LECTURE:02

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES

M. A. Kamal, Ph.DDirector General

National Academy for Planning and Development

Mother Earth -- Our Home

It has water, oxygen and a hospitable climate

Out Line

1. Introduction2. Inequalities and Access to Resources:

2.1 Inequalities of access to educational resources2.2 Inequalities of access to Health Facilities2.3 Inequalities of access to Food2.4 Inequalities of access to Clean Water

3. Key Challenges of Sustainable Development4. Policy Challenges towards SD5. Human Resource Challenges6. Sustainable Developments Thoughts7. Challenges to Global Trend8. The Human cost of Contemporary Development9. Conclusion10. Farewell Calls

1. Introduction1.1 Several challenges threaten progress

towards sustainable development. The price hike in food and energy prices in 2008 led to a severe food crisis.

1.2 The subsequent fall of energy prices has eased some of the pressure on energy importing countries. Yet, food prices remain high.

1.3 The global financial and economic crisis in 2009 exacerbated the situation: Growth rates are falling, unemployment is rising, poverty in deepening, hunger and malnutrition are on the increase again

1.4 The main challenge is to gradually change our current unsustainable consumption and production patterns and the non-integrated approach to policy-making.”

Contd...

2.1 Inequalities of access to educational resources: Social and ethnic inequality in educational achievement constitute a troublesome and enduring aspect of schooling. Large proficiency gaps between students of high and low socio-economic status exhits all over the world.

2. Inequalities and Access to Resources:

2.2 Inequalities of access to Health Facilities:

2.2.1 Prior to the 1970s, the main movement of health workers was from the developed to the developing world. The new pattern runs in the opposite direction and weakens already fragile health systems, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (Social Science & Medicine, Nov. 2007).

2.2.2 Increased flows of labour and goods in a global health market, combined with decreased regulation, leads to increased inequality (both between and within countries) in health status and access to health care.

2.2.3 Declining public investment in the health sector has worsened conditions in both source and destination countries.

2.2.4 Health has become a commodity in a global market. This new economy involves the cross-border flow of technologies, particularly, pharmaceutical products, and health-related human resources.

2.2.5 The patterns of technological diffusion, finance and governance are complex and diverse. Inequalities in access to resources and variations in knowledge, training and cultural constructions of health combine with growing demand for health care produce global problems.

2.2.6 There are clear differences in the incidence of ill-health by social class. People in lower social classes, including children, are more likely to suffer from infective and parasitic diseases, pneumonia, poisonings or violence. Adults in lower social classes are more likely, in addition, to suffer from cancer, heart disease dialectics and respiratory disease.

2.2.4Insufficient data and knowledge about the inequalities generated by the new health-related global flows of labour and medical technologies is a services problem (Lancet, Feb. 2008).

2.2.8Global health campaigns, such as the World Health Organization's "Train, Retain and Sustain" initiative, and the G8/UN campaign for universal access to AIDS medicines may fail to achieve their objectives. It is because of limited understanding of the problems involved. These problems have important socio-cultural, economic and biomedical implications.

2.3 Inequalities of access to Food:

2.3.1 Access to healthy food is one of those issues that anyone - no matter their racial, ethnic, geographic or political stripes - can agree upon, simply because everyone has to eat. When most Americans think of food insecurity, they will immediately think of famine in some nameless countries in the developing world. But rarely do Americans think of the food injustices happening in their own backyard.

2.3.2 Intra-country inequality of access to food is due mainly to differences in income or purchasing power among households. The share of food in household expenditure declines with rising income. In addition, there are upper and lower limits to food consumption (expressed in kcal). This means that actual changes in access to food, as opposed to income is not always from.

Food production needs to be doubled to meet the demand for an additional 3 billion people in the next 30 years

Climate change is projected to decrease agricultural productivity in the tropics and sub-tropics for almost any amount of warming

2.4 Inequalities of access to Clean Water: 2.4.1Water is a fundamental environmental

resource. Access to water is a basic necessity for human survival, for agricultural production and industrial development.

2.4.2 The management of water resources can present a major challenge even for rich technologically advanced societies in temperate climates. Analysis of disputes over water resources touching on issues on politics, power, justice and law – all central concepts are within the considerations of environmental justice.

2.4.3 Inequalities in access to water resources and exposure to and effects of flooding are apparent at global, national and local levels. The 5 challenge for sustainable development and social justice in both the 3rd developed and developing worlds are there.

One third of the world’s population is now subject to water scarcity

Population facing water scarcity will be more than double over the next 30 years

Climate change is projected to decrease water availability in many arid- and semi-arid regions

Water Services

3.1 Climate change and clean energy3.2 Sustainable transport system.3.3 Sustainable consumption and production

Patterns.3.4 Conservation and management of natural

resources3.5 Public health system. 3.6 Social inclusion, demography and migration

issues 3.7 Global poverty and sustainable development

challenges

3. Key Challenges of Sustainable Development:

i) Global temperature rise be limited to 2°C

Ii) Renewables: Ensure 12% energy consumption by 2010 (15% by 2015); 21% electricity consumption

iii) Biofuels: Ensure 5.75% transport by 2010 (8% by 2015)

iv) Energy efficiency: Ensure overall saving of 9% by 2017

v) Greenhouse gases: Ensure reduction of 15-30% by 2020

Vi) Make sure Average car CO2 emissions 140 g/km by 2008/09, 120 g/km by 2012

3.1 Climate change & clean energy

3.2 Sustainable transport:

i) Sustainable transport (or green transport) refers to any means of transport with low impact on the environment, and includes walking and cycling, transit oriented development, green vehicles, Car Sharing, and building or protecting urban transport systems that are fuel-efficient, space-saving and promote healthy lifestyles.

