Surface Equipment

8/13/2019 Surface Equipment

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(Short) Explanation of Oilfield Drilling Activities with opportunities for

Bureau Veritas


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219-Sep-2008

Summary

Life of the Well

Wellhead equipment

Surface equipment

Separators

Containers

Tanks

Treating iron

Drilling equipment (surface only)

Lifting equipment

Specific Well ServicesEquipment required at surface

Cementing

Fracturing

Coiled tubing

Artificial lift

Slickline

Wireline / Logging

Well testing


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Life of a Well


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Life of a wellDRILLING

1. Operators wil l want environmental & r isk im pactassessments done

2. BRING DRILL RIG TO LOCATION

3. MOUNT RIG AT LOCATION

4. DRIL LING Companiesare required to havetheir rig inspected before starting to drill (lifting+ structural)

5. DRILLING Companiesare required to have theirWellhead & Blow Out Preventer (BOP) stack

inspec ted (Witness Press ure test)


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Life of a well - DRILLING

5. DRILL THE WELLBORE (Hole)

6. INSPECT Dril l pipe, Dril l co llars &

Bottom hole Assembly (BHA)

7 . Dri ll ing and se rv i ce compan iesmay want 2ndparty

inspection (integrity, threads, follow TH Hill or Fernley

Proctor standards)


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Life of a well - COMPLETION

7. Complete the well (install thebottomhole and surface equipment

that will allow production of the well)

Operatorsmay want 2ndparty qualitycontrol during fabricationof:

- All surface completion (valves)

- Oil Country Tubing Goods (OCTG)that constitute the downholecompletion (casing, tubing, etc.)


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Others opportunities

There are numerous services during the life of a well (see detail of

Services starting Slide 24). These require: Audits of manufacturers / suppliers

Certification of new equipment(mandatory for assets under pressure and/or

lifting

3rd party inspectionduring 5-year major survey

2ndparty inspectionduring regular inspections (monthly, bi-annual or annual)

Trainingof staff on crane and lifting equipment utilization

Trainingon safety, HAZID, HAZOP, driving, etc.

Certificationfor welders, lifting equipment operation, crane operation, etc.


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What needs 2ndand/or 3rd party inspection?


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Wellhead Equipment


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Wellhead

The wellhead is the surface

termination of a wellbore.

The wellhead:

holds/hangs the production tubing;

is attached to the Christmas tree

(surface flow control equipment);


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Christmas Tree

The Christmas tree is an assembly

of valves, spools, pressure gauges

and chokes fitted to the wellheadto

control production.

Wellhead

Christmas Tree


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Examples of separate wellhead equipment

AdaptersCasing head

AdaptersTubing head

Back Pressure Valves

Ball Valves - Full OpeningBell Nipples

Bull Plugs

Casing heads

Casing Spools

Chokes - Positive

Chokes - Manual Adjustable

Chokes - Hydraulic

Flanges - Companion

FlangesWeld neck

Flow Tees

GaugesGate Valves - Manual

Gate Valves - Dual

Gate Valves - Actuator

Landing Bases

Nipples

Primary Seals

Ring Gaskets

Secondary Seals

Slip Assemblies

Stripper RubbersStuds

Tees and Crosses

Tubing Hangers

Tubing heads

Wraparounds

Spool

Choke valveCasing hanger

Well cap

TeeRing gaskets

Flange

Stripper rubbers

Slip assembly

Pressure gauge

Spider


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Surface Equipment


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Surface equipment to separate hydrocarbons

ABOVE: Hydrocarbon separator(can be 2 or 3 phases),typically used for well testing services but also is required beforeor after transportation of hydrocarbons (the units will look different& are usually bigger) also called free-water knoc k-out

This is a basic oil/water separator (Corrugated Plate Interceptor)


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Containersmust be DNV 2-7.1 certified


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Containersmust be DNV 2-7.1 certified


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Tanks

Can contain corrosive f lu ids: requires regular inspect ions


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Treating Iron

Used for:

Cementing

Coiled tubing

Fracturing

Well testing

Drilling

chiksan

Iron line

Butterfly valve

Check valve

Ball valve

Minimum yearly inspection


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Drilling Equipment

(Reminder: AT SURFACE ONLY)


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Blow Out Preventers (BOP) also required for well testing and

coiled tubing

Blow Out Preventer Control System


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Drilling Equipment

Choke and kill manifold

Kelly spinner

Top DriveTraveling block

Drawworks

Mud pump

Crown block


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Lifting Equipment

One of the primary causes ofaccidents in the oi lf ield indu stry

Requires regular and str ic t insp ect ions


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Cranes

Requires at least a yearly inspection


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Lifting Equipment


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Masts

Requires at least a yearly inspection


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Specific Well ServicesEquipment required at surface


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Cementing

Cementing provides well integrity through isolation of zones. It is a

durable hydraulic seal in the wellbore that allows selective fluid

production from subsurface formations and prevents leaks into other

formations or to the surface.


