i

SUSTAINABLE MAINTENANCE OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL

OLADOKUN SULAIMAN OLANREWAJU

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF

ENGINEERING (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – MARINE TECHNOLOGY)

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

NOVEMBER 2006

iii

Dedicated to my beloved parents, People that taught me

People that supported me and all people of goodwill

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank to Almighty God for giving me an opportunity to complete this thesis. First and

foremost my sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ab Saman Ab Kader

who gave me invaluable support, encouragement and guidance in completing this thesis. I

also register my sincere appreciation for my teachers for all their support and knowledge

they passed to me.

I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved family for their continuous support;

they have encouraged me mentally and spiritually in completing the project. I also

appreciate the support of IDB and the state of Johor for their support, as this project will

not be successful without them. I am very appreciative to the management of Port

Tanjong Pelepas given me their supports and data’s that I needed to complete analysis on

the case study.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my course mates and friends for their

assistance, cooperation and ideas during my studies. Last but not least, I would like

register my profound thanks to all those who have contributed either directly or indirectly

in produce this thesis that I could mention. Without you all, this thesis would have not

been successfully completed.

v

ABSTRACT

Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation, where port and

ship are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, recent time has

proved that there is continuous growth or need for larger and sophisticated ship through

increasing shipping activities and this has lead to design and production of sophisticated

state of art, safety oriented marine vehicles, in term of size, speed and structure. Albeit,

the rate of growth of ship is out of phase with the condition of navigation channel, the

channel due to environmental pressure is subject misplacement of allowance required to

keep the channel safe to receive larger target vessel. Channel operators rarely have a

simplified system to monitor and exercise to balance safe reception and navigation of

large ship in inland water, which are always considered as restricted water, due to

exposure to accident that could to environmental disaster. This project seeks to apply

various models to Port Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), with thrust to deduce simplified model

that will provide insight for port operator on sustainable way to maintain the channel.

vi

ABSTRAK

Industri maritim merupakan tempat asal atau lahirnya pelbagai model bagi

pengangkutan air di mana pelabuhan dan kapal adalah kemudahan yang digunakan untuk

berdagang melalui pengangkutan air. Kepentingan pengangkutan air ini dapat dilihat

melalui pertumbuhan yang berterusan atau keperluan kepada penggunaan kapal yang

besar dan canggih melalui peningkatan aktiviti perkapalan. Disebabkan peningkatan

permintaan tersebut, ia menggalakkan penghasilan model-model baru di mana ia

memperkembangkan pelbagai rekabentuk baru serta pembuatan yang ditetapkan dengan

mengambil kira saiz, halaju serta struktur sekalipun peningkatan kadar pembinaan kapal

adalah di luar fasa dengan keadaan pelayaran ‘channel’ yang sama. Ketahanan ‘channel’

tersebut adalah bergantung kepada bebanan yang bertindak, kadangkala ia juga

berhubung dengan kesilapan yang biasa dilakukan oleh operator pelabuhan. Mereka perlu

memastikan agar ‘channel’ tersebut selamat digunakan bagi penggunaan kapal yang lebih

besar saiznya. Pada kebiasaanya operator ‘channel’ mempunyai satu sistem yang

dipermudahkan untuk mengawasi serta melatih bagi tujuan keselamatan untuk pelayaran

kapal-kapal besar di laut dalam sebagai persediaan menghadapi bencana alam. Projek ini

dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti beberapa model yang praktikal untuk kegunaan pihak

PTP (Port of Tanjung Pelepas). Diharapkan model yang telah dipermudah ini akan

digunakan sebagai persediaan pengetahuan kepada operator pelabuhan. Ia merupakan

kaedah yang memungkinkan untuk mengekalkan ‘channel’ tersebut.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE

TITLE i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.1.1 Shipping trend 2

