Surface Skin/Air Temperature and LW Flux Calculation
description
Transcript of Surface Skin/Air Temperature and LW Flux Calculation
Surface Skin/Air Surface Skin/Air Temperature and Temperature and
LW Flux CalculationLW Flux Calculation Y-C. Zhang and W.B. RossowY-C. Zhang and W.B. Rossow
LandFlux ConferenceLandFlux Conference
CNES/CESBIO, Toulouse, FranceCNES/CESBIO, Toulouse, France
May 28 – 31, 2007May 28 – 31, 2007
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OUTLINE I. Datasets Used
II. SRF Skin Temperature (Ts) Comparison:
FD vs ERA15, GEOS-1, NCEP and 3I
III. SRF Air Temperature (Ta) Comparison:
FD vs ERA15, GEOS-1, NCEP and 3I, and SOBS
IV. (Ts –Ta) Comparison: FD vs ERA15,GEOS-1, NCEP and 3I
V. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs CERES
VI. SRF LW and Ta Comparison: FD vs SOB
VII. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs SRB
VIII. Uncertainties of Ts, Ta and Others and
their Caused Global, Daily-Mean LW Uncertainties
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I. Datasets Used1. FDTV (TV) = ISCCP D1 W/ TOVS and FD Flux Product
► Original Temperature and Humidity Profile From TOVS Ts = Skin Temperature is retrieved from ISCCP production Ta = SRF air temperature is interpolated from TOVS profile• Both land Ta and Ts are diurnal-adjusted using SOBS/NCEP Climatology ► Features:• Spatial Resolution: Horizontal: 280 km equal area Vertical: up to 9 layers from SRF 10 hPa• Temporal resolution: 3-hourly and its monthly hourly/monthly mean • Spatial coverage: global• Temporal Coverage: 1983 – 2004 ( 2006 SOON)
► ISCCP-FD is a self-consistent and physically-integrated, SRF-to-TOA profile flux product, including all up & down, SW (diffuse/direct and VIS/NIR) and LW for full, clear and overcast sky, calculated using the NASA GISS radiative model with input datasets mainly from ISCCP-D1
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... I. Datasets Used
2. ER = ERA-15 Reanalysis Product from ECMWF
► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts/Ta
Used Ta is interpolated from profile
► Features:
• Spatial resolution:
Horizontal: 2.5 ° X 2.5° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)
Vertical: 17 Levels from 1000 10 hPa
• Temporal resolution: 6-hour monthly hourly, daily & monthly mean
• Spatial coverage: global
• Temporal Coverage: 1979 – 1993
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... I. Datasets Used
3. GE = GEOS-1 Reanalysis Product from NASA
► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts
Used Ta is interpolated from profile
► Features:
• Spatial Resolution:
Horizontal: 2.5 ° X 2.0° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)
Vertical: 18 levels from 1000 20 hPa
• Temporal resolution: 6-hour monthly hourly, daily & monthly mean
• Spatial coverage: global
• Temporal Coverage: 1980 – 1995
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... I. Datasets Used
4. NC = NCEP Reanalysis Product (version 1)
► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts/Ta
Used Ta is interpolated from profile
► Features:
• Spatial resolution:
Horizontal: 2.5 ° X 2.0° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)
Vertical: 8 levels from 925 100 hPa
• Temporal resolution: daily & monthly mean
• Spatial coverage: global
• Temporal Coverage: 1948 – 1998
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... I. Datasets Used
5. 3I = Product based on Improved Initialization Inversion
from LMD► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts
Ta is interpolated from profile
► Features:
• Spatial resolution:
Horizontal: 1 ° X 1° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)
Vertical: 9 layers from SRF 15 hPa
• Temporal resolution: Am & PM daily, 5-day & monthly mean
• Spatial coverage: global
• Temporal Coverage: 1988 – 1997
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... I. Datasets Used
6. SOBS = Extended Editorial Synoptic Cloud Reports
Archive
► Station-based Surface Air Temperature and Humidity, and clouds, etc.
