Susquehanna Nuclear Power Plant

8/3/2019 Susquehanna Nuclear Power Plant

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Project Presentation

Electricity

Generation throughSteam Electric Power

Plant


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v Steam Electric Power Plantv Nuclear Energy in the world todayv Fission Reactionv

The Susquehanna Steam Electric PowerPlantv Energy generation at present in Pakistanv Nuclear energy and Pakistan

v Ground realitiesv Nuclear waste and precautionsv Conclusionv References

Contents


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Steam Electric Power Plant

v A steam electric power plant is the onewhich produces electricity with the help ofsteam, produced from heat energy and usedto run turbines.

vThe fuel used can be oil, gas, coal or nuclearfuel which is composed of RadioactiveElements such as Uranium and Plutonium.


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vThe first commercial nuclear steam electricpower stations started operation in the1950s.

vThere are now some 436 commercial nuclearpower reactors operating in 30 countries,with 372,000Mew of total capacity.

vThey provide about 16% of the world's

electricity as continuous, reliable base-loadpower, and their efficiency is increasing.v 56 countries operate a total of about 250

research reactors and a further 220 nuclear

reactors power ships and submarines.

Nuclear Energy in theworld today


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v Over 16% of the world's electricity isproduced from nuclear energy, more thanfrom all sources worldwide in 1960.

vToday, only eight countries are known tohave a nuclear weapons capability.

v While 56 countries operate civil researchreactors, and 30 have some 440 commercialnuclear power reactors with a total installedcapacity of over 370,000 MW.

vThis is more than three times the totalgenerating capacity of France or Germany

from all sources.

Nuclear Energy in theworld today


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v A nuclear reactor produces and controls therelease of energy released from the atomsof Radioactive elements such as Uraniumand Plutonium (FissionReaction).

vTypes of Fission Reactions:v Fission Chain reaction: Used in Atomic

Bombs.v

Controlled Fission Reaction: Used in NuclearReactors for producing energy.

Working of NuclearReactors


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v Uranium atoms are bombarded with highspeed neutrons which break the nucleus andemit 2-3 more neutrons, two daughter nucleiand heat energy.

vThe emitted neutrons then hit more Uraniumatoms and so the amount of energy andnumber of neutrons increases, giving rise toa huge amount of heat energy.

vThis is called Fission Chain Reaction used inNuclear Bombs.

Fission Chain Reaction


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v In this type of Fission Reaction, the numberof emitted neutrons is controlled with thehelp ofBoron rods.

v Boron rods have the property to absorbneutrons.

v Heavy water is also used.vThus the energy produced is controlled and

used for generating electricity in NuclearPower Plants.

Controlled FissionReaction


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Susquehanna SteamElectric Power Plant


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Hitory:v 1970 - PPL announces construction plans for

the plant and chooses a site.v 1973 - The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

issues a construction permit and work beginsin November. More than 5,000 people workto design, build and test the plant.

v 1982- Unit 1 receives an operating licensein July and generates its first electricity in

November.v 1983 - Unit 1 begins commercial service in

June.v -

History & Location


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Location:v Located in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania

state, U.S.A.v Spreads over a site of1,075 acres, with

about 1,500 employees working.v About seven miles northeast of Berwick,

Pennsylvania.

v Down the hill from the plant and along theSusquehanna River is the SusquehannaEnergy Information Center.

History & Location


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How does a BWR Reactorworks?

v Its a BWRreactor(Boiling WaterReactor)where the reactor core creates heat.

v A steam-water mixture is produced whenvery pure water (reactor coolant) movesupward through the core absorbing heat.

vThe steam-water mixture leaves the top ofthe core and enters the two stages ofmoisture separation where water dropletsare removed before the steam is allowed toenter the steam line.

vThe steam line directs the steam to the main

turbine causing it to turn the turbinegenerator, which produces electricity.