1.1.2 The case study 4

1.2 Objective of study 6

1.3 Scope of study 8

1.4 Planning and execution 9

1.5 Thesis layout 10

1.6 Expected outcome 11

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

2.1 Overview 13

2.2 Navigation requirement 15

2.3 Present treat 18

2.4 Pollution sources and impacts in port 19

2.4.1 Potential impacts 20

2.5 Channel dimensioning 22

viii

2.5.1 Vessel requirement 23

2.5.2 Channel requirement 27

2.6 Channel maintenance 35

2.7 Dredgers vessels 40

2.8 Dredged materials 41

2.9 Sustainability 42

2.9.1 Legal framework 47

2.5.2 Concept of uncertainty 48

2.5.2 Concept of risk assessment 49

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 51

3.1 Overview 54

3.2 Application- maintaining the channel 56

3.3 Case Background 54

3.3.1 Previous dredging work 56

3.4 Method 61

3.4.1 Method – Navigation requirement 64

3.4.2 Method at a glance 66

3.5 Analysis Method 68

3.5 Baseline data 68

CHAPTER 4 THE CASE STUDY VALIDATION AND ANALYSIS 81

4.1 Demand due to shipping activities 72

4.2 State- Channel dimensioning 72

4.2.1 Vessel requirement 74

4.2.2 Water level and depth of the water 74

4.23 Standards for depth calculation 75

4.24 Preliminary design guideline 79

4.3 State – Channel depth allowance 80

ix

4.3.1 Target vessels static draft 80

4.3.2 Squat 81

4.3.3 Depth allowance for exposure 82

4.3.4 Fresh water adjustment 84

4.3.5 Bottom material allowance 85

4.3.6 Maneuvering margin 85

4.3.7 Over depth allowance 85

4.3.8 Depth transition 86

4.3.9 Channel bottom 87

4.3.10 Night time transition and fog effects 87

4.3.11 Vessel speed 87

4.3.12 Shallow water affects 87

4.3.13 Dredging tolerance 87

4.3.13 waves 88

4.4 Other allowance 90

4.4.1 Side slope 90

4.4.2 Bends 91

4.4.3 Width 92

4.4.4 Bridge clearance 93

4.5 Channel Maintenance 94

4.5.1 PTP Current Channel data’s 94

4.5.2 Total Depth Calculation 95

4.6 Channel Maintenance 97

4.6.1 Hydrographic work 98

4.6.2 Output capacity estimation 99

4.7 Dredger vessel selection 99

4.8 Optimization 109

4.9 EIA and dredge disposal 110

4.10.1 Impact levels 110

4.10.2 EIA standards 112

x

CHAPTER 5 SUSTAINABILITY 122

5.1 Overview 113

5.2 Demand and need for dredging 114

5.3 Environmental sustainability 115

5.4 Economics sustainability 116

5.5 Ecological sustainability 116

5.6 Navigation sustainability 117

5.7 Environmental impact 119

5.8 Dredge Contaminants 120

5.9 Nature of Organic Pollutants 122

5.10 Risk of Pollution 124

5.11 Regulation and poly regime 125

5.12 Environmental mitigation and remediation 126

5.13 Mitigation through dredging technology 128

5.14 Sustainable risk assessment 131

5.14.1 Hazard and Risk 132

5.14.2 Risk benefit cost analysis 133

5.14.3 Concept of uncertainty 135

CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION 138

6.1 Economic of large scale- vessel and channel 138

6.2 Channel maintenance 139

6.3 Concept of sustainability 140

6.4 Recommendation 141

xi

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 146

7.1 Way forward 150

REFERENCES 152

APPENDICES (A- C)