► Features:
• Temporal resolution: 3-hourly & monthly mean
• Spatial coverage: about 6400 stations over globe
• Temporal Coverage: 1971 – 1996 for Land
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... I. Datasets Used
7. CERES Flux Product
► Version: SRBAVG Ed. 2 Rv. 1 from GEWEX-RFA website
► Satellite: TERRA FM1 or FM2, XTRK and GEO-interpolated
► SRF (and TOA) up & down, SW and LW for all and clear sky
• Spatial resolution: horizontal: 2.5° X 2.5°
• Temporal resolution: monthly mean (based on original 3-hourly CERES)
• Spatial coverage: global
• Temporal coverage: March 2000 →
► Radiative Model for SRF fluxes:
Model B: LPSA/LPLA (Langley Parameterized SW/LW Algorithm) based on the relationships with TOA fluxes and atmospheric data
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... I. Datasets Used
8. GEWEX-SRB Flux Product
► Version: SW Rel 2.5 and LW Rel 2.6 (from Paul Stackhouse)
► SRF (and TOA) up & down, SW and LW for all- and clear sky
• Spatial resolution: 1° X 1° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)
• Temporal resolution: 3-houly (UTC = 0, 3, … 21)
• Spatial coverage: global
• Temporal coverage: July 1983 → Dec. 2004
► Radiative Model:
SW (0.2 – 4.0 μm) from Pinker/Laszlo (quality check by Staylor Model)
LW (4.5 – ∞ μm) from Fu/Liou, (quality check by Gupta Model)
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... I. Datasets Used
9. SOB = Surface Station Observed Flux Product containing
some meteorological parameters
► Based on 15 selected stations of BSRN, ARM and SURFRAD networks obtained from GEWEX-RFA (Processed by Chuck Long)
► Ta is supplied (but not Ts)
► SRF down and up, SW (diffuse and direct) and LW and their inferred clear-sky fluxes, etc.
• Temporal resolution: 15-minute (averaged from original 1-3 min)
(Averaged to 8 Local Solar time or daily/monthly mean)
• Temporal coverage: 2004 for 15-min daily
1992-2004 for monthly-mean 15-min
► Processing method: “Next Generation Flux Analysis” (NGFA) method
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II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3IGlobal mean difference (STDV); ABS Mean is from column modulus mean
X/Y Jan. 1992 April 1992 July 1992 Oct. 1992
Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land
ER/GE 0.57 (2.8) 1.21 (4.9) 0.33 (2.1) -0.23 (3.8) 0.67 (3.4) -0.27 (3.3) 0.70 (3.0) 0.94 ( 4.2)ER/NC -0.02 (0.9) -2.72 (4.0) 0.12 (1.2) -1.48 (4.0) 0.24 (1.7) -0.27 (3.5) 0.33 (1.5) -0.66 ( 3.6)
ER/TV 1.22 (2.7) -3.52 (6.8) 1.68 (2.3) -3.25 (5.3) 2.05 (2.1) 0.23 (5.4) 1.12 (2.7) -2.89 ( 4.7)
ER/3I -0.11 (1.8) -1.46 (4.5) 0.27 (1.2) -1.31 (4.8) 0.67 (2.2) -0.79 (4.6) 0.37 (2.3) -1.06 ( 4.0)
GE/NC -0.60 (2.6) -3.93 (5.9) -0.21 (1.6) -1.25 (2.8) -0.43 (2.3) 0.00 (3.0) -0.37 (2.1) -1.61 ( 3.9)GE/TV 0.64 (4.6) -4.74 (8.6) 1.36 (3.1) -3.02 (4.9) 1.38 (4.0) 0.50 (5.2) 0.43 (3.7) -3.83 ( 5.0)
GE/3I -0.68 (3.3) -2.98 (6.4) -0.06 (2.0) -1.21 (4.8) 0.00 (2.3) -0.84 (4.5) -0.33 (2.7) -2.33 ( 4.7)
NC/TV 1.24 (2.6) -0.81 (5.4) 1.56 (2.4) -1.77 (4.2) 1.81 (2.6) 0.49 (4.3) 0.80 (2.5) -2.22 ( 4.6)
NC/3I -0.08 (1.8) 0.85 (3.6) 0.15 (1.3) -0.09 (3.9) 0.43 (1.6) -0.95 (4.0) 0.04 (1.5) -0.87 ( 3.3)TV/3I -1.32 (2.5) 1.95 (5.5) -1.42 (2.2) 1.35 (4.8) -1.38 (2.5) -1.58 (5.8) -0.75 (2.5) 1.48 ( 4.8)
ABS Mean 0.65 (2.6) 2.42 (5.6) 0.72 (1.9) 1.50 (4.3) 0.91 (2.5) 0.59 (4.4) 0.52 (2.5) 1.79 ( 4.3)
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and July
