Surgery - Principle of Wound Healing and Management
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Transcript of Surgery - Principle of Wound Healing and Management
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PRINCIPLE OF WOUND HEALING AND MANAGEMENTSUPERVISOR:
ASSOC. PROF DR. JUNAINI KASIAN
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Outline of Presentation
Wan Muhammad Muizzuddin Shah Bin Zulkiffli Definition of Wound Classification of Wound Types of Wound Definition of Wound Healing Phases of Wound Healing Classification of Wound Healing
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Cont.
Abd Hayyul Ihsan Bin Abd Suhaimi Factors Influencing Wound Healing Problems In Wound Healing Chronic Wound
Mohd Arif Bin Mohd Noor Principle Management Of Wound
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DEFINITION OF WOUND
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Wound
1) Trauma to any of the tissues of the body, especially that caused by physical means and with interruption of continuity
2) A surgical incision
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary
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CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND
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Classification Of Wound
Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery
Tidy wound Untidy wound
Incised Crushed or avulsed
Clean Contaminated
Healthy tissues Devitalised tissues
Seldom tissue loss Often tissue loss
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Classification Of Surgical Wound
Clean wounds Clean contaminated Contaminated Dirty
Guideline For Prevention Of Surgical Site Infection, 1999
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TYPES OF WOUND
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Types Of Wound
According to mode of damage Incised wounds Abrasions Crush injuries Degloving injury Gunshot wounds Burns
Principles & Practice of Surgery
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Incised Wound
Caused by a sharp instrument Common causes are knives and glass Lacerated wound : associated with tissue
tearing
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Abrasion
Damage to the body surface resulting from friction
Characterized by superficial bruising and loss of varying thickness of skin and underlying tissue
Dirt and foreign bodies are frequently embedded in the tissues
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Crush Injuries
Due to severe pressure Massive tissue destruction although the
skin is not breached Often accompanied by degloving and
compartment syndrome
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Compartment syndrome
Muscle ischemia
Bleeding, exudate, swelling
Introduction of excess fluid
Increase intracompartme
ntal pressure
Decreased tissue perfusion
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Degloving Injury
Result from shearing forces that causes parallel tissue planes to move against each other
I.e a hand caught in rollers or moving machinery
Large areas of apparently intact skin may be deprived of blood supply because rupture of feeding vessels
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Gunshot wound
Low velocity (shotguns) or high velocity (military rifles) cause massive tissue destructions after skin penetration.
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Burns
Other causes besides heat: Chemical Radiation Electrical
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Others
Bites Puncture wounds or avulsions Small animal bites children Human bites ear, tips of nose and
lower lip injuries Bites wounds highly virulent
Puncture wounds Sharp objects i.e needle stick
injuries
Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery
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DEFINITION OF WOUND HEALING
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Wound Healing
Restoration of integrity to injured tissues by replacement of dead tissue with viable tissue
Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
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PHASES OF WOUND HEALING
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Phases of Wound Healing
Lag phase (2-3 days) Inflammatory response
Incremental/Proliferative phase (3 months) Fibroblast migration Capillary ingrowth (granulation tissue) Collagen synthesis with rapid gain in tensile strength Wound contraction
Plateau/Maturation phase (6 months) Organization of scar Slow final gain in tensile strength (80% or original strength)
Principles & Practice of Surgery
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Cont.
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Lag Phase
Characterized by inflammatory response Capillary permeability increases
protein rich exudate accumulates Collagen synthesized inflammatory
cells migrate into the area dead tissue removed by macrophages capillaries at the wound edges begin to proliferate
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Incremental/Proliferative Phase Progressive collagen synthesis by
fibroblast increase in tensile strength Increased collagen turnover in areas
remote from the wound systemic stimulus for fibroblastic activity
Collagen synthesis increase in 3 weeks gain in tensile strength accelerates
Old collagen undergoes lysis new collagen laid down
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Plateau/Maturation phase
Gain in tensile strength levels off Excess collagen removed during process
number of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells declines
Orientation of collagen fibres in the direction of local mechanical forces increase tensile strength for 6 months
Skin & fascia recover only 80% of their original strength
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Cont.
At time of suture removal edges of newly healed wound directly apposed and flat
Up to 3 months scar become progressively raised, red, thickened
Remain static for 3 more months slowly improving becomes narrow, flat, pale
Changes vary with age, race, direction of scar, degree of dermal damage Children: longer to resolve Elder: tend to mature and fade very quickly
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CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND HEALING
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Classification of Wound Healing Primary Intention Secondary Intention Tertiary Intention
Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery
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Primary Intention
Most surgical wounds Wound edges opposed directly next to one
another and little tissue loss Normal healing Minimal scarring occurs Wound closure sutures, staples, or adhesive
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Secondary Intention
Wound left open heals by granulation, contraction and epithelialisation
Results in a broader & poorer scar Wound may pack with gauze or use drainage
system Wound care must be performed daily to encourage
wound debris Removal to allow for granulation tissue formation
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Tertiary Intention
Also called delayed primary intention Wound initially left open edges opposed later
when healing conditions favourable For wound in which primary intention was
preferred but not possible due to contamination. Delay in primary closure to allow clear infection,
wound contracture and create granulation base.
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References
Garden, O. J. (2007), Principles & Practice of Surgery, 5th Edition, Churchill Livingstone Elvesier
Williams, N. S. (2008), Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery, 25th Edition, Hodder Arnold
Guideline For Prevention Of Surgical Site Infection, Centre For Disease Control and Prevention, 1999
Mercandetti, M. (2008), Wound Healing, Wound & Repair, Medscape, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1298129-overview#showall
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
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NATURAL HEALING IN SPECIFIC TISSUES
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Natural Healing in Specific Tissues
Bone Nerve Tendon
Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery
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Bone
Phase as above but periosteal & endosteal proliferation callus formation (immature bone consists of osteoid)
Remodelling phase corticol structure & medullary cavity restored
Fracture ends accurately opposed, rigidly fixed minimal callus formation, primary healing
Gap exists secondary healing delayed union, non-union, or malunion
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Nerve
Distal to the wound Wallerian degeneration Proximal nerve suffer traumatic degeneration Regenerating nerve fibres attracted to their
receptors by neurotropism -- > mediated by growth factors, hormones and other
Characterized by profuse growth of new nerve fibres sprout from the cut proximal end
Overgrowth + poor approximations = neuroma formation
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Tendon
Follows normal pattern of wound healing Two main mechanisms nutrients, cells, new
vessels reached severd tendon: Intrinsic: vincular blood flow & synovial diffusion Extrinsic: formation of fibrous adhesions between
tendon & tendon sheath Random nature of the initial collagen produced
lacks tensile strength for 1st 3-6 weeks Active mobilization prevents adhesion limiting
range of movements Tendon must be protected by splintage in order to
avoid rupture of the repair