Sustainable Bioenergy Systems for the Bioeconomy...

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Sustainable Bioenergy Systems for the Bioeconomy – Development

Status and Challenges

Reunión de Redes de Energia 2018James D. (Jim) McMillan, Ph.D.National Bioenergy CenterCuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico26 September, 2018

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• Introduction to NREL and IEA Bioenergy• International Bioenergy Landscape• Bioenergy Technologies Readiness Levels• Sustainability Considerations• Current Situation and Outlook• Final Thoughts

Outline

Introduction to NREL and IEA Bioenergy

NREL | 4NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 4

U.S. DOE’S NATIONAL LAB COMPLEX

NREL | 5

NREL

at a Glance

Employees,plus more than

400early-career

researchers and visiting scientists

World-classfacilities,

renowned technology

experts

Partnershipswith industry, academia, and

government

Campusoperates as a

living laboratory

National economic

impact

$872Mannually

nearly7501,700

NREL | 6

NREL’s Science Driving Innovations in Energy Efficiency, Renewable Power

and Transport

SolarWind Water

Geothermal

RenewablePower

Bioenergy

Vehicle Technologies

Hydrogen

Sustainable Transportation

Buildings

Advanced Manufacturing

Government Energy Management

Energy Efficiency

Energy Infrastructure

Systems Operations

Multi-sector Integration

Energy SystemsIntegration

IEA Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP)

Mission: To increase knowledge and understanding of bioenergy systems in order to facilitate the deployment of: § environmentally sound § socially acceptable and § cost-competitive bioenergy systems

Key Role: Independent collaborative body focused on delivering clear and verified information on bioenergy

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TasksTask 32 - Biomass Combustion and Co-firing

Task 33 - Gasification of Biomass and Waste

Task 34 - Direct Thermochemical LiquefactionTask 36 - Integrating Energy Recovery into Solid Waste

Management Systems

Task 37 - Energy from BiogasTask 38 - Climate Change Effects of Biomass and Bioenergy SystemsTask 39 - Commercialising Conventional and Advanced Liquid BiofuelsTask 40 - Sustainable Biomass Markets and International Bioenergy

Trade to Support the Biobased EconomyTask 42 - Biorefining in a Future BioEconomy

Task 43 - Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets

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Membership - 24 Contracting Parties in 2018

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EUROPE:§ Austria§ Belgium§ Croatia§ Denmark§ European Commission§ Estonia§ Finland§ France§ Germany§ Ireland§ Italy§ Netherlands§ Norway§ Sweden§ Switzerland§ United Kingdom

ASIA/OCEANIA/AFRICA§ Australia§ Japan§ Korea§ New Zealand§ South Africa

AMERICAS:§ Brazil§ Canada§ United States

2018 Budget: US$1.8 MillionTasks: 10 main tasks + ~6

joint/intertask projectsParticipants: ≥ 200 persons

In discussions:• China• India• Mexico

Why Bioenergy?

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Promote more efficient use of

domestic renewable

energy resources

Bolster rural development,

foster science and engineering, grow

bioeconomy,create new jobs

Reduce carbon emissions from energy and fuel production and

consumption

Reduce dependence

on non-renewable

fossil energy supplies

The utilization of biomass and wastes as energy sources can support multiple energy, economic and environmental objectives

Bioenergy Can Support Multiple Sectors

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Many Potential Bioenergy Pathways

Source: IEA 2017 Technology Roadmap - Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy. Figure 1.http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Technology_Roadmap_Delivering_Sustainable_Bioenergy.pdf

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Technology_Roadmap_Delivering_Sustainable_Bioenergy.pdf

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Bioenergy SWOT AnalysisStrengths• Flexibility: Ability to provide heat, power

or solid, liquid or gaseous fuel products• Flexibility: Ability for baseload or

intermittent power production, or longer term storage (e.g., as fuels)

• Uses domestically / regionally available biomass / waste resources

• Synergizes with BECCS/U; growing new biomass consumes atmospheric CO2

Weaknesses• Constrained feedstock supply and

associated infrastructure• Challenging economics (esp. in low

fossil fuel price market environment) • High capital costs (esp. for biofuels)• Difficult to achieve scales of economy• Complexity: spans energy, ag, forestry,

waste and environmental domains• Policy uncertainty, inconsistency

Opportunities• Grow bioeconomy, create new industries,

increase rural economic development• Create new biomanufacturing platform

− Many higher-value coproducts can also be produced by fuel routes

• Reduce waste burdens and disposal costs− Enable circular economy by valorizing

bio-based waste fractions, e.g., MSW

Threats• RE investments favoring wind, solar• Land use change concerns• Lower agricultural / forestry

productivity potential with increasing global temperatures and/or changes to rainfall patterns (hydrological cycle)