-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90Latitude (degree)
-28
-24
-20
-16
-12
-8
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
Diffe
ren
ce
of S
urf
ace S
kin
Tem
pera
ture
(K
)
TS07ertvTS07getvTS07nctvTS073itv
LAND
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and January
-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90Latitude (degree)
-28
-24
-20
-16
-12
-8
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
Diffe
ren
ce
of S
urf
ace
Skin
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
TS01ertvTS01getvTS01nctvTS013itv
LAND
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: N. Hemispheric Land
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of 1992
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Sea
so
na
l cycle
of
surf
ace
skin
te
mp
era
ture
(k)
TSxxxxerTSxxxxgeTSxxxxncTSxxxxtvTSxxxx3i
Land: Northern Hemisphere
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: S. Hemispheric Land
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of 1992
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Sea
so
na
l cycle
of
surf
ace
skin
te
mp
era
ture
(k)
TSxxxxerTSxxxxgeTSxxxxncTSxxxxtvTSxxxx3i
Land: Southern Hemisphere
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and July
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Diu
rnal cycle
for
surf
ace
skin
te
mpera
ture
(K
)
Land: N. Hemisphere
TS9207erTS9207geTS9207tv
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and January
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Diu
rna
l cycle
for
surf
ace
skin
te
mpera
ture
(K
)
Land: N. Hemisphere
TS9201erTS9201geTS9201tv
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65° N mean for Land and July
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Diu
rnal cycle
for
surf
ace
skin
te
mpera
ture
(K
)
Land: 25N - 65N
TS9207erTS9207geTS9207tv
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…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65° N mean for Land/January
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Diu
rna
l cycle
fo
r su
rfa
ce
skin
te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Land: 25N - 65N
TS9201erTS9201geTS9201tv
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III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3IGlobal mean difference and its STDV; ABS Mean is from column modulus mean
X/Y Jan. 1992 April 1992 July 1992 Oct. 1992
Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land
ER/GE -0.31 (1.5) 0.73 (2.6) -0.01 (1.6) 1.21 (2.8) -0.09 (1.9) 0.69 (2.9) -0.71 (1.8) 0.96 (2.7)
ER/NC -0.18 (1.1) 0.45 (1.8) 0.03 (1.2) 1.69 (3.3) -0.13 (1.4) 1.51 (3.7) -0.27 (1.1) 1.02 (2.4)
ER/TV -1.52 (1.9) 0.33 (3.6) -1.03 (1.9) 1.32 (4.3) -1.09 (2.1) 2.45 (3.7) -1.56 (2.0) 1.29 (3.1)
ER/3I -1.26 (2.3) 0.89 (4.0) -0.90 (2.0) 1.50 (3.5) -1.42 (2.8) 0.68 (3.5) -1.53 (2.6) 0.49 (3.2)
GE/NC 0.13 (1.4) -0.28 (2.0) 0.05 (1.1) 0.48 (2.5) -0.04 (1.4) 0.82 (3.0) 0.43 (1.6) 0.07 (2.3)
GE/TV -1.21 (1.8) -0.39 (4.0) -1.02 (2.0) 0.10 (5.4) -1.00 (2.0) 1.76 (4.0) -0.86 (1.8) 0.33 (3.4)
GE/3I -0.95 (1.8) 0.16 (4.5) -0.89 (1.8) 0.29 (4.5) -1.33 (2.4) -0.01 (4.7) -0.82 (2.2) -0.47 (4.3)
NC/TV -1.34 (2.0) -0.11 (3.7) -1.07 (2.1) -0.37 (6.1) -0.97 (2.0) 0.94 (4.0) -1.29 (2.0) 0.27 (2.7)
NC/3I -1.08 (2.2) 0.44 (4.1) -0.94 (1.9) -0.19 (5.2) -1.29 (2.5) -0.83 (6.0) -1.26 (2.5) -0.53 (4.0)
TV/3I 0.26 (1.5) 0.56 (3.6) 0.13 (1.8) 0.19 (4.3) -0.33 (1.8) -1.77 (4.9) 0.03 (1.6) -0.80 (3.5)
