SURVEY BAUKSIT SOLOMON BY CV. JGS.pdf

8/9/2019 SURVEY BAUKSIT SOLOMON BY CV. JGS.pdf

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2014PT. MEGA BINTANG BORNEOQuaterly REPORT EXPLORATION I

1Site Project Rennel, Solomon Island

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Bauxite is a mineral metal keterdapatannya not far from the surface of the earth, in other

words when the ground cover is not too thick, it can be seen from the genesis of bauxite bauxite itself

which is the result of weathering soluble. Bauxite is formed from rocks that contain elements of Al.

Rocks include nepheline, syenit, granite, andesite, dolerite, gabbro, basalt, hornfels, schist, slate,

kaolinitic, shale, limestone and phonolite. If these rocks undergo weathering, soluble minerals will be

dissolved, such as minerals - mineral alkali, whereas minerals - minerals that are resistant to

weathering will be accumulation of.

Who became a geologist background in mapping this area because they want to know the process -

the geological processes that occur in the study area, as well as aspects - aspects that berkaitanya with

bauxite geological research area and would like to know the pattern of spread is very influential in the

formation of coal in the study area.

Bauxite is a mineral that has a high commercial value among other minerals in rennel

solomon, bauxite is formed at certain locations in the form of spots in varying levels of value. Based

on research conducted in rennel, indicating that rennel has enough bauxite mining potential

prospects to be developed. Besides, the global demand for bauxite to the greater of the decade, will

exceed the amount of available existing bauxite. It triggers the coal price to break the dollars per

Troy Ounce 5:00.

Therefore we are from PT. STAR MEGA BORNEO committed to conduct exploration activities rennel

solomon area, in accordance with the Mining Business Permit to PT. STAR MEGA BORNEO

With the development of exploration activities that we do then we are obliged to draw up a first

Quaterly report in order to inform the progress of our exploration and development activities to the

relevant parties, especially the government in this case is Solomon.

The first Quaterly report is about the condition of the morphology, general geological conditions,

stratigraphy, structural geology, prospects and potential areas and distribution of bauxite.

With the completion of this first Quaterly report can then be used as a basis for developing further

exploration reports are more detailed in the future.


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1.2. Problem Formulation

In general geological problems to be discussed are regional geological conditions carefully situations

carefully situations by mapping the area in detail and includes more detailed sampling, regional

morphology carefully situations, geological structure, and prospects as well as potential areas of

bauxite which has been found for 4 months, activities exploration in the field

1.3. Purpose and Objectives

The intent of this study are:

1. Taking condition data geomorphology, stratigraphy and geological structure of the study area.

2. Compiling Data carefully situations lithologies in the region, by taking rock samples, as well as data

from AAS chemical analysis.

Based on the above data acquisition, the objectives of this study are as follows:

• Knowing the local geomorphology research, geological conditions in the concession area.

• Knowing the geological structure of the work.

• Knowing the prospect area is in the area carefully situations.

• Know the content and distribution of bauxite which is contained in the company's concession area.

1.4. Location and Time ResearchAdministratively located in the concession area is located on the islands of Rennell, State solomon.

Figure 1.1. Regional Location Map carefully situations


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The study area is located in rennel, Solomon island. Of Honiara city can use the air line to the

location of the study with the distance of about 2 hours to the location of the islands in rennel.

Areas of research carried out in the concession area of PT. STAR MEGA BORNEO coordinates

of the area that has the following limitations

POINT x y

1 630000 8707000

2 630000 8721000

3 652000 8721000

4 652000 8701000

Table 1.1. Limitation of coordinates Concession Area of PT. MEGA STAR BORNEO

Figure 1.2. Map Rennel Island

The Exploration on quterly time I performed for 4 (four) months ie between the months of April to July

2014. At this Quaterly all locations are concessions of exploration companies have restrictions on the

coordinates as follows:


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Figure 1.3. Restrictions Map Concession Area of PT. STAR MEGA BORNEO

1.5. Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to a review of geological problems The problems that occur are

grouped into three groups, namely:

a. problems Geomorphology

The problem that arises is whether the distribution of geomorphic units in the study area based

on the morphology, morfogenesa, processes - exogenous and endogenous processes, form - the

form of erosion and geomorphic stadia that shape it.

b. problems Stratigraphy

Stratigraphic problems include traits - traits of each lithological unit, stratigraphic relationships

between units, the spread and thickness of rock units, sequence - a sequence lithologies from old

to young.

c. Geological Structure Issues

Includes the issue of regime forces acting, direction sharpness control the direction of the main

fault, stocky and vein.

d. Prospects and Potential Areas

Covers limits - limits the prospect area containing bauxite and bauxite can calculate the

potential contained in the rock.