ii) Sustainable transport systems make a positive contribution to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the communities they serve. Transport systems exist to provide social and economic connections, and people quickly take up the opportunities offered by increased mobility

iii) Transport systems have significant impacts on the environment, accounting for between 20% and 25% of world energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from transport are increasing at a faster rate than any other energy using sector. Road transport is also a major contributor to local air pollution and smog

iv) Decouple economic growth and transport demand

v) Reduced transport energy and GHG emissions vi) Reduce health-related pollution vii) Modal shiftviii) Reduced noiseix) Halve road deaths in 2010 compared with

2000x) Shift from road to rail, water and public

transport for passenger and freightxi) Improve energy efficiency through use of

cost-effective instrumentsxii) Infrastructure charging via satellite

information xiii) External costs methodologyxiv) International maritime and air trafficxv) Road safety

3.3 Sustainable consumption & productioni) Development within ecosystems’ carrying capacityii) Decouple growth from environmental degradationiii) Improving environmental and social performance for products and processesiv) Best practice Green Public Procurement (GPP)v) Increase global market share in field of environmental technologies and eco-innovations.vi) Promote sustainable products like organic farming

3.4 Conservation & management of natural resourcesi) Resource efficiency ii) Eco-innovationsiii) Reduce global biodiversity loss by 2010iv) Waste reductionv) Agriculture: rural development programme, organic farming,

animal welfare, biomass action planvi) Fisheries: reformed Common Fisheries Policyvii) Integrated water resource management, marine environment,

integrated coastal zone management

Climate change will exacerbate the loss of biodiversity

Estimated 10%-15% of the world’s species could extinct over the next 30 years

Biodiversity underlies all ecological goods and services

3.5 Public health

i) Food and feed legislation, including labellingii) Improve Animal health and welfare iii) Curbing lifestyle-related and chronic diseasesiv) Reduce health inequalitiesv) Rules by 2020 for chemicals (including pesticides) vi) Mental health and suicide risksvii) Health determinants and lifestyle viii) Food and feed legislation, including GMOsix) HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malariax) Indoor air qualityxi) Transport, Health and Environment

3.6 Social inclusion, demography & migrationi) Social cohesion, respect for cultural diversityii) Adapt to demographic changeiii) Increase employment by women, older workers,

migrants, young people, disablediv) Develop migration policyv) Reduce negative effects of globalization on workersvi) Social services vii) Modernize social protection systemsviii) Implications of demographic change for land use and

resource and energy consumption and mobility

3.7 Global poverty & global SD challenges

i) Reduce poverty risk by 2010 – especially childrenii) Advance internationally agreed goals and targetsiii) Improved international governanceiv) Promote sustainable development in WTOv) Implement initiatives on water, energy, chemicalsvi) Debt support, untying of aid

4. Policy Challenges towards SD:

.4.1 Join-up policy goals under the SD umbrella

4.2 Signal SD in external partnerships / relationships

4.3 Effective stakeholder engagement

4.4 Building SD capacity among delivery partners

5. Human Resource Challenges

.SD will need to be adequately reflected on :

5.1     Core vision and values

5.2        Training and development

5.3        Performance management

5.4        Recruitment

5.5        Career planning and placements

5.6        Internal communications5.7        Volunteering / Fund raising

6. Sustainable Developments Thoughts6.16.1 OLD SCHOOL THOUGHTSOLD SCHOOL THOUGHTS

““Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by foundations of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as to make as much money for their stockholders as possible”possible”(“Capitalism and Freedom” – Milton Friedman, 1962)(“Capitalism and Freedom” – Milton Friedman, 1962)

6.16.1 Today’s New School Of ThoughtsToday’s New School Of Thoughts““There is no conflict between social responsibility and the There is no conflict between social responsibility and the obligation on companies to use scarce resources efficiently obligation on companies to use scarce resources efficiently and be profitable – an unprofitable business is a drain on and be profitable – an unprofitable business is a drain on society. The essence of the contract between society and society. The essence of the contract between society and business is that companies shall not pursue their business is that companies shall not pursue their immediate profit objectives at the expense of the longer immediate profit objectives at the expense of the longer term interests of the community.” term interests of the community.”

(“Corporate Governance and Chairmanship” – Adrian Cadbury, 2002)(“Corporate Governance and Chairmanship” – Adrian Cadbury, 2002)

7. Challenges to Global Trend

7.1 Mindset change

7.2 How to operationalize Initiatives

7.3 New Emerging Market Forces (China, India) want to catch

up on fruits of development using old models

7.4 Sustainable Development Models not fully ‘mainstream”

7.5 Weak Demand Side (consumers need to be more aware and

demand more affirmative action)

Mindset Change

i) old school = rational economic men so deeply imbedded; limited measures of success

ii) Poverty Issues is not sole responsibility of Governments

iii) Looking at the “Poor” as market potential (Prahalad: The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid)

8. Human Cost of Contemporary Development8.1 Food Crises.8.2 Health risks increases (Break out of new diseases)

8.3 Increases mortality rate.8.3 Increases road accident:

The social costs of transport include road crashes, air pollution, physical inactivity, time taken away from the family while commuting and vulnerability to fuel price increases. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.

9. Conclusion :

9.1 Socio-Economic Integration and good Governance must ensure Sustainable Development

9.2 Change Mindset about the “Poor”9.3 Establish SD Model and replace old

school models entirely by way of effective adoption of global initiatives at operational levels.

9.4 Sustainable Development Model must be adopted by Governments and the Corporate Sector

1o. Farewell Call:

„Many people at many different places doing many little things have the power to change the image of the world.“

African Saying

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