ABS mean 0.82 (1.8) 0.43 (3.4) 0.61 (1.7) 0.74 (4.2) 0.77 (2.0) 1.15 (4.0) 0.88 (1.9) 0.62 (3.2)
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…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and July
-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Latitude (degree)
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Diffe
ren
ce o
f S
urf
ace A
ir T
em
pera
ture
(K
)
TA07ertvTA07getvTA07nctvTA073itvTA07tval
LAND
23
…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and January
-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Latitude (degree)
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Diffe
ren
ce
of
Su
rfa
ce
Air T
em
pe
ratu
re (
K)
TA01ertvTA01getvTA01nctvTA013itvTA01tval
LAND
24
…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: N. Hemispheric Land
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of 1992
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Seasonal cycle
of
surf
ace a
ir tem
pera
ture
(k)
TAxxxxerTAxxxxgeTAxxxxncTAxxxxtvTAxxxx3i
Land: Northern Hemisphere
25
…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: S. Hemispheric Land
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of 1992
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Se
aso
na
l cycle
of
su
rfa
ce
air
te
mp
era
ture
(k)
TAxxxxerTAxxxxgeTAxxxxncTAxxxxtvTAxxxx3i
Land: Southern Hemisphere
26
…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and July
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Diu
rnal cycle
for
surf
ace
air tem
pera
ture
(K
)
Land: N. Hemisphere
TA9207erTA9207geTA9207tv
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…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and January
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Diu
rna
l cycle
for
su
rface
tem
pe
ratu
re (
K)
Land: N. Hemisphere
TA9201erTA9201geTA9201tv
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…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65° mean for Land and July
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Diu
rna
l cycle
for
su
rface
air
te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Land: 25N - 65N
TA9207erTA9207geTA9207tv
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…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65°mean for Land/January
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Diu
rna
l cycle
for
surf
ace
tem
pe
ratu
re (
K)
Land: 25N - 65N
TA9201erTA9201geTA9201tv
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…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25 N – 65 N mean for Land and January
230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320
FD-TOVS Surface Air Temperature (K)
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
SO
BS
Surf
ace
Air
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
K)
(monthly-mean based matched) Monthly mean from 9201, 04, 07 & 10
88º – 54º S
FDTV underestimate inversion strength in Winter
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…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Central USA Diurnal Cycle for July 1992
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour
283
285
287
289
291
293
295
297
299
301
303
Su
rfa
ce
Air
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Diurnal Cycle of July 1992: Central USA
ISCCP-FDSOBS
32
…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Central Asia Diurnal Cycle for July 1992
