Sustainable Development in the Moslem World needs Excellence in S&T: Iran a case Study Reza Mansouri...

Sustainable Sustainable Development in the Development in the Moslem World needs Moslem World needs Excellence in S&T: Excellence in S&T: Iran a case Study Iran a case Study

Reza MansouriReza Mansouri Sharif University of TechnologySharif University of Technology

Tehran, IranTehran, Iran

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 13th September, 2006National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 13th September, 2006

Moslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006

2

Moslem World

• Population: %20• GDP < that of France• Literacy < %50• Scientific output: < %3• Scientific output of most active Moslem countries/ USA

(same population) ~ %10

Moslem Science, National AcadeMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, Septmy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ember 13th, 2006

33


44


55


6

Population Pyramid 2005/1384

MenWomen


7

پايان Iran’s Population, 2025

پيش بيني جمعيت ايران تا سال 1405

0

50

100

150

1355 1365 1375 1385 1395 1405

سال

ر(نف

ن يو

ميل( داد

تع

فرض حداقل فرض متوسط فرض حداکثر


88

Iran’s scientific contributionIran’s scientific contribution

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

19

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

86

87

88

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05


99

Estimation of Iran’s Scientific Output up to Estimation of Iran’s Scientific Output up to 20102010

مرکزتحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور NRISP

111109258

77156429

5357446437203100

31004030

52396811

8855

11512

14966

19456

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

20% 30%


1010

International publications: Egypt, Iran, International publications: Egypt, Iran,

TurkeyTurkey(ISI, evaluated by NRISP)(ISI, evaluated by NRISP)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Iran Turkey Egypt


1111

Average IF of Iran’s Scientific OutputAverage IF of Iran’s Scientific Output

تحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور مرکزNRISP

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Iran 2002 Iran 2003 World


1212

Iran’s International Scientific Collaboration Iran’s International Scientific Collaboration 20022002

تحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور مرکز

NRISP

8983

49

30 2722 21 17

12 11 10 9 7 6 6 5 5 5

117

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


1313

Number of countries having scientific Number of countries having scientific

collaboration with Irancollaboration with Iran(ISI; evaluated by NRISP)(ISI; evaluated by NRISP)

31 29

4754

0102030405060

2000 2001 2002 2003


1414

Number of new companies in techno-parks Number of new companies in techno-parks and/or incubatorsand/or incubators

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2002 2003 Nov.2004 Mar.2005


1515

Number of Patents per 100 ISI Papers :Number of Patents per 100 ISI Papers :Iran & World AverageIran & World Average

تحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور مرکز

NRISP

0.00 0.00 0.00

15

1312

1514 14

16

14

17

1516

15 15

14 14

18 1819 19

0.150.000.100.00 0.000.170.45

0.560.37

0.420.97

1.380.710.81

0.77

0.000.00

0.79

1414

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

19

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

20

00

20

01

Iran

World


1616

Books )separate titles( published in IranBooks )separate titles( published in Iran

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

3500019

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9920

0020

0120

02

مرکزتحقيقاتسياستعلمیکشور NRISP


1717

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Iran 2002 USA 2002 Canada 2002 Turkey 1998 Malaysia1998 India 2002

Book titles published: a Book titles published: a comparative diagramcomparative diagram


18

www.cbc.ir

http://www.cbc.ir/fa/

http://www.cbc.ir/en/


19

Encyclopedia for Young People (EYP)EYP is a general work, containing articles on topics in many different fields with authoritative and precise facts and data presented in simple language accompanied by illustrations, maps, charts and tables for young people of 10 to 16 years of age. What is most important is the Iranian aspect of this monumental effort.

www.cbc.ir

Moslem Science, National Academy of SciMoslem Science, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, September 13th, 2006ences, Washington, September 13th, 2006

2020

Vision, Iran 1404/2025Vision, Iran 1404/2025

Being the first rank in economy, science,

and technology in the region, keeping

pace with the increasingly progressive

growth of science...

Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025 Proclamation of the Vision, Iran 1404/2025


2121


Expanded collaborative relations, in all

aspects, with friendly countries, the Islamic

world, and countries of the region; joining

international collaborations towards the

world peace.



2222


Having diversified knowledge based economy, human resources, and advanced

technology.



2323

Declaration 2001Declaration 2001

Proclamation of Scientific Development of Islamic Proclamation of Scientific Development of Islamic Republic of Iran Republic of Iran

Humanities, social sciences, and arts play an

important and undeniable role in the social,

economic, cultural and political development of the

country. Every effort should be made to compensate

the weaknesses in these areas in our country.


2424

UU UUDeclaration 2001Declaration 2001

Precise and unambiguous definitions for terms and concepts related to science and technology, their different manifestations, pertaining to new national and international situations, must be introduced to make a rational planning and its proper execution in science, research, and technology possible.

Promotion of logical, scientific, and analytical thinking and dissemination of culture of dialog in the society are essential to cultural development and the realization of democracy. Thus propagation of science is considered essential for the general culture of the society and for the growth of rationality at all social levels.


2525

Declaration 2001Declaration 2001

We believe that scientific and technological development play an important role in the dissemination of peace and dialogue in the world. Hence, we presume that universities and research centers are of prime importance in bringing about international understandings.

We have had a considerable quantitative growth in our higher education during the recent two decades after the Islamic revolution. We are determined to start a new period with emphasis on excellence in all the aspects of science and research.


2626

But Why

is there no university from the Moslem world within the top 500 universities of the world?

is the science production in the Moslem world, except in Iran and Turkey, almost stagnating?

none of the countries in the Moslem world, despite many attempts and legislative actions, could increase its R&D expenditures above 0.7% of its GDP?


2727

Why

are the human development indices in the Moslem world catastrophically low?

is fundamentalism taking root in the poor as well as the rich Moslem countries?

are we facing a clash in the ME after thousands of years of coexistence?

and why does the Moslem world seem so and why does the Moslem world seem so different from the rest of the world?different from the rest of the world?


2828

Modernity and the Modernity and the Science conceptScience concept

The concepts of S&T are social The concepts of S&T are social constructs on which modernity is based;constructs on which modernity is based;

Modern rationality and the social and Modern rationality and the social and cultural values related to it are based cultural values related to it are based heavily on the modern concept of heavily on the modern concept of science;science;

The modern concept of time, so crucial in The modern concept of time, so crucial in modern life, is directly connected to the modern life, is directly connected to the concept of dynamics in the natural concept of dynamics in the natural sciences. sciences.


2929

Science concept in the Science concept in the Moslem worldMoslem world

science is subordinate to theology;science is subordinate to theology;

as a result, rationality in the Moslem world as a result, rationality in the Moslem world is not based on science, but on religion;is not based on science, but on religion;

the cultural and social values of the society the cultural and social values of the society are almost completely determined by are almost completely determined by religion. religion.


3030

House of Translation

Discontinued TraditionDiscontinued Tradition

Jondishapour Medical School/4th Century

Islamic Era

Hospital Observatory Jaame Mosque

Nezamieh

Madraseh

Pre-Islamic Era

Ratio

nalism

:10th-

14th

Sym

bo

lism- A

nti-

Ratio

nalistic

trend

s:15th&

16th

Library


3131

Modern Era-Qajar Dynasty13th/19th Century

Polytechnic of Tehran

School of Medicine

School of Law

School of Agriculture

Seminary

Modern Era-Pahlavi

Tehran Uni.Islamic Revolution

EraShiraz Uni.

Center for graduate Studies in Basic

Sciences-Zanjan

Islamic Azad Uni.KNT Uni.

Ign

oran

ce: 16th – 19th

Su

rprise:

1811- 1925

Self -

realization

: 1925- 1979

Aw

areness:

1979-

TM University

Sharif University of

Technology.


3232

Symbolism; Anti-Symbolism; Anti-rationalistic trends: rationalistic trends:

1515thth & 16 & 16th th

Ghazali & Nezam-ol-molkGhazali & Nezam-ol-molk::

Philosophy reduced to ethics;Philosophy reduced to ethics;

Science only deemed useful as it served a Science only deemed useful as it served a rigid theology;rigid theology;

Beginning of an era where Beginning of an era where science was science was reduced to theology.reduced to theology.


