Sustainable energies at DIMSET/SCL
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Transcript of Sustainable energies at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Renewable Energy Research
at DIMSET/SCL
(Savona Combustion Laboratory,
University of Genoa)
http://proxy.sv.inge.unige.it/SCL/
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
DIMSET/SCL is “Joint Laboratory” with Ansaldo Energia
for the joint development and testing
of last generation, ultra-low emissions, gas-turbine burners
for large-power combined plants (in the hundreds of Megawatt).
As such, its researchers are directly responsible
for the continuously increasing
“fever” of our planet Earth.
However, who is responsible of a sickness,
has got a direct expertise about its causes,
and, thus, is also a good candidate
for finding and pursuing its cure …..
Do you agree?
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Appropriate Technologies for Distributed Energy Generation
in a Sustainable Development Scenario
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Sustainable energies at DIMSET/SCLThe scientific/technological scenario at DIMSET/SCL is quite variegate, ranging from fossil fuel combustion to renewables.
However the mission is uniquely defined: to take advantage of the “fossil” expertise in order to pursue a progressively more sustainable perspective.
The corner-stones upon which the strategy is rooted are:
• high-energy content, rapid-growth, wood-biomass agronomic cultivation• conversion of fossil-fueled burners to syngas- and bio-fueling• conversion from concentrated, electric generation to local poly-generation• natural-gas/biomass fueled combustors for Stirling-engines • wood-biomass combustion for boiler application• wood-biomass torrefaction and carbonisation technologies• wood-biomass/charcoal gasification technologies• co-combustion of pulverised coal and syngas from torrefied biomass
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Sustainable Energy Development at DIMSET/SCL
How to manage the issue of the Earth fever
In the last 200 years, atmospheric concentration of CO2 has climbed from
270 ppmv to 383 ppmv. The trend is recently accelerating.
On the land, the most efficient CO2 capturing mechanism is very easily
traceable: it is located in the woods. The same mechanism features also a
quite interesting by-product: atmospheric release of pure O2.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
…first of all, an updating on Earth fever….
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPCC Fourth Assessment Report: “AR4”(December 2007)http://www.ipcc.ch/
(and, interestingly, the very recent establishment of the ACCC: “Abrupt Climate Change Commission”)
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Sustainable Energy Development at DIMSET/SCL
How to manage the issue of the Earth fever
The strategy has got a name: “zero-emissions local power co-generation”
The strategy is rooted upon the careful planning and the territorial “deployment” of modern agro-forest farms, pursuing agro-sylvicolture and “zero-net carbon release” energy production.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
How to manage the issue of the Earth fever: some numbers (Europe)
tons of Carbon stored in biomass per hectare of woods: 50 to 200 (tC/ha)
yearly Carbon storage per hectare of woods: 0.80 to 3.5 (tC/y)
C emissions per person-year: 1.5 to 6 (tC/person-year)
C storage in woods / overall C emissions : 20% Bayern; 50% Sweden
additional C storage in soil substrate: 4.5 to 11 (tons per hectare)
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
An Earth rescuing strategy, immediately deployable
The C-mass capture numbers just seen can be dramatically improved by
an immediately deployable technique. Namely: planting new trees, of
“hardwood” type (rich in lignin content), characterised by rapid growth,
organised in so-called “consociated woods”.
Typical consociated trees: various types of Elm (Ulmus), Ash (Fraxinus),
Wild Cherry (Prunus), Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera), Mahaleb (Prunus
mahaleb), etc.
Suggestion: cut out old trees, shift to hardwood species, avoid species
with low C-capture capability such as Red Spruce (Picea Excelsa) and
similar species.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
A Vision from DIMSET/SCL
The above strategy is a well established operative know-how of a fewforest-tree breeders in Italy, highly experienced in many successfultrees-consociation plantations all over Italy.
The consociated wood-trees, at harvesting, show an average wood-yieldof about 140-200 metric tons/hectare/year, from 5 to 6 times morethan the usual poplar, plane-tree or willow-tree cultivations.
In addition, these latter would show heat values in the range of 2000-2200 kCal/kg whilst the former’s heat values are in the range of3000-3100 kCal/kg.
Being the consociation self fertilizing, no watering nor soil enrichment isrequired.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Rapid-growth consociated-trees forestry at Vado Ligure
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Rapid-growth consociated-trees forestry at Vado Ligure
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Torrefaction at DIMSET/SCL
Torrefaction is a feasible method for improving the properties of biomass as a fuel . It consists of a slow heating of biomass in an inert atmosphere to a maximum temperature of 300 °C. The treatment yields a solid uniform product with quite lower volume and moisture contents and sensibly higher heat values compared to those in the initial biomass.
It is as a predictable, flexible fuel with optimum combustion and transport economies. Due to the low moisture content of torrefied wood, the transport cost is lower and the quality as a fuel is higher. It is easily packaged, standardised and transported, and thus constitutes an efficient fuel.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Torrefaction at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Torrefaction at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Torrefaction at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Torrefaction at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Torrefaction at DIMSET/SCL
Torrefied biomass can be blended with coal and co-fired in a Pulverized Coal Boiler.