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour
283
285
287
289
291
293
295
297
299
301
303
Surf
ace
Air T
em
pe
ratu
re (
K)
Diurnal Cycle of July 1992: Central Asia
ISCCP-FDSOBS
33
…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Brazil Diurnal Cycle for July 1992
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
Surf
ace
Air T
em
pe
ratu
re (
K)
Diurnal Cycle of July 1992: Brazil
ISCCP-FDSOBS
34
IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I
Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and July
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-30
-28-26
-24
-22-20
-18
-16-14
-12-10
-8
-6-4
-2
02
4
68
10
Te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffe
ren
ce
(T
S -
Ta,
K)
SA9207erSA9207geSA9207ncSA9207tvSA92073i
LAND
35
…IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I
Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and January
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-30
-28-26
-24
-22-20
-18
-16-14
-12-10
-8
-6-4
-2
02
4
68
10
Te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffe
ren
ce
(T
S -
Ta,
K)
SA9201erSA9201geSA9201ncSA9201tvSA92013i
LAND
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…IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GEDiurnal Cycle for Global Land for July 1992
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Diu
rna
l cycle
fo
r diffe
ren
ce o
f S
RF
skin
an
d a
ir T
em
pe
ratu
re (
K)
Land: Global
DF9207erDF9207geDF9207tv
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…IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GEDiurnal Cycle for 25º N – 65º N Land for July 1992
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Diu
rna
l cycle
fo
r diffe
ren
ce o
f S
RF
skin
an
d a
ir T
em
pe
ratu
re (
K)
Land: 25N - 65N
DF9207erDF9207geDF9207tv
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V. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs. CERES Averaged from 36-month (0003 to 0302) Global, monthly-mean statistics;
LW in W/m2; Cor… are without unit
Var Name FD(X)
mean
CERES(Y)
mean
X-Ymean
Stdv of(X-Y)
Regression grid boxnumber
Corr. slope intercept Nm Dev
Clr-LW-DW_srf 313.99 313.48 0.511 16.211 .9797 1.03 -3.17 11.08 6596
Clr-LW-UP_srf 390.48 391.46 -0.982 15.498 .9803 0.93 28.00 10.40 6596
Clr-LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 1.493 16.051 .6826 0.59 -9.00 11.55 6596
LW-DW_srf 345.33 344.09 1.243 15.767 .9746 1.03 0.96 10.77 6596
LW-UP_srf 392.01 391.99 0.011 15.269 .9805 0.94 25.35 10.29 6596
LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 1.233 15.153 .7987 0.57 -9.00 9.14 6596
CRE-LW_srf 29.80 30.06 -0.260 7.306 .9007 1.00 0.41 5.14 6596
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… V. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs. CERES Averaged from 36-month (0003 to 0302) Land, monthly-mean statistics;
LW in W/m2; Cor… are without unit
Var Name FD(X) mean
CERES(Y) mean
X-Ymean
Stdv of(X-Y)
Regression grid boxnumberCorr. slope intercept Nm Dev
Clr-LW-DW_srf 298.48 283.85 14.629 19.491 .9767 1.00 -4.04 13.53 1781
Clr-LW-UP_srf 373.43 366.48 6.950 20.556 .9773 0.93 20.07 13.94 1781
Clr-LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 7.679 19.200 .7941 0.52 -9.00 10.67 1781
LW-DW_srf 322.91 310.15 1.757 19.946 .9711 1.00 -2.44 13.90 1781
LW-UP_srf 374.45 366.90 7.548 20.585 .9770 0.93 18.30 14.01 1781
LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 5.209 19.946 .8310 0.57 -9.00 11.30 1781
