Survey Presentations- Compiled.ppt

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What is a survey?

• Def : Information collected from a group ofpeople in order to describe some aspects orcharacteristics of the population of whichthat group is a part by asking questions

from a sample rather than from everymember of the population

• Most surveys posses 3 basic characteristics:

– The collection of information

– From a sample

– y as!ing "uestions



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/ollects information Drawn from pre4determined

population 'ne time to collect data



%5g:

,rof5 6 ta!es a survey of students7interest to ta!e 0iterature study in

achelor study with students at 83years old9 8 years old and 8; yearsold

/ensus: When an entire population issurve ed5



Trend &tudy

Data collected from di<erent samplein a population5

&ample ta!en each year9 not thesame people involved in one sample5 -esearcher e=amine and compare

responses each year to see anyapparent trends5



Method in collecting data through Trend &tudy5

85 ,roposed a research study >e5g:

*ttitudes of high school principalstoward the use of e=ible scheduling@

)5 &elect sample each year

35 &ample changes each year9 !eepcollecting data

A5 -esponses will be obtained



Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Year

A t t i t u d e s o f P r i n c i p a l s



/ohort &tudy

&ample that do not change its memberalong the study5

%5g: rowth in teaching e<ectiveness of

all Brst year teacher who had graduatedin past year5

(ames of all teachers listed (ever change name of teachers along

the research Di<erent sample would be ta!en in

di<erent times5



,anel &tudy

4 &urvey &*M% people but at DIFF%-%(Ttime

4 *ble to ma!e changes in their

characteristics and behavior4 %=plore reason for changes

4 %5g:C &urvey last year7s graduates students of &t5

Francis $niversity9 who are Brst year teachers5C &urvey &*M% group of individuals several

times along the teaching year5



%=plain the purpose ofsurveys

• To describe the characteristics of apopulation5

• /haracteristics

– *bilities

– 'pinions

– *ttitudes

– eliefs

– !nowledge



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Cross-Sectional Longitudinal

Collect information from sample that hasbeen withdrawn from pre-determinedpopulation.

Collect samples in different points ofpopulation by 3 designs:

1. rend Study!. Cohort Study3. "anel Study

Short. #ime ta$en from day to fewwee$s%

Long period #ime ta$en from months toyears.%



Describe how surveyresearch di<ers from othertype of research5



&urvey -esearch

• &urveys are not suitable for allresearch topics9 especially thatre"uire observation of subects or the

manipulation of variables5

• The sample to be surveyed should beselected randomly if possible5



&urvey -esearch

• It is not uncommon for researchers toe=amine the relationship of responsesto one "uestion in a survey to

another9 or of a score based on oneset of survey "uestions to a scorebased on another set5

• In this case9 the techni"ues of/orrelational research are moreappropriate5



&teps in &urvey -esearch

DeBning the problem

• The problem should be suEcientlyinteresting and important to motivate

individuals to respond5• &urvey obectives must be deBne clearly5

• * hierarchical approach can be used 2

beginning with the broadest9 mostgeneral "uestions and ending with themost speciBc5




Identifying the target population

• The focus of study is called the unitof analysis5

• The group of persons that is thefocus of the study is called the targetpopulation5




/hoosing the mode of datacollection

• y direct administration of thesurvey instrument to a group5

• y mail

• y telephone• y personal interview



/'M,*-I&'(

TELEPHONE MAIL PERSONAL

INTERVIE

W

/omparative cost Intermediate Intermedi

ate

1igh

Facilities needed? (o (o +es-e"uire training of

"uestioner?

+es (o +es

Data4collection time &hort 0onger 0ongest

-esponse rate ood ,oorest .ery 1ighroup administration

possible?

(o (o +es

*llow for random

sampling?

+es +es +es

-e"uire literate sample? (o +es (o



METHOD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

M*I0 • Ine=pensive• /an be conBdential or

anonymous

• %asy to score most items

• &tandardiGed items and

procedures

• -esponse rate may be small• /annot probe9 e=plain9 or

follow up items

• 0imited to respondents who

can read

•

,ossibility of response sets T%0%,1'(

%

• 1igh response rates

• #uic! data collection

• /an reach a range of

locations and

respondents

• -e"uires phone number lists

• DiEcult to get in4dept data

• *dministrators must be

trained

I(T%-.I%

W

• /an probe9 follow up9 and

e=plain "uestions

• $sually high return rate

• May be recorded for later

transcription and

analysis

• Time4consuming

• (o anonymity

• ,ossible interviewer bias

• /omple= scoring of

unstructured items

• *dministrator must be



85Is this "uestion that can beas!ed

e=actly the way it is written?)5Is this a "uestion that will

meanthe same thing to everyone?

35Is this a "uestion that people

cananswer?

A5Is this a "uestion that people

will

Di<erence between a closed



Di<erence between a closed4ended and an open4ended

"uestion$lose e!"e" %uesto! Ope! e!"e" %uesto!