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BWR Reactor working


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Fuel:v Powering each reactor at the Susquehanna

nuclear plant is about 135 metric tons ofenriched uranium dioxide in the form ofceramic pellets. A single pellet can producethe same amount of energy as 1,000 poundsof coal or 100 gallons of gasoline.

v About 30 million of these pellets, which areabout the size of a standard pencil eraser,fuel each reactor. Fuel pellets are stacked12.5 feet high inside rods that areabout 13.5 feet long.

vThe rods are arranged in assemblies. Each

Working of SusquehannaPlant


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Reactor Vessel:vThe fission process occurs in the reactor vessel.v Each of Susquehanna's reactor vessels is a 750-ton

cylinder about 21 feet in diameter standing more than73 feet tall with 4-inch to 9-inch thick steel walls.

vThe reactor vessel contains about 130,000 gallons ofwater used to create steam and to cool the reactor fuel.

v Heat released during fission boils water to make steam.v Plant operators control the nuclear reaction by inserting

or withdrawing control rods between the fuelassemblies in the reactor. Each Susquehanna reactorhas 185 control rods.



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Turbine:v More than 14million pounds of steam per

hour from the reactor passes through anassembly of four turbines, each withhundreds of fan-like blades on rotating parts.

vThe turbines are connected to a generator.



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Generator:vThe turbines spin a main generator at

1,800 revolutions per minute to producemore than 1 million kilowatts of electricity.



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Condenser:v After the steam turns the turbine, it passes

into a condenser and is cooled back intowater.

v Nearly 450,000 gallons of cooling water fromthe unit's cooling tower and theSusquehanna River flow every minutethrough a piping system made up of morethan 81,000 condenser tubes (about 600miles of tubing).

v When the steam hits the cool pipes, itcondenses back into water. The condensercan turn more than 8 million pounds of



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Cooling Tower:v After passing through the condenser tubing,

the non-radioactive cooling river water ispumped back to the towers where it trickles

down over a series of baffles.v As the water falls, it is cooled by

evaporation. Heat and water vapor rise fromthe towers.

v At full power, each tower evaporates about10,000 gallons of water per minute.

v Cooled water collects at the tower base and

is pumped back to the condenser.v



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Unit

Net Capacity

MW(e)

Generation

(Million

Kilowatt

Hours)

Capacity

Factor

(Percent)

TypeOn Line

Date

License

Expiratio

n Date

1 1,149 8,984 89 BWR 6/8/1983 7/17/2022

2 1,140 10,056 100 BWR 2/12/19853/23/2024

2,289 19,040 95

Susquehanna GenerationDetails


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vThe design of Susquehanna, and all nuclearplants in the United States, is based on a"defense-in-depth" concept, which refers tothe multiple layers of protection for public

health and safety.v At the center are design features to contain

radiation within the plant and minimize therelease of radioactive material in any event.

vThe design includes redundant safetysystems and imposing concrete and steelbarriers.

v Beyond physical barriers are carefullydeveloped work procedures and extensively

Environmental Safeties


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Design:v Fuel is formed into ceramic pellets that hold

in most radioactive byproducts of nuclearfission.

vThe Susquehanna plant has multiple levelsof safety systems, all of which can operatemanually or automatically.

vThe reactor vessel has steel walls 4 to 9inches thick.

v Surrounding the reactor is a containmentstructure made of 6-foot-thick concrete with

a quarter-inch-thick steel lining.v



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vThe reactor building, which has steel-reinforced concrete walls, serves as asecondary containment structure.

vTo prevent air leakage, air pressure inside

the reactor building is kept slightly lowerthan outside air pressure.

v Multiple plant cooling systems, a variety ofwater sources and a series of independentemergency core cooling systems ensure anadequate water supply to maintain properfuel temperature.

v An air filtration system minimizes the effectand continuously monitors airborne radiation



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v Pakistan is facing some serious problems ofenergy shortages.

v According to the latest figures of PEPCO,current power generation is 13280MW

against the total demand of14200 MW,showing a gap of900MW.

vThis production and demand gap varies somuch that at times it reaches to even3000-4000MW!!.

