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Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale(Department of pharmaceutics)

avengersagar16@gmail.com2015-016

SURFACTANT

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SURFACTANTS

3. TYPES OF SURFACTANTS

4. HLB SYSTEM

5. ADSORPTION PHENOMENON OF SURFACTANTS

6. PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS

7. CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION

8. APPLICATIONS

9. CONCLUSION

10. REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION1,2

oSurfactants are known to play a vital role in many processes of interest in both fundamental and applied science.

oOne important property of surfactants is the formation of colloidal-sized clusters in solutions, known as micelles.

oMicelles have particular significance in pharmacy because of their ability to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble substances in water.

oSurfactants are widely used in molecular biology in formulating new and in modifying existing medical preparations, in the production of proprietary medicines, in the production of chemical preparations aimed for the domestic use, etc.

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SURFACTANTS2

• Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating• Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving• Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a

hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic or nonpolar moiety known as tail. • The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups –

Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between. • Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from

hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their alkyl chain.

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TYPES OF SURFACTANTS1,2

• Ionica. Anionic1. Fatty acid salts (‘‘soaps’’)2. Sulfates: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)3. Ether sulfates: Alkyl ether sulfates4.Phosphate esters5. Sulphonates: Alkyl benzene sulphonatesb. Cationic1. Amine salt•   Alkyl amine salt, Alkyl diamine salt2.Ammonium Salt•    Alkyl trimethyl ammonium salt3.Benzalkonium chloride (BAC)

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c. Zwitterionic (amphoteric)1. Quaternary amine group and a carboxyl group containing

surfactant•   Alkyl betaine•   Alkyl imidazoline

2. Quaternary amine group and a sulfonic group containing surfactant• Alkyl sulphobetaine

3. Phospholipids surfactant•    Phosphatidyl serine•    Phosphatidyl choline•    Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

4. Carbohydrate-based surfactant•    Alkyl Polyglucoside•    Alkyl Glucamide

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• Nonionic•    Alkyl ethoxylate•    Nonylphenolethoxylate•    Amine ethoxylate•    Alkyl poly(ethylene oxide)

HLB SYSTEM1,3

•HLB value – If high -> more polar –> more hydrophilic.• E.g. polyoxyethelene derivatives of the spans (Tweens)(9.6-16.7)•HLB value- If low -> less polar -> more lipophilic. • E.g. sorbitan esters ( spans)(1.8 -8.6)

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Types of emulsion formation whether o/w or w/o depends on the emulsifying agents used. O/W- HLB 9-12 – surfactant Soluble in water W/O – HLB 3-6 – surfactant Insoluble in water

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ADSORPTION PHENOMENON OF SURFACTANTS2

1) Adsorption at liquid-liquid interface-

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Fig.-Alignment Of Surfactant At A Liquid- Liquid Interface

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2) Adsorption at liquid-gas interface-

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Fig.-Alignment of Surfactant At A Liquid- Gas Surface

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Properties of surfactants1,2

I. Wetting of SolidsII. SolubilizationIII. EmulsificationIV. Dispersion of solid in solutionV. MicellizationVI. Detergency Wetting of solid-Three types of wetting phenomena have been described: 1) Adhesional wetting 2) Spreading wetting 3) Immersional wetting.

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Emulsification- This is the property of surfactants to form a stable

emulsion of two or more immiscible liquids. This is a little like micelle solubilization, but the resultant

solubilizing particles are much bigger. Emulsification have following mechanisms-a) Interfacial tensionb) Interfacial double layerc) Electrical double layer

Fig.-The Electrical Double Layer At En Oil Water Interface

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Micellization-• A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a

liquid colloid. The process of forming micelle is known as micellization.• Micelle formations in polar and non-polar solvent depend on the

concentration of the surfactant in the particular solvent.

CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION (CMC)• The concentration of monomer at which the micelles are start

to form in solvent at particular temperature.

• Micelles form only when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC).

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Micelles are divided into three types2

I. Monomeric micelles-

Fig.-The Formation Of Micelle Form Monomer (Surfactant)

Individual surfactant molecules that are in the system but are not part of a micelle are called "monomers."

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• In micelle, the hydrophobic tails of several surfactant molecules assemble into an oil-like core the most stable form of which has no contact with water.

II. Reverse micelle-• In a non-polar solvent, the lipophilic "tails" of surfactant

molecules have less contact with water or the exposure of the hydrophilic head groups to the surrounding solvent that is energetically unfavorable.

• Therefore, the head groups are pulls at the centre with the tails extending out called as Inverse\ Reverse micelle (water-in-oil micelle).

Fig.- Reverse Micelle

• (In Non Polar Solvent)

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III. In polar solvent- The hydrophilic "heads" of surfactant molecules are always in

contact with the sequestering solvent and the hydrophobic single tail regions in the micelle centre called normal micelle (oil-in-water micelle).

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Fig.- Micelle In Polar Solvent

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Applications of surfactants2,3,4

• Liquid systemsi. Formulation of solution ii. Formulation of suspensioniii. Formulation of emulsions• Formulation of aerosols• Formulation of semisolid systemi. Formulation of ointmentii. Formulation of shampoo• In naturally occurring surfactantsi. Phospholipids & bile salts• Antimicrobial activity

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Conclusion

• Micelle is very good solution on weakly soluble drug which enhances their bioavailability. • Recent work on cancer therapy shows that micelle is a good carrier

for drug used in cancer therapy. • Micelle doesn’t harm to other system of our body and also having

patient compliances. • By considering all things, micelle is beneficial in drug delivery

system and more research is expected in future so that this wonderful phenomena can be used in new drug delivery system.

 

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References

• Alfred Martin,James swarbrick,Arthur Cammarata et.al,Varghese publishing House, 3rd edition,1992,page no-355-384• www.pharmatutor.org/articles/surfactants&it’s Application in pharmaceuticals overview. • C.V.S Subhramanyam, A textbook of Physical pharmaceutics,

Vallabh Prakashan, Second Edition, 2000, page no-128 to 153 • Swarbrick James,Boylan James C. “Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical

Technology,” 2nd edition (2002), published by Mar cel Dekker,USA. Page no.-2639-2653

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Thank you