Sustainability of the OpenSim Community: A Research Agenda
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SETTING THE STAGE- - -
EXPLORING ACTOR ROLES FOR PRIVATE-COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY
SUSTAINABILITY
RESEARCH-IN-PROGRESS
Robin TeiglandStockholm School of Economics
Paul M. Di GangiLoyola University Maryland
Zeynep YetisStockholm School of Economics
October 2011
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Introduction & Research Questions
Research Setting
Proposed Methodology
Expected Contributions
Questions & Answers
Thank You!
Overview
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The Firm
The Collective
vs
Microsoft~ Built by employees within
organizational boundaries
Linux~ Built by users and distributed freely regardless of affiliation
Models of Knowledge Creation
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Communities expanding across industries
• Software (e.g., LINUX, Apache, and MySQL)
• Pharmaceuticals (e.g., pinkarmy)
• Physical goods (e.g., farm machinery)
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Threadless:What came first – the community or
the company?
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eZ230+
Partners
40,900Communitymembers
5,000+Customers in 130 countries
eZ Ecosystem
• Open source content management software• 70 employees in 9 countries (US, Europe & Asia)• Customers: Financial Times, Wall Street Journal, UN, Vogue, Hitachi, 3M, MIT
70 emp
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Community and firm share experiences and knowledge to co-create value
Community is a complementary asset to be leveraged and combined with firm’s internal
assets to deliver competitive solutions(Dahlander & Wallin 2006)
Private-collective Community (von Hippel & von Krogh 2003)
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But there’s tension...
Private ModelDistribution of returns
and delegation of value creation solely to
organization
Collective ModelOpenness and free
distribution of intellectual ideas for common or
public good
VS
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Our Primary Research Question
How do private-collective communities sustain themselves despite the challenges that the
tension produces?
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Level of Analysis = Community (not the individual nor the firm)
Research Question One
(RQ1) Who are the key actors in a private-collective community, what roles do they
fulfill, and what resources do they contribute to the community to ensure its sustainability?
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• Individual motivations from self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Gagné & Deci, 2005; See summary by von Krogh et al., Forthcoming)
– Intrinsic (e.g., fun, enjoyment)– Internalized extrinsic (e.g., reputation, reciprocity,
learning, and own-use)– Extrinsic (e.g., career and pay)
• Particularly when firms can freely leverage your resources for private gains.– Fairness & Transparency (Di Gangi et al., Forthcoming; Di Gangi
et al., 2010)
Research Question Two
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Divergent interests
O’Mahony & Bechky, ASQ, 2008
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(RQ2a) What motivates an individual to contribute privately held, valuable resources to a collective that will make the outcome of his or her efforts
free to any that seek it?
or does it feel like firms are stealing their candy?
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(RQ2a) What motivates a firm to contribute to a collective that may produce unanticipated outcomes
that could diverge from its interests?
or does it feel like “customers” are looting the store?
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• As communities mature– Go through different phases of governance – Bureaucratic and democratic mechanisms are
blended in line with the community’s changing conceptions of authority (O’Mahony & Ferraro, 2007)
(RQ3) What are the reciprocal effects of actor behavior (and motivation) and the governance structures used by the community to ensure its
sustainability?
Research Question Three
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Introduction & Research Questions
Research Setting
Proposed Methodology
Expected Contributions
Questions & Answers
Thank You!
Overview
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The emerging 3D internet
O’Driscoll 2009
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Open Source
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The OpenSim Community
Core Developers
Missing Core Developers
Retired Core Developers
Developers/ Testers/ Contributors
OpenSim Users
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The Decision Makers
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Organizational Agents
Dahlander & Wallin (2006)
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More than just developers…
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Introduction & Research Questions
Research Setting
Proposed Methodology
Expected Contributions
Questions & Answers
Thank You!
Overview
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Proposed Methodology
RQ Focus:RQ 1
Core Methodology:Semi-Structured Interviews;
Questionnaires
Approach:Snowball technique
Outcome Focus:Identification of key actors, roles, and resources within
the private-collective community
RQ Focus:Validation & Refinement
Core Methodology:Semi-Structured Interviews;
Case Analysis
Approach:Identified Interviewees
Outcome Focus:Validate existing findings with community members
and extend based upon feedback
RQ Focus:RQ 2 & RQ 3
Core Methodology:Archival; Textual; Network;
Event-driven Analysis
Approach:Web Scraping
Outcome Focus:Develop understanding of evolutionary structure of
community as well as motivations
Stage One Stage ThreeStage Two
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Introduction & Research Questions
Research Setting
Proposed Methodology
Expected Contributions
Questions & Answers
Thank You!
Overview
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Additional theory• Contingency-based Perspective for Organizing (Lawrence &
Lorsch, 1967)
– Nature and form of organizing is determined by the environment in which a phenomenon operates
– Absorption and reaction to sudden shocks are resolved through the adaptive governance mechanisms derived from the inter-related web of behaviors and motivations driving resource contributions from the key actors of a private-collective community (Weick, 1969)
• Adaptive Governance of Social-ecological Systems (Folke et al., 2005)
– “In a social-ecological system with high adaptability, the actors have the capacity to reorganize the system within desired states in response to changing conditions and disturbance events.”
– “Crisis, perceived or real, seems to trigger learning and knowledge generation (58) and opens up space for new management trajectories of resources and ecosystems.”
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Additional theory
• Toward a Network Perspective of the Study of Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems (Janssen et al., 2006)
– “Nodes and links are not always active. Some are sleeping nodes and links that are activated only in specific situations such as a crisis. Maintaining the capacity to reactivate these nodes and links in times of crisis is an important contribution to the system’s resilience. When nodes or links disappear from a system, it seems that one characteristic of a resilient system is the ability to fill up that space in the network with new nodes and links.” (Walker et al. 1999)
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RQ 3: Evolution of Community Structure
Picture source: Wasko & Teigland 2004
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Change in Number of Participants
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
Janu
ary
Febru
ary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
ne July
Augus
t
Septe
mbe
r
Octo
ber
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Peo
ple
Part 2000 Part 2001 Part 2002 Part 2003 Part 2004
Picture courtesy of Wasko
RQ 3: Mapping Over Time
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Inta
ngib
le R
esou
rces
Tang
ible
Res
ourc
es
Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
Exploratory Analysis Objective:-------------------------------------------------------Determine role characteristics of main actors
and what motivates them to contribute resources over time.
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Introduction & Research Questions
Research Setting
Proposed Methodology
Expected Contributions
Questions & Answers
Thank You!
Overview
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Research Questions• How do private-collective communities sustain
themselves despite challenges that such conflicts produce? – RQ1: Who are key actors in private-collective community, what roles do they
fulfill, and what resources do these actors contribute to community to ensure sustainability?
– (RQ2a) What motivates an individual to contribute his or her privately held, valuable resources to a collective that will make the outcome of his or her efforts free to any that seek it?
– (RQ2b) What motivates a firm to contribute its resources to a collective that may produce unanticipated outcomes that could diverge from its private interests?
– (RQ3) What are the reciprocal effects of actor behavior (and motivation) and the governance structures used by the community to ensure its sustainability?