• Biofuels: Electrification of transport• Power: Alternative REs (wind, solar)

International Bioenergy Landscape

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World Energy SupplyTotal primary energy supply by fuel, 1971-2016 (Mtoe)

Source: IEA 2018 Key world energy statistics. Slide 2.

https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2291?filename=key_world_2018.pdf

https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2291?filename=key_world_2018.pdf

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Global Bioenergy Consumption in 2015


Consumption of biomass and waste resources by end use (Exajoules)


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Modern Bioenergy Growth by Sector


2008-2015Electricity

Transport

Heat


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Growth in Bio-based Power (Electricity)


Annual capacity additions by country and region, 2010-2016


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Global Renewable Power Production


Non-hydro renewable electricity generation, 2010-2016


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Global Biofuels Production


2006-2016


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Global Biofuels Production


2006-2016


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Global Biofuels ProductionMillion tonnes oil equalivent (Mtoe), 2007-2017

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2018. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-renewable-energy.pdf

è America’s dominate world production, feedstock constrains biodiesel

https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-renewable-energy.pdf

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Bioenergy for Heat


Renewable energy consumption for heat, 2010 and 2015


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Bioenergy Use for Heat within Industry


2015


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Global Wood Pellet Production and Use


Wood pellet consumption by end use, 2012-2016


Bioenergy Technologies Readiness Levels

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Bioenergy Technologies Readiness Status

Source: IEA 2017 Technology Roadmap - Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy. Table 1.http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Technology_Roadmap_Delivering_Sustainable_Bioenergy.pdf

Solid Fuel Production, Anaerobic Digestion & Thermochemical


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Heat, Power Generation, Co-firing and Co-Generation


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Biofuels for transport


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Bioenergy and Carbon Capture and Sequestration or Use

(BECCS and BECCU)

è These are among a few promising routes to draw down atmospheric CO2 levels, and BECCS can also be achieved building up soil carbon

è Fermentation can provide low cost source of concentrated CO2, which is needed to minimize carbon capture and sequestration costs


Sustainability Considerations

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Multifaceted, Complex Sustainability MetricsEnvironmental and socioeconomic sustainability indicators

Courtesy of Dr. Helena Chum (NREL) (Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL)

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Assessment Methodologies Evolving

Courtesy of Dr. Helena Chum (NREL) (Source: Kline et al., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL)

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International ISO Standards Promulgated

Courtesy of Dr. Helena Chum (NREL)

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Attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)


è Up-to-date life cycle inventory data for energy/material inputs key!è Transparency in assumptions and calculation procedures required to

obtain results verifiable by others (needed for consensus findings)

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Application of LCA to Transport Biofuels

Courtesy of Dr. Helena Chum (NREL) (Source: Dr. A.M. Kendall, Dept. of Civil & Environ. Eng., UC Davis)

è Harmonization including in how coproducts are treated is essential to get agreement between LCA models of specific scenarios!

Current Situation and Outlook

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More Fully Integrated Solutions Required:Must Optimize Both Energy Production and Use

• better fuels. better vehicles. sooner.

Crosscutting initiative tackling fuel and

engine innovation to co-optimize

performance, maximize transport efficiency. Will contribute to Adv. Fuels in Adv. Engines Task 39-AMF study.

Advancing R&D to:• Bring affordable, scalable advanced

biofuels and advanced engine solutions to market more quickly

• Improve fuel economy 15%–20%

beyond targets of BAU R&D efforts• Reduce petroleum use, achieve

massive cost savings annually via improved fuel economy• Dramatically decrease transport

sector pollutants and GHG emissions

Example: USDOE’s Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines Initiative “Co-optima”

Draws on collaborative expertise of two DOE research offices, nine national

laboratories, and numerous industry and academic partners.

http://energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/co-optimization-fuels-engines

Early finding: Attractive combo is higher ethanol (octane) blends in high compression engines.

http://energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/co-optimization-fuels-engines

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Must Better Leverage Existing Infrastructure

