Surprise Quiz

Test dividers upOne piece of paper

No talking

Review Quiz• When water dissociates what are the two

types of ions that you will find?• Why is water a thermoregulator?• Oil does not dissolve in water. What is

the scientific term for this?• How does salt dissociate in water? • What does a buffer do and how do you

make one?

Organic vs. Inorganic

• Organic molecules have carbon as the central atom

• There are some inorganic molecules that contain carbon – CO2 CO CaCO3

Monomer vs. Polymer

• A monomer is a single unit or a single type of molecule

• A Polymer is made up of many monomers

Monomer Polymer

Monosaccharide Polysaccahride

Amino Acid Protein

Nucleotides Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)

CARBOHYDRATES

• The basic formula for carbohydrates is H-C-OH• This is used for short-term energy

•This is an example of a Monomer•This is glucose•This is a monosaccharide

Carbohydrates• When two monomers come together they

combine• Two monosaccharides come together and

form a disaccharide

H2O

Formation of a disaccharide

Two glucose molecules Maltose

Condensation Synthesis

• Also called a dehydration synthesis• Its called synthesis because it makes

something• This is when two monomers combine and

then a water is released

Hydrolysis reaction

• This is the breakdown of large polymers into smaller monomers

• Water is added to a polymer and it breaks up• Draw the hydrolysis reaction of a disaccharide

Carbohydrate Polymers• Starch – This is a long chain of glucose that is

found in plants. It has a few branches. Its used for food.

• Glycogen – This is a long chain of glucose that is found in animals. It has many branches. Its used for food.

• Cellulose – This is a long chain of glucose found in plants. It is linked differently and has no branches. It is used for structure and support

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

• Starch- this forms a bond between the first carbon and the 4th carbon

• Glycogen- this forms a bond between the first carbon and either the 4th carbon or the 6th carbon. This makes it very branched

• Cellulose- this forms a bond between the first carbon and the 4th carbon. However each glucose is flipped

Lipids• Lipids are types of fats and oils• They do not dissolve in water• Oil is found in plants• Fat is found in animals– Fat is used for • Insulation from the cold• Protective cushion for organs• Used for long term energy storage

Condensation Synthesis

Condensation of Lipids

+ 3H2OThis is called a Neutral Fat. When a glycerol bonds with three fatty acids

Neutral Fats

• Neutral fats are fats that are on a persons waist or legs

• They are called neutral fats because they are non-polar and have no charge

• Some fats are polar and do have a charge. One of these are called phospholipids

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids• Saturated fatty acid – this is a fatty acid with

no double bonds present• Unsaturated fatty acid– This is a fatty acid with

double bonds present

phospholipid

Phospholipids• These are found in cells• They are what create the outside of a cell

Polar Head

Fatty Acid Chains

• Hydrogen bonds form between the phospholipid "heads" and the watery environment inside and outside of the cell• Hydrophobic interactions force the "tails" to face inward•Phospholipids are not bonded to each other, which makes the double layer fluid

Steroids• All steroids have 4 carbon rings that are

attached

This is the basic steroid backbone. There are many types of steroids but they all have this backbone

Steroids • On a test you may see a picture of a steroid

like this

Steroids

Proteins

• They have structural functions– Ex. Bone, nails, hair, ligaments, tendons, muscles

• Some are enzymes– Enzymes speed chemical reactions– Some enzymes break up starch and some break up

other proteins– There are many different enzymes

Proteins• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids• The condensation synthesis of many amino

acids makes proteins

COOH is the Carboxylic Acid Side

NH2 is the amine side. It is the Basic side

Amino Acid• Amino acids are the monomer of proteins• All have carboxylic acid side and a amine side

The “R” group. Different for every amino acid

Draw the condensation synthesis of two amino acids

Also called aPeptide Bond

Peptide Bonds

• When two amino acids are bonded together it is called a dipeptide

• When there are many amino acids bonded together its called a polypeptide

Primary Structure

• Proteins are many amino acids joined together– This is called primary structure

Secondary structure• The polypeptide folds and twists and forms

hydrogen bonds with itself – This is called secondary structure

Tertiary Structures• After the secondary structure forms the “R”

groups form covalent bonds with each other• An example of an “R” group bond is the S-S

bond also called the disulphide bond

Quaternary Structure

• When multiple polypeptides come together they form a larger protein. This is Quaternary structure

We can see two polypeptides together

Quaternary Structure• Hemoglobin is a protein that is in blood cells• They have Fe2+ in the protein and this is what

makes blood red

Nucleic Acid• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA

(ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid polymers• Nucleotides are the monomers• Nucleotide is made up of a Pentose sugar, a

phosphate and a nitrogen containing base• There are 5 types of nitrogen containing bases.– Adenine (A)– Thymine (T)– Guanine (G)– Cytosine (C)– Uracil (U)

DNA double helix• Hydrogen bonds is what holds the double

helix together• They form from complimentary base pairs– Thymine -- Adenine 2 hydrogen bonds– Guanine -- Cytosine 3 hydrogen bonds

Differences between DNA and RNA• They both have a Sugar and Phosphate

Backbone• However RNA used Ribose for its sugar and

DNA uses Deoxyribose

Sugar – Phosphate Backbone

Nitrogen containing Bases

• DNA is double stranded or a Double Helix• RNA is a single strand no helix

• DNA uses the nitrogen containing bases– Adenine– Thymine – Guanine– Cytosine

• RNA uses the nitrogen containing bases– Adenine– Uracil– Guanine– Cytosine

ATP• ATP Adenosine Triphosphate• Adenine + Ribose sugar + 3 phosphates• Glucose has too much energy so it is

converted into ATP molecules

Adenine

Ribose

3 Phosphates

• When ATP releases energy it turns into ADP which is called Adenosine diphosphate

• One bond is broken and this releases a lot of energy

• The energy released from ATP is used by your body to make things like proteins or other polymers

• ATP is also used by your muscles to make them move

Review for the Test

• Chapter 2 questions– Page 43 questions 1 to 12