Energy productionsituation in Pakistan


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v In Pakistan, nuclear power makes a smallcontribution to total energy production andrequirements

v Pakistan produces only 2.34% of the

country's electricity from nuclear fuel. Totalgenerating capacity is 20 GW and in 2006,98 billion kWh gross was produced, 37% of itfrom gas, 29% from oil.



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Public sector MW %WAPDA 6444 33

GENCOs 4834 25

PAEC 462 2!!!!Sub-total = 11740 60

Private sector

IPPs 6185 31

KESC 1756 9Sub-total = 7941 40

Grand total 19681100

Public Vs PrivateContribution


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v Since all generating units are not workingwith full potential, the practical generatedenergy is somehow 6000-7000MW less thanthe given figures.

v Many power plants have loan pending onPublic Institutions, making them unable toprovide funds for fuel.



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v Pakistan has got the nuclear capabilitysince 1985.

v Rich in Re-usable Uranium present in largequantities in Baluchistan.

v A lot of potential in this sector still to beutilized.

v Pakistan has a small nuclear powerprogram, with 425 MWe capacity, but plansto increase this substantially.

Nuclear Energy & Pakistan


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v At present, Pakistan has only 3 nuclearplants, one still under construction.

v Enriched fuel for the PWRs(pressurized waterreactors) is imported from China.

v First nuclear power reactor is a small(125MWe) Canadian pressurized heavy waterreactor (PHWR) which started up in 1971 andwhich is under international safeguards -KANUPP near Karachi.

Pakistan & Nuclear Energy


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Reactor Type

MWe

Constructi

on

start

Commercial

operationKarachi PHWR 125 1966 12/72

Chashm

a 1

PWR 300 1993 6/00

Chashm

a 2

PWR 300 2005 expected

2011

Total 425

Different Plants & theircapacity


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Nuclear Energy & GroundRealities in Pakistan

v Pakistan is a poor country and thus lacks thefunds to build Nuclear Power Plants.

v Pakistan has still not been given the right toutilize Civil Nuclear Technology, so difficult to

access the nuclear equipment inInternational Market.

v Investment cost for building Nuclear plants isvery high and the construction timeextensively long.

l d


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vThe political will of the government topromote renewable energies is weak.

v Alternative Energy Development Board lackspolitical capacities compared with the

ministries of water and power, and the oiland gas.

Nuclear Energy & GroundRealities in Pakistan

hi h i b


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The choice of a source for electricitygeneration depends upon many factors:v Costv Amount of Energy producedv Environmental threatsv Long lasting or temporaryv Effect on economy

Which source is best togenerate electricity?


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Which source is best togenerate electricity?

N l I Th B t F


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Nuclear Is The Best ForPakistan

v Very large amount of energy can beproduced from a small quantity of fuel.

v Fuel used once, can be reused.v Has got the nuclear technology.v Long lasting source of producing energy.v Very cheap source once the Nuclear Plants

are built.

v Absence of toxic emissions of carbon dioxideand sulfur oxide.

H t i th


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v Demand the world community to givePakistan the right to Civil Nuclear

Technology.v Invite the private sector to invest in the

Nuclear Energy.v Provide basic infrastructurev Make a clear and consistent policyv

Enhance co-operation with China & France.

How to improve thesituation?

I With Th N l


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Cost:vThe initial cost for construction of a nuclear

power plant is very high.v It takes too much time to build a nuclear

power plant.v A research by A H Nayyar and Fahd Ali, from

SDPI, Pakistan, on Economics of nuclearenergy in Pakistan showed that nuclearenergy is more expensive than conventionalthermal energy.

vThis survey showing high cost of nuclear

energy is on the basis of initial cost.

Issues With The NuclearPower Plants


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vThe volume of nuclear waste produced bythe nuclear industry is very small comparedwith other wastes generated.

v Each year, nuclear power generation

facilities worldwide produce aboutv 200,000 m3 of low- and intermediate-level

radioactive waste.v About 10,000 m3 of high-level waste

including used fuel designated as waste.