CRE-LW_srf 23.42 25.89 -2.470 8.465 .7631 0.84 6.39 6.24 1781
40
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESClear-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) for Land
41
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESClear-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) for Land
42
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESClear-sky SRF LW-Net (W/m2) for Land
43
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESFull-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) for Land
44
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESFull-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) for Land
45
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESFull-sky SRF LW-Net (W/m2) for Land
46
Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESCloud Effects of SRF LW (net) (W/m2) for Land
47
VI. SRF LW and Ta Comparison: FD vs SOB 15 BEST Stations Selected from BSRN, ARM and SURFRAD networks
Station Station Name [Owner] Network Stat’n Lat/Lon FD cell lat/lon AOD
NYA Ny Alesund, Spitsbergen [GM/NY] BSRN 78.9N/ 11.9E 78.8N/ 6.4E YPSU Rock Springs [USA] SURFRAD 40.7N/282.1E 41.2N/281.7E YFPE Fort Peck, CO Montana [USA] SURFRAD 48.5N/254.8E 48.8N/255.8E TBDPAY Paverne, [Swittzerland] BSRN 46.8N/ 6.9E 46.2N/ 5.4E NBOS Boulder, CO [USA] SURFRAD 40.2N/254.6E 41.2N/255.0E YBON Bondville, Illinois [USA] SURFRAD 40.1N/271.4E 41.2N/271.7E TBDDRA Desert Rock, PA [USA] SURFRAD 36.6N/243.9E 36.2N/243.6E YBIL Billings, OK [USA] ARM 36.6N/262.5E 36.2N/262.2E NTAT Tateno [Japan] BSRN 36.0N/140.1E 36.2N/141.2E NGCR Goodwin Creek, Mississippi [USA] SURFRAD 34.2N/270.1E 33.8N/271.5E YNAU Nauru Island [USA] ARM 0.5S/166.9E 1.2S/166.2E YMAN Momote, Manus Is., Papua New
Guinea [USA]ARM 2.1S/147.7E 1.2S/148.8E Y
DAR Darwin [Australia] ARM 12.5S/130.9E 13.8S/129.9E YGVN George von Neumaver, Ant. [GM] BSRN 70.7S/351.8E 71.2S/348.3E YSPO77 South Pole, Antarctica [USA] BSRN 89.8S/258.0E 88.8S/300.0E Y
FD cell lat/lon
NYA 78.9N/ 11.9E 78.8N/ 6.4E
PSU 40.7N/282.1E 41.2N/281.7E
FPE 48.5N/254.8E 48.8N/255.8E
PAY 46.8N/ 6.9E 46.2N/ 5.4E
BOS 40.2N/254.6E 41.2N/255.0E
BON 40.1N/271.4E 41.2N/271.7E
DRA 36.6N/243.9E 36.2N/243.6E
BIL 36.6N/262.5E 36.2N/262.2E
TAT 36.0N/140.1E 36.2N/141.2E
GCR 34.2N/270.1E 33.8N/271.5E
NAU 0.5S/166.9E 1.2S/166.2E
MAN 2.1S/147.7E 1.2S/148.8E
DAR 12.5S/130.9E 13.8S/129.9E
GVN 70.7S/351.8E 71.2S/348.3E
SPO77 89.8S/258.0E 88.8S/300.0E
48
…VI. SRF LW and Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBStatistics for all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
Flux in W/m2 and Temperature in K
Var Name FD SOB meandif
Stdv corcoef
Slop
intercept
Normdev
Point#
Clr-LW-DW_srf 7.31 6.87 0.440 11.823 .2430 0.25 5.05 9.15 5057
Clr-LW-UP_srf 31.52 46.74 -15.216 37.104 .4972 0.47 31.88 28.23 5021
Clr-LW-NET_srf -24.16 -39.82 15.660 35.209 .4468 0.42 -29.64 26.76 5021
LW-DW_srf 12.37 6.65 5.718 19.796 .2244 0.22 3.99 14.82 5096
LW-UP_srf 32.31 37.52 -5.210 30.111 .6343 0.51 21.13 21.00 4971
LW-NET_srf -19.57 -30.73 11.160 32.367 .5189 0.46 -21.72 23.95 4960
Ta 286.99 283.96 3.029 8.435 .9521 1.30 -89.99 4.17 5086
Cld Amnt 0.69 0.45 0.239 0.350 .4857 0.57 0.06 0.28 5052
Var Name FD SOB meandif
Stdv corcoef
Slop
intercept
Normdev
Point#
Note: For all the available monthly means from all the stations, FD and BSRN have about 2 w/m2 bias (high) with STDV < 20 w/m2.