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1.6. results

The expected results of this research are:

a. Map Making Sample

b. Geomorphology map

c. Geological map

d. Geologic Structure Map

e. Prospect Area Map

f. Exploration Reports For 4 (four) months


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CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1. Research Methodology

The methodology used in this study is a way of mapping the surface with the sampling and

analysis of samples were carried out in four stages, namely:

1. Stage preliminary

2. Stage of data collection

3. Stage analysis and data processing

4. Stage of the preparation of reports and presentation of data

2.1.1. Stage Introductio

Preliminary stage is the stage of the research done in the form of making the proposal

preparation, preparation and preparation material supplies such as geological compass, GPS,

geological hammer, magnifying glass, brushes, safety glasses, chisel (chisel), sample bags, field

notebook, skethcer, stationery, maps topography of 1: 12,500.

2.1.2. Data Collection Phase

This stage is the stage of doing the search and collection of primary data and secondary data.

Activities undertaken in the primary data collection phase is mapping the surface geology with a

scale of 1: 12,500. Details of activities at this stage are:

1. The Primary Data Collection

Form of surface geological mapping using a map scale of 1: 12,500 aimed at obtaining primary

data (data - geological data) encountered during the field. In detail, the field data collection

include:

a. Outcrop observations, including descriptions and observations of variations in lithology,

profile creation (in some locations observation) and stratigraphic cross-section measurements,

while the hypothesis of sedimentology and stratigraphy covers, and rock sampling are

considered important and representative (for further analysis).

b. Observation of the appearance of the surface structure, covering the areas of fault, scratch

line, brecciation, stocky and stout tensile shear zones, veinlet and vein contained in the surface

area of research.

c. Observations with the geomorphology and landscape morphology, stadia erosion, rivergenetic types, as well as the determination of the geomorphic units in the study area.


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d. Documentation (photo outcrop, lithology photos, landscape photos, and photos that exist on

the geological potential of the study area) trajectory maps and geological maps while.

2. Secondary Data

Secondary data in the form of a digital map of the earth in such a scale of 1: 12,500, other

supporting maps obtained from various parties, namely:

• Map SRTM Landsat scale of 1: 250,000

to get on the topographic map (base map) area carefully situations. This is done to obtain

baseline information prior to the author conducted field research.

2.1.3. Phase Analysis and Data Processing

a. Unit analysis of geomorphic

Geomorphic unit consists of determining the area carefully situations according to Verstappen

(1985) and the pattern and genetic type streams (Howard, 1967)

b. Analysis of Geological Structures

This stage begins with the analysis of the description of the elements - elements whose structure

is intended to identify the type, position, and orientation at the same dimensions of the existing

structure elements. While further analysis is the analysis of the dynamics and kinematics using

stereographic method with the program "version Dips

5.1 ".

c. Analysis petrograpbic

This analysis aims to find out the name of each rock samples obtained during the field, seen from

the texture, structure, and composition of minerals in rocks found in the study area. The author

makes an incision thin (in the relevant institutions) measuring 0.03 mm in the sample to be

analyzed, it is intended to find out the name of the rock in more detail (classification William,

1982).

d. Analysis AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectophotometry)Using wet chemical analysis method Spectophotometry Atomic Absorption (AAS) against

several coal samples.

2.1.4. Stage Report Preparation and Presentation of Data

This stage is the final stage of preparation of the data obtained and analyzed and interpreted

embodied in the conclusions. The results of this study are presented in the form of a map of the

area accomplished, bloc division of map, map

geomorfologi, peta geologi, peta penganbilan sample, peta struktur geologi, peta zona

laterit, peta laterit, dan peta area prospek sebagai lampiran pada laporan.


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Site Project Rennel, Solomon Island

CHAPTER III

BASIC THEORY

Mining is an activity that is intended to liberate and take minerals from the earth's

crust to be used. Determination mining method is highly dependent on a variety of factors and

considerations. The main considerations in determining the state of the mining system is

sediment, sediment physical and chemical properties of minerals, physical and chemical

properties of rocks aside, topography, morphology and geology of the surrounding sediment.

In general, mining is divided into three, namely (1) open pit mining system, (2) mining and

underground mining (3) mining underwater.