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITTLE PAGE

Table 2.1 Safety Clearance 31

Table 3.1 Baseline data 68

Table 3.2 Ship simulation data 69

TABLE 4.1 JAPANESE STANDARD 77 Table 4.2 Standards for depth 78

Table 4.3 Water level 78

Table 4.4 Depth availability 79

TABLE 4.5 SQUAT CALCULATION 83 Table 4.6 Additional depth for exposure 84

Table 4.7 Additional depth for bottom material 85

Table 4.8 Additional depth for T/D ratio 86

Table 4.9 Additional width for bottom material 87

Table 4.10 Side slope 91

Table 4.11 Channel bend radius 91

Table 4.12 Transition zone 93

Table 4.13 Baseline data summary 94

Table 4.14 Environmental criteria 94

Table 4.15 Channel depth analysis 94

Table 4.16 Water depth analysis 94

Table 4.17 Output capacity analysis 100

Table 4.18 Dredger selection 105

Table 4.19 Water quality standards 94

Table 5.1 Risk matrix 133

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITTLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Project Flowchart 9

Figure 2.1 Benefit of sea to mankind 14

Figure 2.2 Growing size of vessels 16

Figure 2.3 Straight of Malacca Channel 17

Figure 2.4 Risk in the straight of Malacca 18

Figure 2.5 Global sediment loading 18

Figure 2.6 Causes of coastal environmental degradation 19

Figure 2.7 Vessel block coefficient l 21

Figure 2.8 Channel Cross section 24

Figure 2.9 Effect of wave on ship motion 29

Figure 2.10 Channel definition 32

Figure 2.11 Shoaling 37

Figure 2.12 Hydrography measurement 38

Figure 2.13 Coastline under treat 44

Figure 3.1 PTP 56

Figure 3.2 PTP channel initial work 57

Figure 3.3 Method at a glance 64

Figure 3.4 Components of method stages 64

Figure 3.5 Navigation parameter 64

Figure 3.6 Navigation depth parameter 66

Figure 3.7 Maintenance dredging method 67

Figure 3.8 Sustainability method 67

Figure 3.9 Squat calculation example 67

Figure 4.1 Demand due to shipping activities 72

Figure 4.2 Fairway analysis 73

xiv

Figure 4.3 Hourly cost of ship 73

Figure 5.4 Estimated time saving due to deepening 74

Figure 4.5 Trends in ship calling port 75

Figure 4.6 Vessel and channel depth allowance 76

Figure 4.7 Squat Analysis 82

Figure 4.8 Seabed sediment site characteristics 90

Figure 4.9 Pre dredge survey 98

Figure 4.10 Post dredge survey 98

Figure 4.11 Bathymetry 99

Figure 4.12 Volume estimation 102

Figure 4.13 Quantity estimation 102

Figure 4.14 PTP channel 103

Figure 4.15 channel alignment 105

Figure 4.16 Dredger vessel particulars 106

Figure 4.17 Dredgers vessel types 109

Figure 4.18 Dredge disposal 108

Figure 5.1 PTP existing vegetation 118

Figure 5.2 Ecology chart datum 119

Figure 5.2 Dredgers at work 130

Figure 5.6 Bio-diversification 131

Figure 5.4 Cost benefit risk analysis framework 134

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATION ACRONYM DEFINITION AAPA American Association of Port Authorities

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNEP United Nations Environmental Program

GESAM Global Environmental studies and monitoring

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

ICOLRELS International Committee for Receipt of Large Vesse

COLS Committee on Large Ships

PIANC International Navigation Association Congresses

TBT Trybutylin

FSZ Free Zone Status

MSSC Malaysia Singapore crossing

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

RIA Risk Impact Assessment

PTP Port Tanjung Pelepas

IMPA International Maritime pilot association

APM International Association of Ports and harbors

IALA International Association Lighthouse Authority

LOA Length overall

LBP Length between perpendiculars (measured at

LWL Length along waterline (usually similar to LBP)

B Beam (maximum width of ship cross section)

D Draft

DWT Dead weight tonnage (= DT - LWT)

GRT Gross register tonnage

NRT Net register ton

TEU 20-ft equivalent units; standard (6.1 x 2.4 x2.4) m

xvi

AC Channel cross-section area [length2]

