Dr. M. Dhivya Lakshmi

Saveetha Dental College

“A Plan is a decision about a course of action.” (E.C. Banfield)

• It is a systematic approach to

Defining the problem

Setting priorities

Developing specific goals and objectives

& Determining alternative strategies

& a method of implementation.

To match the limited resources with many

problems

To eliminate wasteful expenditure or duplication of

expenditure

To develop the best course of action to accomplish a

defined objective

Plan Formulation

Execution

Evaluation

Conducting needs

assessment

Determining Priorities

Development of goals,

objectives & activities

Identification of resource &

constraints

Implementation,

Supervision,

Evaluation,

Revision

• Coordinate with the

research activities of other

agencies interested in

obtaining similar health

information on the given

population.

• Investigate surveys that

have been done in the

past by other

organizations.

• Data – questionnaire,

examinations, personal

communications.

• General information

• Pattern & distribution of dental disease

• Current status of dental health programs

• Policies

• Funds, Facilities, Labour

• Preventive dental program existing

Setting priorities among problems elicited through

needs assessment

For ranking solutions to problems

It is a method of imposing people’s values and judgments of what is

important into the raw data used.

• Who needs care most?

• Diseases affecting large number of people

• High risk groups.

Problem Objectives

• More Specific

• Describe in a measurable way the desirable end result of program activities.

Program goals are broad statements on the overall purpose of a program

to meet a defined problem.

• RESOURCES TO BE CONSIDERED: Personnel,

Equipment & Supplies, Facilities, Financial Resources.

• CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHAT RESOURCES TO BE

INCLUDED:Appropriateness

Adequacy

Effectiveness

Efficiency

RULES FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

• Specify clearly the activities

• Be sure someone is responsible for the whole activity &

coordinates individuals who may carry out the different

tasks

• Identify all preparatory steps before doing that activity

• List the steps in order in which they must occur

• Check for missing steps that must be added

The process of putting the plan into operation is referred to as the

implementation phase.

• Determine when each step should begin & end

• Consult the organization affected by the activities identify

potential problems, opportunities & so on

• Specify what resources will be needed & their sources

• Specify what constraints must be addressed

• Make sure all people involved know what is expected &

by when.

• Continuous surveillance of all activities.

Success is determined by monitoring

• how well the program is meeting its stated objectives

• how well individuals are doing their jobs

• How well equipment functions

• How appropriate & adequate facilities are.

Surveys are methods for collection of data, analyzing & evaluating them

in order to determine the amount of disease problems in a community &

also to identify cases that have not been identified.

Basic Oral Health Surveys are defined as surveys to collect the basic

information about oral disease status & treatment needs that is needed for

planning or monitoring oral health care programs.

Information not available from any other source

Rates & indices can be calculated

Associations & Correlations

Reasons for utilization/ non utilization of oral health services

Reliable, complete & accurate

Describes a situation/ Explain the

situation

Surveys

Descriptive

Cross Sectional

Longitudinal

Analytical

Cross Sectional

Longitudinal

A specified proportion of

the population

Stratified cluster

sampling

Subjects in specific

index age groups are

selected.

Statistically significant &

clinically relevant

information for planning

is obtained at minimum

expense.

• Initially – Full picture

of oral health status &

needs

• Subsequently –

Monitor changes

PATH FINDER SURVEY

Pilot SurveyNational

Pathfinder Survey

PILOT SURVEY

• Includes only the most

important subgroups in the

population & only 1 or 2

index ages usually 12 years

& one other age group.

• minimum amount of data

needed to commence

planning

• Additional data has to be

collected in order to provide

a baseline for the

implementation & monitoring

of services.

NATIONAL PATHFINDER SURVEY

• sufficient examination sets

to cover all important

subgroups of the

population that may have

differing disease levels or

treatment needs & at least

3 of the age groups or

index ages.

• suitable for the collection

of data for the planning &

monitoring of services.

5 YEARS12 YEARS –

GLOBAL

MONITORING

AGE FOR

CARIES

15 YEARS

35 TO 44 YEARS 65 TO 74 YEARS

• Hypothesis ,an

assumption is the

basis according to

which objectives has

to be established.

Describes a situation/

Explain the situation

Surveys

Descriptive

Prevalence

Incidence

Analytical

Prevalence

Incidence

CONTROLS: A parallel group not exposed must also be studied

in the same way called group.

CASE CONTROL

• Starting point is a group

with disease investigation.

• Assessment is made of

the factors which have

influenced these subjects

in the past& which might

be associated with

disease & findings are

compared with those from

a suitable control.

COHORT

• Starts with a population of

individuals classified

according to the various

factors of interest.

• During a follow up period

assessment is made of

the influence that these

factors may have on the

occurrence of the disease.

• It is impossible to examine every individual in the population.

• Manpower ,money, time are considered.

• TYPES:-

1. SELECTED SAMPLE

2. RANDOM SAMPLE

3. CLUSTER SAMPLE

4. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE

5. SAMPLING BY STAGES

PC : DR. DHALEEKKHA

TYPE EXAMINATIO

N

EQUIPMENTS USES

1 Complete Mouth mirror, Explorer,

Good illumination, FMS,

Study models, Pulp

testing, transillumination,

Lab investigations

Intensive clinical studies

2 Limited mouth mirror, explorer ,

illumination, bitewing

radiographs & periapical

radiographs.

clinical trials

3 Inspection only mouth mirror

explorer , illumination

epidemiological surveys

4 Screening tongue depressor &

available illumination.

inspection of school

children & to discover the

children who need

treatment.

ANALYSING THE DATA

DRAWING THE CONCLUSION

PUBLISHING THE REPORTS

• should include following information

Statements & purposes of the survey

Material & methods

Discussion & conclusions

1. Effectiveness

2. Efficiency

3. Appropriateness

4. Adequacy

• The pilot phase

• Controlled phase

• Actualization phase

• Operational phase

• Relevance

• Progress

• Accessibility

• Acceptability

• Efficiency

• Effectiveness

• Impact