru/zhurnal/2012/№4/2012/gosudarstvennaya-programma/mirovyie-rekordyi-«sinyavinskoj».html)

On 19 September 2013, the Team Leader of PIU had a brief meeting with General Director Melnikov Oleg

Nikitovich in the Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries Complex. During the meeting General Director of

“Sinayvinskaya” denied the existing manure management problems, expressed several contradicting opinions, and

stated: “Management of the farm is not interested in manure management technologies. We do not trust

European equipment”.


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M. Open Joint Stock Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy” Completed 16 September 2013


1.1 Contact

Address: 188360, Leningrad Region, Gatchina District, Settlement Voyskovitsy, Promsona-3 / Tel.: (81371) 632-45,

(81371) 631-60 / Fax.: 7 (81371) 63-151 / E-mail: [email protected]

1.2 Farm Director

General Director Willeke van den Brink / Tel.: (262) 6-4352

1.3 Farm Ownership

Privately Owned

100% shares belong to “Agro invest Brinky”, according to the law of Holland.

1.4 Description

Poultry breeding farm "Voyskovitsy" commenced operations in 1968. In May 1993, following its privatization,

"Voyskovitsy" was reorganized into a private closed Joint Stock Company, and in May 2010 it became an open

Joint Stock Company. “Voyskovitsy” poultry farm is owned by the same person poultry farms "Severnaya" and

"Lomonosovskaya", of which the CEO is Willeke van den Brink.

Open Joint Stock Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy" is one of the leading enterprises in the Leningrad

region. The farm specialises in the production of breeding eggs for broiler poultry farms, and supplies its products

to other farms in the Leningrad region. Pedigree flocks come from the Netherlands, and are highly productive

breeds of chickens. Eggs produced for cultivation are directly transmitted to poultry farms in the Leningrad region

for further breeding of chicken and broiler meat production.

The enterprise consists of following facilities: sheds for parent flocks of broiler chickens, young broiler chickens for

breeding flocks, a feed mill, barns, warehouses and other buildings. The farm is constantly upgrading existing

facilities and introducing new technologies. New insulated poultry houses were constructed and installed in 2007,

equipped with new systems of ventilation, watering, and feeding, forming a single technological complex for

rearing birds. In 2011, the construction of two new sanitary inspect ion rooms was completed. In 2012, there was

continued large-scale overhaul and upgrading of the equipment in poultry houses. During the course of 2012, a

new sewerage system was put into operation, some minor repairs were made and more new equipment was

purchased.

Today the JSC Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy" is a modern, stable working company with established

production and sales policies. The company has reached a level of sustainable development.


“Voyskovitsy” mainly produces breeding poultry eggs for sale to poultry farms that rear broilers for meat. The

company is the only such producer in the region and therefore has no competitors in the market. The business

owners actively track changes in the broiler meat production market, and have aligned their production expansion

with the growth of the market for chicken meat. According to forecasts by the company’s management, the

market could rise up to 7% in 2013 (market growth is constrained by the capital intensiveness of production), and

“Voyskovitsy” plans to increase production according to these figures. In the future, the company plans to

continue developing its core business in the production of breeding eggs, planning an expansion as well as an

increase in production. A change in the activity profile, or the development of new products, is not currently

planned.


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Table 1


Year Egg-laying

(eggs/head/year)

Number of

Layers

(heads)

Number

of Broilers

(heads)

Production

level – eggs

(million)


poultry meat (tons,

live weight)

2008 No data No data No data 81.8 No data




2012 180 507,000 302,000 91.0 No data

Estimated, post-


180 540,944 322,219 97.4 No data

The main market for products is poultry farms of the North-West region (including Leningrad region), which breed

broiler chickens. Before 2011, the main consumers of breeding eggs were JSC Poultry farm "Severnaya" and JSC

Poultry farm “Lomonosovskaya". From 2012, due to changes in the profile of the farm "Lomonosovskaya", JSC

Poultry farm “Severnaya” is the main consumer of breeding eggs. The selling price of breeding eggs is competitive

and has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years, between 6.8-8.7 RUR per egg.

3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on “Voyskovitsy” farm.

Table 3


Annual

manure

output

(tons)

Tonnage of

manure in

Long-Term

Storage

Type of

Storage

Amount

of own

land

Amount of total

manure output that


on HELCOM standards,

approx. 13 tons per ha)

Land requirements

(based on HELCOM

standards, approx.

13 tons per ha)

Land

shortfall

36,639 24,426 Concrete

composting

ground

0 0 2,818 2,818


The poultry litter output in “Voyskovitsy” farm is up to 150 tons per day or 45 -55,000 tons per year. There is a

concrete composting ground for poultry manure storage, in which litter is stored in piles for long term

disinfection. Between 30-35,000 tons of litter at a time is placed in the concrete composting ground. During

storage and fermentation, the litter reduces in volume by 25-30% compared with the original amount. However,

due to precipitation on the stored manure, the mass of the stored manure increases even as its volume decreases.


Initially, the full amount of poultry litter produced is placed in the concrete composting ground, where it is stored

in piles for 8-12 months. Poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition

and compost. Compost is then used on the fields of neighbouring farms, or sold to gardeners and small plot

holders, as the farm owns none of its own arable land. To dispose entire amount of produced poul try litter on its

own fields, the farm would require at least 7,500 hectares of land.

The farm owners regulate the number of heads of the broiler parent flock, so there are minor fluctuations

(increases/decreases) from year to year. Thus, the small increase in numbers projected in 2013 can be corrected in

2014. For this reason, minor fluctuations in the number of broilers on the farm will not have considerable impact

on the future situation with poultry litter disposal.


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The main problem is that, due to long-term storage on the open field sites, litter is exposed to various weather

conditions (snow, rain, high/flood water, etc.). This increases its volume and leads to the formation of manure

effluent that leaks into the soil and water sources. During this period of time, ammonia is released into the

atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the quality of litter as fertilizer, as well as leading to air pollution. In

addition, the periods when the concrete composting ground is full, given that manure needs to undergo a process

of disinfection to decrease its hazardous status, do not always coincide with the possibility and terms of its

application as an organic fertilizer on the fields, as during the period of snow from end October to mid-April the

fertilizer cannot be spread. During the winter period, the poultry farm usually transports poultry litter to the

fields, where it is exposed to precipitation and poses problems/nuisances to local residents, while its quality as an

organic fertilizer is lost, resulting in environmental hazard. This has been repeatedly reported by the media.


JSC "Poultry farm “Voyskovitsy" is not a pilot farm.

“Voyskovitsy” farm managers have been invited to all seminars and events organized by the PIU. The PIU has also

distributed its manure manual (“Manure / poultry litter management on livestock farms to ensure the ecological

security of the territory, ground and underground water bodies in the Leningrad region”) to the Department of

Agriculture of Gatchina district for study and use by farms in the district. This manual contains information about

different technological solutions and legislative requirements for environmentally safe manure management.

iCows were assumed to be dairy cows- iiAn average excretion of a cow, a bull, a heifer and a female and male calf. iiiAn average excretion of a sow with piglets and a meat pig.The Russian values refer to the

average of pigs less than 70 kg and pigs more than 70 kg. ivAn average excretion of a broiler chicken and egg-laying hen.

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