CB Block coefficient [dimensionless]

Fh Channel depth Froude number [dimensionless]

FL Schijf limiting Froude number [dimensionless]

g Gravitational acceleration [length/time2]

h Depth of channel [length]

h1, h2 Overbank depths [length]

L Ship length [length]

T Vessel draft [length]

V Vessel speed [length/time]

VL Schijf limiting ship speed in squat analysis

W Width of channel [length]

Z Maximum ship squat [length]

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITTLE Appendix A Vessels

Appendix B Channel

Appendix C Environments

-1 -

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation, ports and

ships are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, recent time has

proved the continuous growth or need for larger and sophisticated ship through

increasing shipping activities, demands and this has lead to design and building of

sophisticated, state of the art, safety oriented marine vehicles in term of size, speed

and structure- albeit, this safety based designed development is out of phase with

conditions of navigation channels. To create a balance for safe navigation in restricted

water these big ships will ply, channel must be maintain at a frequency the ships

building are growing.

Maintenance dredging is the activity that involve periodic removal of

material which has been deposited in an area where capital dredging has been

undertaken, The frequency of maintenance dredging varies from port to port,

however, the objective remain to allow ships to enter and leave port at stated draft

without delay and ensure efficiency of maintenance dredging, steps must be taken

during the process to minimize siltation and shoaling in channel.

This project addresses the navigation aspect of channel maintenance using

a "pressure–state–response” approach. "Pressure" is the demand placed upon the

marine environment and its resources by human Activities. "State" describes the

current conditions resulting from these pressures. "Response” is what is being done to

address the pressures and finally evaluating these states and come up with what need

to be done in a sustainable manner.

-2 -

Every human activity on earth is about need and response, of course

mitigation. I issue relating to channel and ships are not left behind in this. The Ship is

about port, access to port by optimum size ships can be made available through

navigable channel where maintenance dredging is needed. Economics of scale and

demand has begot big ship to emerge within a short period of time after second world

war- however less attention has been given to the channel that will continue to

accommodate these ships.

1.1.1 Shipping trend

Ships and shipping remains a very important instrument for mobility. If

ships could no longer transit waterways, there will shortages of power, heat and food

in days or weeks at the outside. Recent years have seen economic of scale due to

improved trade, the significance of these trends is that more, larger ships will continue

to use waterways for the foreseeable future. But there are limits on size of ship that a

channel can accommodate, Therefore a means of determining special measures must

be imposed on handling ships in order to ensure the continued safe, efficient, and

environmentally friendly use of our channel.

This make it incumbent for authorities concerned regarding waterways to evaluate

and address the risks associated with ships that are plying them and find way and

information sharing avenue for channel designers, naval architects, ship masters and

pilots, and waterway managers that will help develop policy, recommendations that

will address the way channels are maintain, enlarged and how ships of various types

using them should be designed and handled. And of course, ways to monitor existing

and new ships operating at channel approach in order to guide ship designers to

understand, review ships, pilotage, channel, current design and operational practices

on how to incorporate needed improvements.

Under sustainability, environmental issues are an important part of today’s

operation, and management linked to governmental level policy work. Since, the Rio

-3 -

declaration, the themes aspects regulation and management of “environment” have

been increasing and changing. Public awareness about the environmental

consequences of several types of activities (e.g. the waste and emissions from in

industrial processes, ships, and their direct and indirect discharge (through river

runoff) to the ocean impacts of infrastructure building, etc) has increased.

Associated with environmental examination is problems of uncertain issue,

aggregating through its characterizes point form degradation, high risk, disputed

values, and short time line for decision , and this has called for dire need of ,

philosophy and new science to design, maintain and prevent alarming system

failure, One example is the Post-Normal Science (PNS) where diligent care is

recommended to acknowledge, communicate, and manage uncertainties under holistic

consideration including value commitment and community participation in the

assessment work.