3333

Ignorance: 16Ignorance: 16thth – 19 – 19thth

““..we have, therefore, proved there is no need ..we have, therefore, proved there is no need to teach philosophy except what the “ulama” to teach philosophy except what the “ulama” have decided to include in their sciences. have decided to include in their sciences. Therefore, the Sheikh-ol-islam has to be careful Therefore, the Sheikh-ol-islam has to be careful not to allow anyone to be taught …”not to allow anyone to be taught …”

Solouk-ol-molouk,Solouk-ol-molouk,

Fazl-ol-lah Rouzbehaan,Fazl-ol-lah Rouzbehaan,

Contemporary to GalileoContemporary to Galileo


3434

Surprise: 1811 - 1925

…a large and right building has been constructed in Tehran’s Arg square for the education of all techniques and is named Dar-ol-fonoun and it is the intention of his imperial majesty that the children of his government learn some sciences not prevalent in our country…

Vaghaye-e Ettefaaghiyeh, 1268/1852


3535

Self-realization: 1925 - Self-realization: 1925 - 19791979

……you are requested to study the number you are requested to study the number of teachers and the kind of facilities of teachers and the kind of facilities needed for the establishment of a Dar-ol-needed for the establishment of a Dar-ol-fonoun offering medical pedagogy and fonoun offering medical pedagogy and road building engineering (paved roads road building engineering (paved roads and railways) in Tehran and also to find and railways) in Tehran and also to find out about the approximate costs...out about the approximate costs...

Teimour Taash, Reza Shah’s minister of court, to Issa Sadigh at Teimour Taash, Reza Shah’s minister of court, to Issa Sadigh at Coloumbia university, 1932Coloumbia university, 1932


3636

Research?Research?

During the establishment of the colleges of During the establishment of the colleges of literature and sciences I recognized that the literature and sciences I recognized that the objective was not merely to train a number of objective was not merely to train a number of students in a subject, but research should also students in a subject, but research should also be one of the aims of a university. To achieve be one of the aims of a university. To achieve this goal, first of all, lectures taught by this goal, first of all, lectures taught by professors are to be limited to their specific professors are to be limited to their specific fields. Therefore, a professor of geography can fields. Therefore, a professor of geography can not be assigned to instruct history… and not be assigned to instruct history… and professors should translate important professors should translate important resources they had used for their lectures…resources they had used for their lectures…

Isa Sadigh, Memoires, 1969Isa Sadigh, Memoires, 1969


3737

Awareness: 1979-Awareness: 1979-

Different policy papers;Different policy papers; Four five years economic development Four five years economic development

plans: sections for S&T;plans: sections for S&T; Huge increase in almost any Huge increase in almost any

scientometric parameter. scientometric parameter.


3838

Concepts of ScienceConcepts of Science

1. Theology as science;1. Theology as science; 2. Pre-Galilean natural philosophy as 2. Pre-Galilean natural philosophy as

science;science; 3. Contents of text-books as science;3. Contents of text-books as science; 4. Modern concept of science as a 4. Modern concept of science as a

process of creation of knowledgeprocess of creation of knowledge


3939

Most prevalent concept of Science

Science of religion is the basis, added to it some knowledge (not science, just data): obsolete concept of science


4040

We are facing many challenges in the We are facing many challenges in the Moslem world given the different Moslem world given the different consequences of the obsolete concept of consequences of the obsolete concept of science.science.


4141

Crucial EmphasisCrucial Emphasis Reform yes, but the emphasis Reform yes, but the emphasis

should be on implementing should be on implementing modern concepts of S&T modern concepts of S&T towards establishing a scientific towards establishing a scientific community and a science based community and a science based economy;economy;

This can only be achieved This can only be achieved through through excellence in S&T;excellence in S&T;


4242

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Sustainable Development in the Moslem World needs Excellence in S&T: Iran a case Study Reza Mansouri...

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