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Example: Ensyn’s Pyrolysis and Petroleum Refining Coprocessing Technology

https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/Graham_0.pdf

https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/Graham_0.pdf

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Must Implement Circular Economy TechnologiesExample: Enerkem’s MSW to Alcohols Gasification & Catalysis Technology


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Must Grow Bioenergy’s Future Contribution


In 2015 and in IEA’s 2060 “2 Degree Scenario” (2DS)

èAchieving 2060 2DS will require major shifts from traditional to modern bioenergy technologies as well as large capacity expansion across all sectors


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Uncertain Impact of Future Climate

Source: UN FAO 2018 The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets. Figure 2.1. http://www.fao.org/3/I9542EN/i9542en.pdf

Predicted Changes in Agricultural Production in 2050

èAchieving 2DS in 2060 requires major shift from traditional to modern bioenergy as well as large capacity expansion

http://www.fao.org/3/I9542EN/i9542en.pdf

Final Thoughts

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Mexico’s Energy ConsumptionTotal energy consumption by source, 2015

Source: EIA 2017 Country Analysis Brief: Mexico. Figure 2. https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Mexico/mexico.pdf

https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Mexico/mexico.pdf

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Mexico’s Power GenerationElectricity generation by fuel source, 2015

Source: EIA 2017 Country Analysis Brief: Mexico. Figure 12. (EIA’s source: SENER) https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Mexico/mexico.pdf

https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Mexico/mexico.pdf

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International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)•Mexico has a large and diverse renewable

energy resource base.•With accelerated development and

conversion of traditional uses for cooking and building heating to modern forms of bioenergy, total bioenergy consumption in all end-use sectors for heating or as transport fuels could reach 685 petajoules (PJ) by 2030, more than 1/3 of total renewable energy use.• Realizing such a vision will require new

policies to promote bioenergy for heat, power and fuel applications in the buildings, industry and transport sectors.http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_remap_mexico_summary_2015.pdf

http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_remap_mexico_summary_2015.pdf

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Conclusions

2. Photosynthesis remains our only sustainable source of (oxygenated) hydrocarbons

3. Many Bioenergy/fuels Technologies Proven:– Sugar- (Brazil, EU) and grain-based (US, EU)

ethanol; cellulose-based demonstrated at large scales, both sugar fermentation and gasification (catalytic and fermentation) pathways

– Plant oil-based FAME biodiesel and renewable diesel / HVO commercialized; feedstock constrained

− Anaerobic digestion demonstrated for many waste/residue streams with biogas upgrading for grid and/or transport rapidly increasing

4. Economics remain challenged by low fossil energy prices and policy, especially valuation of carbon/GHG mitigation

1. Bioenergy will play a large role in future decarbonization2. Renewable plant biomass and wastes can be carbon-

neutral and carbon net sequestering, building soil carbon è Effective regulation and policy are key!

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Recommended Next Steps for Mexico

èFully leverage worldwide learnings!

èExplore collaborations / knowledge transfer with IEA Bioenergy, the United States and Canada and beyond to accelerate capacity building and implementation of modern bioenergy technologies for Mexico

èTailor approaches to Mexico’s specific regional feedstocks and wastes and decarbonization objectives

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• IEA Bioenergy and especially IEA Bioenergy Task 39www.ieabioenergy.com & task39.ieabioenergy.com

• International Energy Agency (IEA)www.iea.org

• International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)www.irena.org

• US Energy Information Administration (EIA)www.eia.gov

• USDOE’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/

• USDOE-USDA Biomass R&D Initiativewww.biomassboard.gov

• Alternative Fuels Data Centerwww.afdc.doe.gov

• National Renewable Energy Laboratorywww.nrel.gov

More Information

http://www.ieabioenergy.com/

http://task39.ieabioenergy.com/

http://www.iea.org/

http://www.irena.org/

http://www.eia.gov/

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/

http://www.biomassboard.gov/

http://www.afdc.doe.gov/

http://www.nrel.gov/

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• USDOE EERE’s BioEnergy Technologies Office (BETO)

• IEA Bioenergy Tasks 38 and Dr. Helena Chum, Senior Research Fellow Emeritus, NREL’s BEST Directorate

• IEA Bioenergy Task 39

• NREL’s National Bioenergy Center, Biosciences Center and BioEnergy Science and Technology (BEST) Directorate

Acknowledgments

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