This project presents the case of a comprehensive simple models to

balance sustainability relating to economic maintenance of port access for safe

navigation of vessels (bigger ships) in restricted water while sustaining other purpose

of water resources through assessment and evaluation, central discussion will focus on

aim to improve on existing practice, entity of things that are being consider in ports

that are innovative will be captured in a way that can affords ready access and

promotes technology transfer. The sustainability elements of the Project are a green

port initiative, whose outcome hope to give insight in developing Environmental

Management Handbook for Ports.

-4 -

1.12 The case study

This thesis presents a case study on Port Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), which is

considered as one modern port that currently accept big vessel up to 430m as of now,

however, having such room can easily put monitoring need for siltation and decision-

making process of environmental implications and uncertainty where scientific

knowledge is important role in oblivion. Specifically linked to the case, is the case

consists in the balancing system leading to decision regarding the application of

models for deepening (through dredging) which is very important for the area.

PTP, a subsidiary of Seaport Terminal Sdn. Bhd., modern port given a

free zone status in a location know as tip of Asia, where almost all vessels crossing

Asia through the straights of Malacca, it was part of Malaysia`s determined program

under vision 2020, with projection to have the 800ha port developed to 12 berths by

year 2020. It was one of the fast track, mobilized project done under rapid schedule

whose after project condition need monitoring to cater for uncertainty that might have

mixed with the shortened time of the project. Thus the project execution programme

contained numerous intermediate milestones or partial completion dates, which has

allowed close monitoring and adherence of progress, minimizing delays and financial

risks with substantial increase in production capacity for site clearing, dredging, and

reclamation and soil improvement which turned the river and mangrove area at its

peak in 1998 into one of the world’s most equipment, intensive dredging projects,

with some 12 large dredging vessels being employed in total (Allard Renkema and

David Kinlan,2000).

In less than five years the area stretching from the state capital Johor

towards the west along the Johor Straits, has rapidly changed from a quiet oil palm

plantation area into a totally new area to develop with excellent infrastructure,

housing facilities and new areas for industrial development. Major infrastructure

projects such as the Second Crossing, Johor Airport and the new port development at

PTP at the east bank of the Sungai Pulai, form the cornerstone of the Johor growth

triangle west of the city. A study made by Johor port authority in 1990 about

-5 -

anticipation of congestion over the Johor port that has been existing since 1977, gave

birth to site selection for PTP as the most suitable location for Johor’s new port.

The main reason for choosing examples of maintenance of PTP channel in

the case study is because of the acceleration program practice in PTP may not have

enough initial allowance to the channel, in the project as a result of location and there

is envisaged expansion in the area there will be potential rise of traffic in that areas

and the need for a simple model for the port to monitor the design channel draft, the

ships plying it and the rate of siltation, couple with innovative scientific uncertainty

analysis is going to be one key thing that will continue to surface in this areas in

respect to population and development work in the area. This study will look into the

simplified balancing system for between channel and vessels leading to sizing and soil

removal decision, issue of sustainability, risk and uncertainty assessment will be

discussed as related to channel maintenance in a broader scientific context, holistic

risk and goal based assessment will be suggested for further studies.

Uncertainty as the name imply, is very complicated and scientific

solution is not enough to cover insurance related to issues like consequence of

dredging of polluted sediments on environment or human health, and even suggested

mitigation. In the past convention, methodology rarely consider issue of uncertainty,

age of awareness has called for new philosophy to avert future accumulated problem

that could result from point form environmental degradation due to oversight or

negligence of small issues attached to uncertainty. Dredging work around the world is

associated with conflict especially on issue of dredged material disposal, this area will

be deeply looked into sustainable ways and method of disposal, that satisfied all

concern under this case study and of course the various stakeholders whose interests

and values always influence decision relating to this issue.