Nuclear waste

N l t d th i


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There are three types of Nuclear Waste:-Exempt waste & very low level waste:v Exempt waste and very low level waste

(VLLW) contains radioactive materials at alevel which is not considered harmful topeople or the surrounding environment.

v It consists mainly of demolished material(such as concrete, plaster, bricks, metal,valves, piping etc) produced duringrehabilitation or dismantling operations onnuclear industrial sites.

Nuclear waste and theirdisposal


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Intermediate-level waste:v Intermediate-level waste (ILW) contains

higher amounts of radioactivity and somerequires shielding.

v It typically comprises resins, chemicalsludges and metal fuel cladding, as well ascontaminated materials from reactordecommissioning.

v Smaller items and any non-solids may besolidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal.It makes up some 7% of the volume and has4% of the radioactivity of all radwaste

Nuclear waste


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High-level waste:v High-level waste (HLW) arises from the

'burning' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor.v HLW contains the fission products and

transuranic elements generated in thereactor core. It is highly radioactive and hot,so requires cooling and shielding.

v It can be considered as the 'ash' from'burning' uranium.

v HLW accounts for over 95% of the totalradioactivity produced in the process of

electricity generation.

Nuclear waste


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v High-level waste (HLW) is the major issuearising from the use of nuclear reactors togenerate electricity.

v Highly radioactive fission products and also

transuranic elements are produced fromuranium and plutonium.

v Countries have adopted a closed cycle andutilized reprocessing to recycle material from

used fuel, the fission products and minoractinidesb are separated from uranium and

v plutonium and treated as HLW (uraniumand plutonium is then re-used as fuel inreactors).

Nuclear waste


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Cycle of nuclear waste


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vThe biggest problem with Nuclear Waste isthat it emits radiations.

vThese radiations are very harmful to livingorganisms.

v In general, the only way to get rid of Nuclearwaste is to store it at a safe place.

Disposal of Nuclear waste


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Compaction:v Compaction is a mature, well-developed and

reliable volume reduction technology that isused for processing mainly solid man-made

low-level waste (LLW).v Compactors can range from low-force

compaction systems (~5 tonnes or more)through to presses with a compaction force

over 1000 tonnes, referred to as supercompactors.

Disposal of Nuclear waste

Compaction machine


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Compaction machine


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Cementation:v Cementation through the use of specially

formulated grouts provides the means toimmobilize radioactive material that is on

solids and in various forms of sledges andprecipitates/gels (flocks) or activatedmaterials.

v Solid wastes are placed into containers. The

grout is then added into this container andallowed to set.

vThe container with the now monolithic blockof concrete/waste is then suitable for storageand disposal.

Disposal of Nuclear Waste


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Cementation Container


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Vitrification:v Borosilicate glass has been chosen as the

medium for dealing with HLW.v The stability of ancient glass for thousands

of years highlights the suitability ofborosilicate glass as a matrix material.

vThis method has also been extended for LLWwastes where the type of waste or theeconomics have been appropriate.

Disposal of Nuclear Waste


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Vitrification machine


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v All conventional sources together are notsufficient to meet our energy demands.

v Oil and gas can be used for next 40-50 yearsonly

v Nuclear fuel is more energy producing andmore environmental friendly.

Conclusion


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John StephensonPeter Tynan

Dahlberg Global Development Advisors Canadian Journal on Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Vol. 1, No.3, April2010

Crisis of Electrical Energy in Pakistan andFuture guide

line for policy makers

Sifat Shah, A. Rashid, M.K.L Bhatti, ShahidKhattak, Laiq Khan

Demand side management Concept and

References


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IAEE (International Association for EnergyEconomics), 1988 south and Southeast AsiaPricing issue, v.9,

US Department of energy 2002, office of

energy efficiency and Renewable Energy,Geothermal Energy Program

FBS, 1998, 50 years of Pakistan in statistics.Federal Bureau of Statistics Government of

Pakistan Vol.1,p.1-140 FBS, 2002a statistical pocket book of

Pakistan 2002: Government of PakistanJanuary 2002

References

Susquehanna Nuclear Power Plant

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