49
Clear-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 370 390 410 430 450
Clear-sky SRF LW-dw from FD (W/m^2)
507090
110130150170190210230250270290310330350370390410430450
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-dw
fro
m S
OB
(W
/m^2)
50
Clear-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Clear-sky SRF LW-up from FD (W/m^2)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-up
fro
m S
OB
(W
/m^2
)
51
Clear-sky SRF LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
Clear-sky SRF LW-Net-Loss from FD (W/m^2)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-Ne
t-L
oss L
W-u
p fro
m S
OB
(W
/m^2
)
52
Full-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Full-sky SRF LW-dw from FD (W/m^2)
100120
140
160180
200220
240
260280
300
320340
360
380400
420440
460
480500
Fu
ll-sky S
RF
LW
-dw
fro
m S
OB
(W
/m^2
)
53
Full-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Full-sky SRF LW-up from FD (W/m^2)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Full-
sky S
RF
LW
-up fro
m S
OB
(W
/m^2)
54
Full-sky SRF LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
-60 -20 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300
Full-sky SRF LW-Net-Loss from FD (W/m^2)
-60
-20
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
Full-
sky S
RF
LW
-Net-
Loss L
W-u
p fro
m S
OB
(W
/m^2)
55
SRF Air Temperature (K) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320
SRF Air Temperature (K) from FD
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
SR
F A
ir T
em
pera
ture
(K
) fr
om
SO
B
56
Clear-sky LW-dw (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
-18
-14
-10
-6
-2
2
6
10
14
18
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-dw
(W
/m2)
W/ d
aily
mea
n r
em
ove
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
57
Clear-sky LW-up (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-up
(W
/m2)
W/ d
aily
mea
n r
em
ove
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
58
Clear-sky LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-NE
T-L
OS
S (
W/m
2)W
/ d
aily
me
an
re
move
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
59
Full-sky LW-dw (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
-18
-14
-10
-6
-2
2
6
10
14
18
Fu
ll-sky S
RF
LW
-dw
(W
/m2
) W
/ da
ily m
ea
n r
em
oved
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
60
Full-sky LW-up (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cle
ar-
sky S
RF
LW
-up
(W
/m2
) W
/ d
aily
me
an
re
mo
ve
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
61
Full-sky LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Fu
ll-sky S
RF
LW
-NE
T-L
OS
S (
W/m
2)W
/ d
aily
me
an r
em
ove
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
62
Ta (K) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
SR
F A
ir T
em
pe
ratu
re(K
) W
/O d
aily
me
an
re
mo
ve
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
63
Cloud Fraction Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Local Solar Time (hr)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
SR
F C
lou
d F
ractio
n W
/O d
aily
me
an
re
mo
ve
d
FDSOB
Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations
64
VII. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs SRBStatistics for 85-89 Annual-mean Comparison
quantit
y FD SRB M.
Diff. STDV. Cor.Coef
. SLOPE Intercept NM
Dev Cell #
L↓ s 344.7 343.2 1.49 10.16 0.9894 1.035 -13.69 6.88 6596 L↑ s 395.6 393.7 1.90 11.15 0.9889 0.980 6.19 7.89 6596
CLR-L↓ s 313.6 306.2 7.43 11.30 0.9888 1.002 -8.16 7.98 6596 CLR-L↑ s 394.1 393.2 0.96 11.26 0.9888 0.973 9.81 7.94 6596
NLs -50.9 -50.5 -0.40 13.04 0.7878 0.733 -13.17 9.53 6596 CLR-NLs -80.5 -87.0 6.48 13.38 0.7230 0.823 -20.73 10.08 6596 CFC-NLs 29.6 36.5 -6.88 3.95 0.9515 0.929 8.98 2.82 6596
65
85-89 Annual-mean LW↓: FD - SRB (W/m2)
66
85-89 Annual-mean Clear-sky LW↓: FD - SRB (W/m2)
67
85-89 Annual-mean LW↑: FD - SRB (W/m2)
68
85-89 Annual-mean LW-net: FD - SRB (W/m2)
69
85-89 Annual-mean LW-Net Cloud Effects/Forcing: FD - SRB (W/m2)
70
VIII. Uncertainties of Ts, Ta and Others andtheir Caused Global, Daily-mean LW Uncertainties
Estimated Uncertainty ΔL t ΔLs ΔLs DV
1 surface skin T ± 2 K 2.1 (1.3) 20.8 (3.1) 0.0 (0.0) 4 2 surface air T ± 2 K 0.8 (0.5) 1.0 (0.5) 13.7 (3.1) 4 3 first near-srf layer T ± 2 K 1.5 (0.9) 1.6 (0.8) 21.4 (6.1) 4 4 T-profile ± 2 K 8.4 (2.1) 1.2 (0.5) 17.2 (3.1) 4 5 column PW ± 25% -6.0 (3.5) 0.8 (0.5) 14.9 (8.1) 50 6 first near-srf layer PW ± 25% -0.7 (1.0) 0.6 (0.4) 11.7(6.7) 50 7 400-100 mb T ± 3 K 5.4 (2.4) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.4) 6 8 400-100 mb PW ± 50% -4.6 (1.9) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.1) 100 9 broadband EMI ± 2% 0.7 (0.6) 2.1 (1.3) 0.0 (0.0) 410 window EMI ± 5% 0.3 (0.2) 0.6 (0.3) 0.0 (0.0) 10