Surgery and Disease

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Surgery and Disease



Vesalius�

Born in Brussels,1514, Studied at Padua, a well knownmedical school

� One of the first to reject the ideas of Galen, for example

he discovered that humans have two lobes instead of

Galens five, although this is because Galen used

animals to get an anatomy of the human body.

� Wrote a letter o venesection or bloodletting which

showed how veins worked thus helping to bleed

patients.

� Used dissection to publish Fabric of Human Body

which used many illustrations.

� Died 1564

� Factors to consider would be Individual Genius



Ambroise Pare

� French Surgeon, and in 1537 joined French Army

as barber surgeon, and discovered a new way of

cauterizing wounds

� On one occaison he ran out of the hot oil used to

cauterize wounds, so he concocted another oil

consisting of turpentine, egg yolks, and oil of roses, which reduced inflammation.

� He published this method in 1545

� Factors to consider of this are individual Genius,

war and of course chance.

� To staunch bleeding instead of using hot iron,

used silk ligatures to tie arteries and veins

� Published all his work

� Surgeon to kings of France



William Harvey

� Born in England, Studies at university of Padua, Italy

� Experimented on frogs, as there heartbeats slower could

observe individual heartbeats

� Realised as heart beat blood pumped around body

� Galen had said blood was used up then replaced, Harvey

realised volume of blood too much for this to be possible

� Found that body had a fixed amount of blood, that it

circulated around the body, and valves in the veins only

let the blood flow one way, also that blood flowed from

heart through arteries and back to heart in veins

� Published work in 1628, this made bleeding redundant,

there could never bee too much blood in body, howevermany doctors did not believe this and continued to use

bleeding until early nineteenth century

� Factors to consider are individual Genius



18th Century Medicine

� The causes of disease were still largely unchanged

from ancient Greek times

� Bleeding still often used, five million leeches

imported each year

� In 1718 Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduces

inoculation to Britain� She put the pus from a small pox into a cut from

another persons arm, however this was dangerous

and not always successful

� Edward Jenner (pictured) noticed milk maids did not

catch small pox, they caught cowpox, a rarer

condition but had a higher survival rate

� 1796- Jenner did experiment, he gave James Phipps a

dose of cowpox, then a dose of smallpox and he

survived, thus we have vaccination

� Doctors were not eager to use this as hey made

money out of inoculation

� Factors- Individual Genius



Another factor- Industrial Revolution

� The industrial revolution led to greater technologies, including glass making which then lead

to better microscopes. This lead to many more discoveries of disease.

� This is the factor of improved technology



Louis Pasteur

� Born 1822, in France

� Did a hugely important experiment which proved histheory of biogenesis, and not spontaneousgeneration as thought before

� Not the first with theory of germ theory, first to proveit and promote it and make a majority of Europe

believe it

� Proved that micro organisms spoiled liquids, whichlead to pasteuri sation

� Later work on chicken cholera, and found thatchicken who had accidently been exposed to spoliedbacteria could not be infected with it

� Applied same method with anthrax on cattle

success

� Regarded as father of germ theory and microbiologyalong with Robert Koch

� Factors- Technology (new microscopes), Individualgenius and chance



Joseph Lister

� Born 1827

� English surgeon

� Quaker

� Pioneer of antiseptic surgery and promoted idea of

sterile surgery

� Introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgery ares and

equipment

� Before Lister many people though chemical damage

came from bad air (miasma)

� Before him washing hands was not done by surgeons

� Made surgeons wear clean gloves and wash hands,

also found that infection and gangrene was greatlyreduced

� President of Royal society 1895-1900, following his

death

� Factors- technology, individual genius



Robert Koch

� Born 1843, German

� Created experiments that isolated the bacterium for

Tuberculosis

� Drew up guidelines for growing bacteria that are still

followed today

� The help of technologies such as agar plates andPetri dishes aided his work

� Won a Nobel peace Prize

� Also a crater on moon named after him

� Factors, individual genius, and improved

technologies

Surgery and Disease

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