Bauxite is a mineral metal keterdapatannya not far from the surface of the earth, in other

words when the ground cover is not too thick, it can be seen from the genesis of bauxite

bauxite itself which is the result of weathering soluble. so that the mining process can be

carried out by the Mining Method Open.

Bauxite is formed from rocks that contain elements of Al. Rocks include nepheline, syenit,

granite, andesite, dolerite, gabbro, basalt, hornfels, schist, slate, kaolinitic, shale, limestone

and phonolite. If these rocks undergo weathering, soluble minerals will be dissolved, such as

minerals - mineral alkali, whereas minerals - minerals that are resistant to weathering will be

accumulation of.

In the tropics, in certain circumstances rock formed from clay and silicate minerals will be

fragmented and separated silica and aluminum oxide while the concentrated iron oxide as a

residue. This process continues in sufficient time to avoid weathering and erosion products,

will produce lateritic sediment.

High aluminum content in the rocks of origin is not a major requirement in the formation of

bauxite, but more important is the intensity and duration of the process laterisasi.

Conditions - conditions which will enable the optimum deposition is bauxite;


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1. Presence of soluble rocks and generating waste rock rich in aluminum

2. Presence of vegetation and bacteria that accelerate the weathering process

3. Porosity rocks high, so the circulation of water run easily

4. Existence of the change of seasons (weather) wet and dry (dry)

5. Existence of the right ingredients for dissolution

6. Relief (surface forms) is relatively flat, which allows the movement of water with minimumerosion rate

7. Sufficient time for the process of weatheringGeology is the study of the earth. Earth is one of the planets in our solar system.

Didiskripsikan oblate earth is round and rotates on its axis in a nutshell. earth radius 6,370 km,

which consists of solid objects (rocks), liquids, and gases (air).

In general, the interior of the Earth is composed of land (continents, islands, valleys, and

mountains), and oceans (valleys, troughs, as well as underwater mountains). highest mountain

peak 8,000 m above sea level (the Himalayas), while the deepest trough reaches depth of 10,000

feet below sea level (Philippines Trench).

The main information of the composition of the earth is known based on seismological

information. Based on the investigation by H. Jeffreys and KE Bullen (1932-1942) which refers to the

investigation of E. Wiechert (1890's) by using the propagation of P and S waves, defined in the formof the distribution (layers) of the Earth's interior, which consists of inside core, outer core, mantle

bottom, and the upper mantle, and crust (Figure 3.1), where

• The core (innermost), consists of the core (5140-6371 km depth, solid, heavy, and very hot), outer

core (2883-5140 km depth, liquid or molten lighter, and very hot).

• The coat, consisting of the mesosphere (350-2883 km depth, dense, high-pressure, hot, and hard),

asthenosphere (100-350 km depth, weak, easily deformed by heat and pressure, as well as

plastic).

. The lithosphere (the crust), 0-100 km depth, solid, cold, rigid, brittle, and lightweight, which is

composed of continental crust (thick), and the oceanic crust (thin).


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Figure 3.1. The interior of the Earth's crust

Continental crust is dominated by rich silicate rocks, near the surface of the aluminum-rich

(bad luck), and at great depths rich in magnesium (SIMA), see Figure 3.1.

At the lower limit of the earth's crust, the addition of wave propagation speed and is called

the discontinuity field Mohorivicic, and it also means a change in the mineral composition of

the rock (mineral species), which is interpreted as a change in the composition of gabbro

into the ultramafic rocks (dunite mineral or eklogit). See Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2. The crust changes and movements


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The crust is the top part of the interior of the earth is directly in contact with oxygen and is

the accumulation of minerals rocks is the main target of the science of sediment genesis of

minerals to be able to determine the distribution of valuable minerals. Keterdapatan

valuable minerals is highly dependent on the amount (concentration) of mineral-mineral, as

well as the location and shape of sediment.


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1. Crust Of The Earth

Crust (earthcrust) is relatively cold solid, fragile, and stiff (rigid) with BJ lower so as to appear

to float above the mantle. This is the part that is in the earth's surface to a depth of ±100 km

(Figure 3.4).

Figure 3.4. The division of the Earth's crust

Because of the very high heat difference between the center of the earth to the outer part of the earth, there will be a difference in pressure where the pressure is greater on the inside, so

that the movement of magma will produce a flow of convection in the mantle. Hotter molten

magma will move to the top of the molten magma and cooler sinks (such as the movement of

hot water and cold water at the time of our put the kettle on the stove, Figure 3.5 and 3.6).