The properties of torrefied biomass should lead to an improved operation in gasifiers for which the stability of the process is important.
The homogeneity and the seasonal regularity of torrefied wood makes it an appropriate substitute for charcoal. While having the same utilisation as charcoal, torrefied wood offers more efficient utilisation of the wood and hence reduction in wood consumption.
As a fuel it competes with the conventional sources of energy which often are imported.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Characterisation Laboratory - DIMSET/SCL(physical, analytical, thermo-chemical)
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood Chipping at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood Drier at DIMSET/SCL
Temperature: up to 105 °C. Humidity: down to 9 %
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood Torrefactor at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Wood-Biomass Carbonization at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
Biomass gasification is basically a conversion of solid fuels (wood, wood-waste, agricultural residues, charcoal, etc.) into a combustible gas mixture normally called Producer Gas.
The process is typically used for various biomass materials and it involves partial combustion of such biomass.
Partial combustion process occurs when air supply (O2) is less than adequate for the combustion of biomass to be completed.
In the following slides, the available technologies for low-power co-generation (up to 300 kWel and 500 kWth) are presented.
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
Downdraft gasifier:“Tar burning
Char producing”
Technology provider: ANKUR Ltd.located near the ancient “Sama Jakat Naka”
Baroda-390008, Gujarat, Indiaemail: [email protected]
web: www.ankurscientific.com
Electrical efficiency: 24%Investment costs: 2000 euro/kWel
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
To a Gas EngineOr Gas Turbine
Conceptual Sequence of Processes from Biomass to End Products
Product GasCleaning Equipment
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
Fuel Parameters, Gasifier Performance, Product Gas, Slag, Emissions Monitoring
- Physico-chemical characterisation of fuel (woodchips and charcoal-woodchips mix)
- Air/Fuel Equivalence Ratio
●- Inner temperature profile (overall gasifier) - Pressure drop (@ sand filter)
●- Product gas temperature (@ gasifier outlet) - Water temperature (@ scrubbers)
●- Product gas flow rate (@ gasifier outlet) - Water pressure (@ scrubbers)
●- Inner gasifier pressure - Water flow rate (@ scrubbers)
●- “Clean” product gas chemical composition - Condensate chemical composition
●- Slag composition and mass flow rate - Condensate mass flow rate
●- Exhaust gas composition and mass flow rate (@ gas engine outlet)
●- Co-generation thermal power (@ overall equipment and gas engine)
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
HEARTH LOAD OPTIMISED FOR MINIMUM TAR CONTENT
Temperature Distributions for Varying Fuel Typologies
Wood@32% hu
Wood@25% hu
W@15% Coal
W@30% Coal
S-2
S-3
S-4
TC3
TC2
TC1
TC4
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
400 800 1200
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
HEARTH LOAD OPTIMISED FOR MAX GAS ENERGY
Temperature Distributions for Varying Fuel Typologies
Wood@32% hu
Wood@25% hu
W@15% Coal
W@30% Coal
S-1
S-2
S-3
S-4
TC3
TC2
TC1
TC4
S-1
Wood@32% hu
S-2
S-3
S-4
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15% Coal
Wood@30% Coal
TC3
TC2
TC1
TC4
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
900 1800
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Product Gas Heat Values for Varying Fuel Typologies
TC1TC1
S-2
S-3
S-4
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15%Coal
Wood@30%Coal
Product Gas Heat Values
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Superficial Velocity (m/s)
Hea
t Val
ue H
i (kC
al/N
m3)
Serie1
Serie2
Serie3
S-2
S-2
S-2
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15% Coal
Wood@30% Coal
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Product Gas Flow Rate for Varying Fuel Typologies
TC1TC1
Product Gas Flow Rate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Superficial Velocity (m/s)
Syng
as F
low
Rat
e (N
m3/
s)
Serie1
Serie2
Serie3
S-2
S-3
S-4
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15% Coal
Wood@30%Coal
S-2
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Gas Thermal Power for Varying Fuel Typologies
TC1TC1
Gas Energy Flow Rate (kCal/h)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Superficial Velocity (m/s)
Gas
Ene
rgy
(kC
al/h
)
Serie1
Serie2
Serie3
S-2
S-3
S-4
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15% Coal
Wood@30% Coal
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Electric Power (kW)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Superficial Velocity (m/s)
Elec
tric
Pow
er (k
W)
Serie1
Serie2
Serie3
Electric Power Generation for Varying Fuel Typologies
S-2
S-3
S-4
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15% Coal
Wood@30% Coal
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Tar + Particulate in Gas
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Superficial Velocity (m/s)
Tar +
Par
ticul
ate
(mg/
m3)
Serie1
Serie2
Serie3
Tar and Particulate Levels for Varying Fuel Typologies
S-2
S-3
S-4
Wood@25% hu
Wood@15% Coal
Wood@30% Coal
Biomass Gasification at DIMSET/SCL
CAPENERGIES – DIMSET/SCL Meeting Marseille – May 23rd, 2008
Thank you for your attention