Multiple choice "uestions &ubective "uestions

*llow a respondent to select his orher answer from a number of

options

*llow for more individualiGedresponses

May use measure opinions9attitudes or !nowledge

&ometimes diEcult to intepret

%asy to use9 score and code foranalysis on a computer

1ard to score 2 many di<erentresponses are received

More diEcult to write %asy to write 4 construct

,ose the possibility that anindividualHs true response is notpresent among the options given

-espondents sometimes do notli!e the "uestions



W1+ ('(4-%&,'(&% I& * ,-'0%M I(&$-.%+ -%&%*-/1?



W1+?

(- have di<erent point of viewabout the topic5

(- is not agree with the topicdiscussed in the survey5

(- lac! of interest to answer5 Forgetfulness $nwillingness



IF (- -%&,'(D?

If (- may respond9 the replieswould mislead to di<erent result

of the study5 May a<ect the hypotheses of the

study5

ring more diEculties toresearchers5



1'W T' I(/-%*&% -*T% 'F-%&,'(&%&?

*dministrate the "uestions or

interview "uestions properly

Format the questionnaire or interview schedule

*dministrate The



*dministrate The#uestionnaire or Interview

,roperly Ma!e the condition for "uestionnaire

and interview administration as simpleand convenient as possible5

&urveyed group have bac!ground!nowledge about your topic of interest5

Train interviewers on how to as!

"uestions5 Train interviewers on how to dress

properly5



Format The #uestionnaire orInterview #uestions

,rovide suEcient space for respondents >orinterviewees@ to Bll in biographical data needed5 e5g:*ge9 ender9 rade 0evel9 -ace5

&pecify what !ind of information wanted from the

respondents5 e sure each item is related to the obectives of study5 $se close4ended >M/#@ rather than open4ended >free

response@ *void psychologically threatening "uestions5 %liminate leading "uestions /hec! ambiguity of items5 -evise needed5 ,re4test the "uestionnaire or interview schedule with

small group similar to sample to be surveyed5



(ame two threats toinstrument validity that

can a<ect survey results5%=plain how such threats

can be controlled5



Internal .alidity

• When a study lac!s internal validity9 oneor more alternative hypotheses e=ist toe=plain the outcomes5 These alternative

hypotheses are referred to byresearchers as threats to internal validity5

• When a study has internal validity9 itmeans that any relationship observed

between two or more variables isunambiguous9 rather than being due tosomething else5



Internal .alidity

There are four main threats to theinternal validity of a surveyresearch5

• Mortality

• 0ocation

•Instrumentation• Instrument decay



Instrumentation validity

Instrumentation is the ways in whichinstruments are used may constitutean internal validity threat5 ,ossible

instrumentation threats include:

• changes in the instrument and how itis scored5

• characteristics of the data collector5

• bias on the part of the data collector5



/ontrolling threats to internalvalidity

These are the alternatives oftechni"ues or procedures thatresearchers can employ to control the

possible e<ects of threats to internalvalidity5

• &tandardiGe the conditions under whichthe study occurs 2 such as the way>s@ in

which the treatment is implemented >inintervention studies@9 the way>s@ inwhich the data are collected9 and so on5




• 'btain more information on thedetails of the study 2 that is9 whereand when it ta!es place9 e=traneous

events that occur9 and so on5




.arious threats to internal validity canbe greatly reduced by planning5

&uch planning often re"uires

collecting additional informationbefore a study begins >or while it ista!ing place@5

It is often too late to consider how tocontrol these threats once the datahave been collected5



VALIDIT&

! sur'e( researc)* Ma! t)reats to !ter!al 'al"t( ! sur'e( researc)

• Mortalt( + arises in longitudinal studies >e5g5 If a mail surveyta!es eight wee!s to conduct and the sample is composed of highlymobile subects9 then mortality is li!ely to operate5 'n the otherhand if the survey is conducted in eight or fewer wee!s and the

sample is stable9 then mortality is less li!ely to operate@ unless allof the data on JlostK subect are deleted 9 in which case theproblem becomes one of appropriate generaliGation5

• Locato! 4 if the collection of data is carried out in places thatmay a<ect responses >e5g5 a survey of attitudes toward the policeconducted in a police station@5

• I!stru,e!tato! 4 defects in the instrument itself5 The changes inthe instrument9 observers9 or scorers which may produce changes>reduces validity@ in outcomes >it may introduce bias@5

• I!stru,e!t "eca( 2 may occur in interview surveys ifinterviewers get tired or are rushed5



E-a,ple of sur'e( researc)-ussian and *merican college &tudentsH *ttitudes9,erceptions9 and Tendencies Towards /heating

y -obert *5 0upton and enneth L5 /hapman

Su,,ar(I(T-'D$/TI'(

M%T1'D'0'+ 4 Method and &ample The survey Instrument-%&$0T& 4 *merican and -ussian usiness

&tudentsH

i@ ,ositions on /heating ehavioursii@ Di<erences in eliefs *bout /heating *nalysis of ,ossible /onfounds/'(/0$&I'(

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