Figure 3.5. Sketch of heat flow in heating water on the stove, and sketch the flow of magma convection


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As a result of convection flows of molten magma layer of solid crust and relatively fragile is on

it (float) also move according to the movement of molten magma. At a certain place a layer of

the earth's crust will crack and move away from each other, and the fracture is left behind will

soon be filled by the molten magma which then also would freeze (referred to as strain region

where the earth's crust slab adjacent away), for example in the deep sea middle of the ocean

(Atlantic, Pacific, etc.). Figure 3.6

Figure 3.6. Convection currents in the Middle of the Ocean

kerak bumi (earthcrust) merupakan padatan yang relatif dingin, rapuh, dan kaku (rigid)

dengan BJ lebih rendah sehingga seolah-olah mengapung di atas mantel. Ini adalah bagian

yang berada di permukaan bumi sampai kedalaman 100 km (Gambar 3.4).

On the other earth collision will occur between the plates closer together so that it will

happen to the subduction of one plate is. Thinner plates (oceanic plate) will menunjam

under continental plates are relatively thick, and is often referred to as a subduction zone

(subduction zone). In part menunjam will melt into magma and other parts of the plate

which will have multiplicity, removal, and pensesaran (Figure 3.7).

With the cracks / openings due to the formation of the fault-fault in certain parts in the

zone sometimes intruded by hot molten rock from the mantle (magma) and form pockets of

hot molten rock known as magma (magma chamber) .


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Figure 3.7. Sketch of the formation of subduction zones

If the breach lasted until it reaches the earth's surface, then there was a row of volcanic

formation. Magma that comes out will result in a material result of volcanic eruptions, in the

form of tuffs, lava, and avoid d asilkan hot lava flows that will form on the surface of the lava

rock. Magma that does not reach the surface of the earth will be frozen in the form of

various types of igneous rocks.

Geomorphology is the study of the study of origin (formation) topography as a result of

erosion (erosion) major elements, as well as the formation of erosion materials. Through the

study of geomorphology ways occur, pemerian, and classification of earth relief. Relief earth

are forms of vertical irregularity (either in size or location) on the surface of the Earth, which

is formed by movements in the earth's crust.

Basic concepts in geomorphology many formulated by WM Davis. Davis states that form the

earth's surface or stretch (morphology of landforms) is controlled by three main factors,

namely the structure, processes, and stages. The structure here


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has the meaning as structures resulting rock characteristics that affect the shape of the earth's

surface (see Figure 3. 8). The processes that are common erosional processes that are

influenced by the permeability, solubility, and properties - Other properties of rocks. The forms

on earth generally through stages ranging from early stage (youth), mature (maturity), the old

stage (old age), see Figure 3. 9.

In young stages are generally not disturbed by the forces destruksional, the subsequent

development of the adult stage is indicated by the growth of the number of long drainage

system and its depth can result in its original form did not appear again. The next process is

more flat topography made by the destructive force that is eroding, leveling, and degrading the

earth's surface so close to sea level (called the old stage). Circuit formation process (stages) of

the geomorphology and can be repeated constantly, and often referred to as Cycle

Figure 3.8. Sketch showing the forms of the earth's surface due to the

geological structure of the rock base


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Figure 3.9. Sketch showing the progression (stage) of the earth's surface (landform). From (A s / d D) shows the

stages of geomorphic young to old

Furthermore, in the study of geomorphology need to understand the terms of

catastrophism, uniformiaterianisme, and evolution.

• catastrophism is the notion that the morphological symptoms occur suddenly, such as

volcanic eruptions.• Uniformitarianism otherwise found quite morphology formation process is running very

slow or continuous, but is able to form shapes that now, even a lot of the changes that

happened in the past is also happening in the present, and so on (James Hutton and John

Playfair,

1802).

Evolution tends to be defined as a process that is slow and slowly form and transform into

new formations.

1. Geomorphic Processes

Geomorphic processes are all physical and chemical changes that occur as a result of the process - the

process of changing the face of the earth. In general, the geomorphic processes are as follows:

a. Epigen processes (eksogenetik):

• Degradation; weathering, mass transfer (gravity displacement), erosion (including

transportation) by: water flow, ground water, waves, currents, tsunamis), wind, and

glaciers.


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• Aggradasi; weathering, mass transfer (gravity displacement), erosion (including

transportation) by: water flow, ground water, waves, currents, tsunamis), wind, and

glaciers.