In summary, the key element in the discussion to be presented in the

following chapters is the daily practice of monitoring and maintaining post dredged

channel, decision-making on environmental issues, where a number of difficulties

arise. Uncertainty, risk and policies issue is some of these difficulties and this will be

discussed. The main research question of this master thesis can be asked through the

following question: In the context of local navigation aspect of channel maintenance,

-6 -

what is a user friendly model that can be use to generate necessary clearance and

siltation condition of the channel, In term of sustainability, risk, uncertainty, which

role does science take in the practice of decision making on environmental issues and

its relative implication, And in broader context, what are the suggestions, quest and

research work to deal with this for necessary zero tolerance.

1.2 Objectives

One of the main purposes of this study is to discuss the relevance of the

theoretical developments on sustainable management of navigation channel and

managing sustainability associated with the work. The cases chosen PTP as

exploratory cases for the study of the role of channel usage, maintenance needed, risk,

uncertainty and the daily practice of environmental management by authorities. The

study takes into consideration retroactive analysis on the role of maintenance and

sustainability, risk and uncertainty in the process, as perceived by the parties involved

and from an external analysis. It should be mentioned that since PTP was built,

channel deepening work was performed only one

In the case studies presented here, the data’s, the documents, interviews,

and the discussion around the maintenance process, are analyzed. The longer title of

the project (Maintenance and Management of Complex Channel work, Sustainability

through Scientific, Risk, uncertainty, Community Participation and Environmental

Governance) provides a clue to the approaches and the main concepts, and the

interests at the core of the channel maintenance project.

The cases discussed in this study are interesting for three reasons. First,

because navigation channels maintenance work are very complex, second the concept

of sustainable balancing of issues relating to economic and demand, environment and

social, technical safety are recognized for most of the actors that involved in the

process to be a key element for the development of the decision, making process in

channel maintenance as they imply to actors. Third, risk, and uncertainty was present

-7 -

in the discussion as a key issue that need to be take seriously, The research was done

through data collection and a dialogue with the people involved. Specifically, the

main objectives of the project can be phrased as follows:

i. To identify and evaluate, compare current tradition, changes and need for

maintenance of navigable channel

ii. To test model towards an alternative simplified method that can help improve

ways to maintain the channel.

iii. To apply principle of sustainability associated to balancing work between

demand, cost and environment as related to channel maintenance work.

iv. To discuss concept of new technological innovation, holistic risk and cost

benefit assessment scientific, uncertainty and policy analysis (based on

limitations of the existing methods) including need for improving the public

decisions on environmental issues when there are scientific uncertainties.

v. To generate recommendation that can help to develop and improve the

channel maintenance strategies and manage the design change based on

sustainability best practice regarding the maintenance of channel needed for

PTP and role of risk assessment, scientific knowledge and uncertainty in the

development of these particular cases.

-8 -

1.3 Scope of work

Project will go through collection of projects from the ports, to develop a

list of issues and recommend criteria by which best decision relating to complex issue

of navigation project can be made through providing answer to question relating to

what is needed to put the channel in the right condition from:

i. Maintenance – Fairway, economic analysis and demand

ii. Maintenance -Navigation requirement and dimensioning, vessels and channel

iii. Maintenance -Hydrographic work, sediment studies and volume calculation

iv. Maintenance - Yearly Output calculation, dredger output and Selection

v. Sustainability - social- economic, health and ecological consideration best

technology to use and when the best time to dredge are:

vi. Sustainability -Beneficial disposal of sediment and mitigation for

environmental impact.

vii. Sustainability-How can the channel be continuously managed and monitored

from trend studies

viii. Sustainability - Concept discussion on issue of uncertainty, risk- cost-benefit-

assessment, science, uncertainty and regulation regime

1.3.1 Data source

Data source will be from the case study area, and this will include vessel

and channel related as well as sediment, the environment, others will be generated as

required.

-9 -

1.3.2 Work area

PTP is being considered, this model can be applied to other areas in

Malaysia that seriously troubled by issue of channel maintenance.