• Due to organisms (including humans)

b. Hipogen processes (endogenetik)

• Diastrophisme (tektonisme)

• Volcanism

c. Extraterrestrial processes, for example as a result of the fall of a meteor crater.

1.1. Process Gradasional

The term gradation (gradation) originally used by Chamberin and Solisbury (1904) are all

processes which make the surface of the lithosphere into a new level. Then the grading is

divided into two processes, namely degradation (resulting in a lower level) and agradasi

(generating a higher level).

The three main processes that occur in graded events are:

• Weathering, can be disentrigasi or decomposition of rocks in a place, occurs at the surface,

and can be recast into klastis rocks. In this process does not include transportation.

• Transfer of mass (mass wasting), can be transfer (bulk transfer) of a rock mass as a result of the force of gravity. Sometimes (usually) the effect of water has a significant role, but not

a transport medium.

• Erosion, is an advanced stage of displacement and movement of rock mass.

By an agent (media) transfer. The geology (mostly) incorporate erosion as part of the

transportation process.

In general, the series (part / stage) gradisional process following landslides (characterized by

the presence of a little water, and a large mass transfer), EarthFlow (flow rock / soil),

mudflows (in the form of mud flows), sheetfloods, slopewash, and streams ( characterized

by large quantities of water and mass transfer in fine size with a small slope).

a. Weathering of rocks

Weathering is a process of crushing rock and will tekikis klastis widened by a destructive

force. Weathering process occurs by many destructive processes, among others:

• physical and mechanical processes (disintegration) such as heating, cooling, freezing;

working plants and animals, as well as mechanical disintegration processes other


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• chemical processes (decomposition) from various sources such as: oxidation, hydration,

carbonaceous, and dissolution of rocks and soil. This decomposition process is driven by a lot

of high temperature and humidity, as well as the role of organisms (plants and animals).

Factors that affect weathering, among others:

• Type of rock, namely mineral composition, texture, and structure of the rocks

• climatic and weather conditions, whether dry or moist, cold or heat, constant or changing.

• Presence and luxuriance of vegetation

• The slope of the terrain, the influence of sunspots and rainfall

The process takes place in the differential weathering weathering (weathering process with

intensity differences caused by differences of violence, sex, and rock structure). This

produces forms such a distinctive morphology:

• Blocks of disintegration (contained in the massive rocks that show cracks or burly-burly),

• Stone lattice (hardness difference of sedimentary rock layers that make it up),

mushroom (mushroom-shaped),

• Demoiselles (poles with chunks of ground cover),

• Talus (lapukan result of accumulation of material at the foot of steep cliffs),

• Exfoliation domes (shaped hill of rock massive homogeneous, and peeling off in layers or

curved pieces).

(a) (b)

Figure 3.10. (a). The appearance of the shape of the talus, (b). A exfolation domes

b. Mass transfer (mass wasting)


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Ground motion is common in soil weathering result, the accumulation of debris (material

weathering results), but may also be at rock bottom. Ground motion can run very slow to fast.

According to Sharpe (1938) the conditions that led to the transfer period is:

• Factors passive

- lithology factor: depends on the compactness / brittle materials

- statigrafi factors: the forms of coating rock and strength (fragility), or permeable-layer

impermeabelnya

- Structural factors: the density of the joint, fault, shear-field foliasi

topographic factors: slope and wall (cliff)

climatic factors: temperature, precipitation, rain

organic factors: vegetation

• Active Factors

Process reshuffle

slope erosion by water flow

level of dissolution by water or filling crack

1.2. Diastromisme process and Volcanism

Diastromisme and volcanism classified as hipogen or deposition process because the force

comes from inside (bottom) of the earth's crust. Diastropik processes can be classified into two

types, namely:

• Orogenik (mountain formation)

• Epirogenik (removal process on a regional basis).

Volcanism including the movement of a solution of rock (magma) that break through to the

earth's surface. As a result of the movement (or breach) of the magma will give the appearance

that appears on the surface of bodies in the form of intrusion, or a deomal Folds (dome-shaped

folds) due to the breakthrough of the rock mass), so that the layering in the rocks above it

becomes no longer see or have modified.

2. Sensing Types

A common type of pengideraan far there are 3 methods, namely:

• Method of aerial photographs


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• Method of microwave

• Method of satellite imagery (space)

2.1. Method of aerial photographsMethod of recording detailed aerial photo shows the appearance of the earth's surface at

the time of the shooting. In the interpretation of aerial photographs, there are seven basic

characteristics that must be considered, namely:

• The shape, configuration or framework is an object. Form of multiple objects

demonstrate certain characteristics so that its image can be identified directly only by this

criterion.

• The size of the object, which should be considered given his relationship with Scale were

used.

• Patterns, is a spatial arrangement of object relations.

• Shadow, important for the estimator in two contradictory things, namely:

shape or shadow framework can provide a picture of the profile of an object that can aid

interpretation.

Objects in the shadow can only reflect light and a bit difficult to be observed in an image,

which can ultimately hinder interpretation.

• Rona, is the color or brightness of the object relative to the image.

• Texture, is the frequency of changes in hue on the photographic image. The texture is the

result of a combination of shape, size, pattern, shade, and hue.

• Site or location of the object in relation to another object, it is very useful to help the

introduction of an object. Aerial photo interpretation equipment normally used for the

purpose of:

• Observation of photos,

• Measurement of the appearance of the photograph, and

• Moving the map to the interpretation of the results of basic

The main field characteristics can be estimated with aerial photo interpretation are the type

of rock, landform (landform), soil texture, flood vulnerability, and thick loose material on top

of the parent rock.

Interpretation of aerial photographs for field evaluation based on systematic observation andevaluation of key elements (key element) which analyzed stereoscopic. These include:


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topography, flow patterns, textures, erosion, hue photos, vegetation, and land use. M elalui this

analysis, estimator photos can recognize terrain conditions vary and can determine its

boundaries.

2.2. Method of microwave

There are two distinct appearance that characterizes the microwave power, the light of remote

sensing, namely:

• Microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere in different circumstances, depending on the

wavelength used. Power microwaves can penetrate haze, drizzly rain and snow, clouds, smoke,

and others.

• The reflection and emission of micro earth mater ials no direct connection with their partner in

the visible spectrum or thermal. Suppose that the surface looks rough on the spectrum, it may

seem fine on the microwave.

2.2.1. Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)

Radar is an active microwave sensor. As the name implies, the radar was developed as a way to

use radio waves to detect the presence of an object and determine the distance (position).

The process involves transmitting a short burst or pulse of microwave energy in the desired

direction and record the strength, as well as the origin of an earthquake or reflections received

from objects in the system field of view. Most of radar remote sensing of air berwahana donewith systems that use an antenna mounted on the bottom of the plane and directed to the side.

This system is called SLR (Side Looking Radar) or SLAR (Side Looking Airborne Radar).

2.2.2. SLAR (Side Looking Airborne Radar)

SLAR system produces a continuous image of the lines depicting the wide-field region and

within the flyway. SLAR is a military reconnaissance system that is ideal, not only provide the

possibility of reliable in all weather but also an active system, day and night imaging system.

In further developments, SLAR is also used in civilian areas, as well as including a good tool to

get the data of natural resources, such as geological analysis, timber inventory, location of

transportation routes, and mineral exploration. In addition radar has also been used to

monitor the ocean's surface to determine the conditions of wind, waves, and ice. The

principle of operation of the Air Vehicle Side Glance Radar (SLAR) can be seen in Figure 3.11,while Figure 3.12 shows the system


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operation.

Figure 3.11. The principle of operation of a vehicle side view of the air radar (SLAR)


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Figure 3.12. Side view of the operation of the radar system air vehicle (SLAR)

In addition SLAR system, there is also a Micro Passive sensing system. This system does not

use radiation power itself, but sensing microwave power obtained naturally in the field of

view.

Operation of this system is similar to the thermal radiometer. The theory of black body

radiation is central to understanding the conceptual passive sensing microwave, but passive

microwave sensors emphasizes the use of an antenna, not the detection element.

Microwave signals generally consist of a number of source components are partially

transmitted, partially reflected and partially transmitted (Figure 3.13)

Figure 3.13. Passive microwave signal components


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The intensity of the passive micro-wave radiation from remotely sensed over a particular

object depends not only on the object temperature and radiation about it, but it also

depends on the nature of the reflected beam. This trait is influenced by:

• electrical characteristic of the surface

• Typical chemical properties and texture characteristic of the object,

• Ally configuration and shape,

• As well as the angle of the direction of observation.

In this system, there are many different possibilities for the source and the resulting signal

passive microwave power is very weak, so the interpretation of these signals is much more

complicated than other sensors.