1.4 Planning and execution

Figure 1.1 and 1.2 are the flowchart for method and the time schedule for the Project.

The Project

Literature Review/ Methodology

The Case Study

Data Collection

Navigation Requirement

Project Proposal

Hydrography / Geotechnical Data

Capacity Analysis

Channel Dimmentioning

Quantity Estimation

Channel Maintenance Sustainability

Dredging method /Dredger Vessel Selection

Baseline Data

Dredge Disposal

Figure 1.1 Project flowchart

-10 -

1.5 Thesis Layout

The chapters of the thesis are organized as follows: Chapter 1 having

introduced the context of interrelation between ship and port local and need to balance

this relation, environmental sustainability and uncertainty, chapter 2 presents general

literature work on the broader issue of harbor maintenance, associated models and

marine pollution, as well as the main potential environmental impacts of channel

maintenance activity. This chapter is intended to provide a platform of knowledge

required to understand the case study in the following chapter.

Chapter 3 contains methodology for the case, and chapter 4 contains a

detailed description, application of models analysis of the case study, beginning with

a description of the methodology used for the elaboration of the studies, the case of

the dredging at global level is briefly presented from literature works and introduction

as a background element earlier to influence the PTP case considering, dredging,

material disposal, and assessing environmental state through sustainability. The

chapter also discusses the main actors involved, highlighting their perceptions on

sustainability, and an analysis of the technical reports and data that were provided.

In chapter 5, there is a discussion on concept of environment, social,

ecological, technical, social, economic, sustainability and the balancing work between

developments, human need and response, the implication of uncertainty that can be

extracted from the case, relating them to the main theoretical developments presented

in the beginning of the literature work. The role and implications of sustainability and

sustainability in environmental management are discussed in chapter 6, and the

conclusions are summed up in chapter 7.

-11 -

1.6 Expected result

With overall aim geared towards ensuring that channels are designed and

maintained by their custodians and operators in environmentally sustainable manner,

the project will help contribute to improvement on safe navigation and environmental

protection in the following way:

i. Environmental and ecological sustainability of commercial channels

ii. Safe and effective transits and access to ports.

iii. Protect the usage rights of maritime commercial shipping in the channel

iv. Economic, social and technological sustainability of commercial waterways

v. Maintenance dredging with objective to reduce channel delay, accept big ship

to be done in environmental sustainable manner and optimal efficiency, in

maintenance dredging quantifying the loss of depth pave wave for dredging

requirement to be determined and this lead to optimal choice of dredger.

Generic calculation on data results from analysis of:

i. Vessel and channel requirement,

ii. Basic rate output of the dredger,

iii. Computation of volume

iv. Cycle time and Number of work day per year,

v. Working condition and

vi. Environmental discounting.

Suggestion for iterative process in analyzing the data’s will involve

dealing with uncertainty and managing the risk that will end up:

i. To get all concerned involve in formulation of new method

ii. To identify the significant, level of each cause, source and impact of the

design changes

iii. To help deduce the possible corrective actions and preventive measures to

minimise the avoidable design changes

-12 -

iv. To help Verified the limitations of the existing methods

This project will help improve on condition need relating to:

i. Port delay, and Accident,

ii. Pollution,

iii. Beneficial Dredge disposal and contaminated seeds,

iv. Endangered and threatened species through bio-diversification,

v. Habitat restoration

vi. Weak regulation

As result of this there will be increase in: Controllability or scheme

monitoring, Efficiency of the system, More revenue money, Time management.

Recommendation on this project could end up to:

i. Provides tools to facilitate management decisions in allocating resources

efficiently and maximizing operational efficiencies.

ii. Improve Operational efficiencies gained reduce maintenance requirements,

which in turn reduce workload

iii. Save money and time through process re-engineering that can be used to better

serve the port and coastal inhabitant.