The usefulness of passive microwave ranging system of measuring atmospheric temperature

profiles to the analysis of variations in the soil below the water surface, and mineral content.

The basic configuration of passive microwave systems can be seen in Figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14. Block diagram passive microwave radiometer

Passive sensing microwave very useful in the field of oceanography. Utilization of this form of

measurement of sea ice reflectivity, currents, and wind, as well as to detect and estimate the

amount of oil pollution. although slightly


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research related to passive microwave sensing in hydrology, but the potential is great for

getting information about the condition of the snow melting, soil temperature, and soil

moisture for large areas.

2.3. Method of satellite imagery (remote sensing from Space)

The satellites are used in this method are:

• Landsat Satellites

• The system of earth resources satellite, SEASAT-1, the shuttle spacecraft (space shuttle), SPOT

• Weather satellites, satellite NOAA / TIROS, GOES satellite, Nimbus satellite, a weather

satellite program of defense (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program / DMSP)

2.3.1. Landsat satellite

Remote sensing from space by the Landsat satellites primarily intended for earth observation

resources. 2 loaded Landsat satellite remote sensing systems in wahananya, namely:

• Beam Vidicom Return System (RBV) with 3 channels

• System penyiam multispectral (MSS) with 4 channels

MSS systems operating configuration shown in Figure 3.15, while Figure

3.16 shows the system configuration of RBV on Landsat

Figure 3.15. Landsat MSS systems operating configuration


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Figure 3.16. RBV on Landsat system configuration

Applied Landsat imagery interpretation has been carried out in various disciplines such as

agriculture, botany, cartography, civil engineering, environment, geography, forestry, geology,

geophysics, land resource analysis, land use planning, oceanography, and analysis of water

resources.

Image scale and area of coverage per frame is very different between Landsat imagery and

conventional aerial photography. For example, to cover a Landsat image required more

1600 aerial photo scale 1: 20,000 without any overlap. Landsat results when compared with

aerial photographs are:

• For a geological appearance hundreds of miles in length would seem more

evident on Landsat imagery,

• To assess a settlement, aerial photography is more effective because the study was

conducted with a low altitude, and

• Landsat images can only be studied in two dimensions, whereas most of the aerial photos can

be viewed in three dimensions.

Therefore Landsat imagery interpretation should be regarded as a complement and not a

substitute for the large-scale aerial photographs.

2.3.2. Earth resources satellite system other

Heat capacity mapping mission (HCMM) is the first among the series of Applied Research


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Mission (Application Explorer Missions / AEM) is a small and relatively inexpensive cost. This

trial has a precision satellite orbit height and stability of the less scrupulous when compared to

the larger Landsat, a satellite that is geared for trial eligibility.

HCMM is the first spacecraft made to test the feasibility of measuring the thermal variations in

the appearance of the earth to obtain the identity and condition. HCMM data has been applied

to various fields such as:

• The use of thermal measurements to distinguish rock types and location of mineral resources.

• Measurement of plant canopy temperatures at specific time intervals are often used to

determine the rate of plant transpiration and health levels.

• Measurement parameters with observations of soil moisture soil temperature cycle.

• Mapping thermal flow naturally.

• Improvement of water flow forecasts by melting snow.

One type of this system is the use of satellite SEASAT-1 which is the first satellite series

proposed for oceanographic research. Another type of system is that the space shuttle has the

ability to fly into space round-trip repeatedly. This aircraft has a 3 stage vehicle (Figure 3.17),

namely:

• A pair of solid-fuel rocket booster (Solid propellant Rockets).

• A liquid propellant tank.

• orbiter spacecraft.

Figure 3.17. Space Shuttle

While type-1 SPOT (Satellite Pour Probobtoire 1'Observation de la Terre) is a French satellite

first. Sensing system proposed for this mission consists of two scanners high-resolution


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spectrum of visible light (High Resolution Visible / HRV).

2.3.3. weather satellites

NOAA weather satellites orbit types near Earth's poles and parallel to the orbit of the sun,

similar to Landsat. In this satellite is equipped with a vertical temperature profile radiometer

maker (vertical temperature profiling radiometer / VTPR), a system which does not make the

image VTPR measure atmospheric temperature profile.

While conformable Meteorological Satellites (Synchronous Satellite Meteorology / MSS) or

Satellite

Geostationary Operational Environmental (Environmental Operational geostationary

Satellites / GOES) is part of a global network of weather satellites are placed at a distance of

about 700 longitude around the world.

Moreover, for many current rancangbangun elements of operational weather satellites stemming

from initial testing Nimbus satellites, eg Nimbus-7. These satellites are equipped with sensors

and a multi-line thermal radiometer microwave radiometer. Nimbus-7 program of research aimed

at mapping: sea ice; typical spectral properties; pile of ice; distribution of O3 (ozone), H2O,

NO2, and HNO3; radiation round the earth; vertical temperature profile; aerosol concentration;

global distribution of CO, CH4, and NH3.

Satellite Program DMSP weather brings a number of sensors. Scanners that produce images

taken in visible light and infrared channel reflection, and thermal infrared channels. Both thermal

image and the image looks DMSP has been used for various kinds of applications in the field of

civil engineering as well as a stretch of snow mapping. In the future this will be enhanced

resolution satellite and the amount of its application in the field of civil engineering.


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CHAPTER IV

REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Presentation of data is the result of a study penuls primary data that addresses the geological

conditions of the study area.

4.1. Geomorphology regions carefully situations

In general, the area carefully situations is a hilly area with altitude between 80-520 m. In the

distribution of geomorphic units in the area carefully situations the author refers to the

classification of Van Zuidam 1983 pembagianya by: relief and slope. Regional carefully

situations can be divided into strong Corrugated, Corrugated Corrugated medium and weak.

A. Corrugated Medium

Based on the analysis of the level of slope, a process that works, and then carefully situations

lithology in the area and surrounding area is Rennel then these subunits occupy part of the area

around the island rennel carefully situations covering an area of 20%. Berksar altitude between

160-300 meters above sea level.

Figure 4.2. Morphology corrugated medium (A)


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B. Corrugated Weak

Based on the analysis of the level of slope, a process that works, and then carefully situations

lithology in the area and surrounding area is rennel subunits occupies the western and eastern

regions carefully situations covering an area of 80%. Berksar height of between 30-70 meters

above sea level

.

Figure 4.3. Weak wavy morphology (B)

4.2. Stratigraphy Rennel And Surrounding Areas

Rennel regional stratigraphic rock units are composed of one, ie the unit limestone / lime, the

distribution of these units is based on the lithological characteristics and variations therein

referred to the structure and texture of the rock is seen on the outcrop. Proportionality in the

distribution of these units has researchers have correlated with regional statigrafi


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Figure 4.4. Sampling Map

4.2.1. Limestone Unit

Limestone Unit compiled by research area lithologies occupy the area carefully situations.

• Characteristic lithology

The appearance of limestone lithologies in this unit is more dominant traits in the field as

follows:

a. Color: bright white

b. Structure: laminated, massive

c. The degree of roundness: tapered

d. Derjat sorting: Tepilah good

e. Pack / Fabrik: Boxed tebuka

f. The composition of minerals: quartz, feldpar


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• Spread

These lithologies occupy 100% of the total area carefully situations, extending from west to east

generally occupies most of the valley / plains, lithological unit is well exposed.

4.3 Regional Patterns Lateritisasi carefully situations

Based on the observation mapping and tespit then make a map of the spread of lateritic bauxite,

bauxite deployment maps, map the spread of laterite founded on the pattern of topographic slope

of an area, where the pattern is relatively steep slope indicates pelapukannya thin soil / laterite, as

well as topographic pattern relatively flat slope will affect the pattern of the thickness of laterite,

in addition to rock resistance properties also influence the properties of the natural vegetation

structure and patterns of weather and climate affect the oxidation process area weathering

influences.

Figure 4.6. The study area map laterisasi


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of research in the field, then carefully situations in the region can be

summarized as follows:

1. The Regional carefully situations divided into geomorphic units are divided into two sub-

units, namely hills, undulating hills moderate, weak and undulating hills.

2. Region is composed of carefully situations lithologies, namely limestone lithologies

3. Directions deployment lateritisasi average lies at the center of the island that is west-east

location

4. Should be held in order to obtain a map of the spread of the follow lateritic more detail

5. Areas prospects have found a decent possibility for exploration forwarded


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ATTACHMENT


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SAMPLE LIST PHOTOS

SR-01

Figure 1. Outcrop samples SR-01 Location

SR-02

Figure 2. Outcrop samples, Location SR-02


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SNB-01

Figure 3 SAMPLE SNB-01

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Figure 9. SAMPLE SNB 07

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Figure 21 SAMPLE SNB 19

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SURVEY BAUKSIT SOLOMON BY CV. JGS.pdf

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