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Cementing Unit Typical elements

1. Mix Water Pump

2. Recirculating Pump

3. Boost Pump

4. 600 HP Triplex Pump

5. 600 HP Triplex Pump

6. 7 BBL Mixing Tank

7. Dust Eliminator8. Recirculating Mixer

9. Control Console

10. Displacement Tanks

11. Allison Automatic Transmission

12. Twin Deck Engines

13. Auxiliary Power

INVOLVES:

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure

Chemicals


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Fracturing

Fracturing is a well stimulation process performed to improve production

from geological formations where the flow of hydrocarbons is restricted.

Fluid is pumped into a well at sufficiently high pressure to fracture the

formation. A proppant (sand or ceramic material) is then added to the

fluid and injected into the fracture to prop it open, thereby permitting the

hydrocarbons to flow more freely into the wellbore. Once the proppant

has been placed into the fracture, the fluid flows out of the well


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Fracturing Job

INVOLVES:

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure

Chemicals


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Coiled Tubing

Coiled tubing (CT) is a continuous (without joints) reel of steel pipe. The pipe, is

spooled onto a large diameter reel and can be run into any oil or gas well. In

general terms, coiled tubing is used as a conduit to circulate and place fluids

into the wellbore at a specific depth.

The major advantage of using CT technology over regular jointed tubing is the

increased speed at which the CT string can be run into and out of the well and

the fact that it can be run into a live well. This means operations can be

performed while the well is flowing oil or gas.

CT is also used for drilling.


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Coiled Tubing Services

Crane

(requires minimum yearly inspections)

Control Unit

Motors

Coil reel

BOPs

Power pack = hydraulic andpneumatic power to operatethe unit

INVOLVES:

Lifting equipment

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure

Chemicals


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Coiled Tubing job

Use of mast, instead of crane

(requires minimum yearly inspections)


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Artificial Lift

Artificial lift systems are installed in oil wells and, to a lesser extent,natural gas wells that do not have sufficient reservoir pressure to raise

the produced hydrocarbon to the surface. These systems supplementthe natural reservoir pressures to produce oil or natural gas from thewell. There are six principal types of artificial lift technologies used in theindustry:

Progressing cavity pumps (PCP),

Reciprocating rod lift systems,

Gas lift systems,

Electrical submersible pumps (ESP),

Hydraulic lift systems,

Plunger lift systems,

Hybrid lift systems (example: horizontal pumping systems).

INVOLVES:

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure


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Surface equipment to pump hydrocarbons out

Electric Top Drive (=motor) of a downholepump

Hydraulic Top Drive (=motor) of a downholepump

Surface beam unit


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Artificial lift systems

Progressive Cavity Pump

Surface

Downhole

Plunger lift system

Progressive cavity pump


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Slickline

Slickline is a thin non-electric cable

used to place or retrieve wellbore

hardware, such as plugs, gauges

and valves. Valves and sleeves can

also be adjusted using slickline tools.

Partially damaged tubing can be

repaired using a slickline.

Slickline mounted on skids for offshore application

The skid (frame) is subject to DNV 2-7.1 or DNV 2-7.2 standard

INVOLVES:

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure


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Wireline

Wireline describes well-intervention operations conducted using single-

strand or multi-strand wire or cable for intervention in oil or gas wells.

Usually, it refers to electric logging and cables incorporating electrical

conductors.

This is a log, obtained from logging

INVOLVES:

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure


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Wireline Unit or Logging Unit

Inside the wireline unit data acquisition instruments

(pretty old)

Wireline Unit

Wireline Truck


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Well Testing

Well testing is conducted to determine how a much a well can produce.

Well test equipment on truck

INVOLVES:

Intrisic safety

Corrosion

Pressure exposure


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Typical Standards and References

M i R f A li bl S d d ( h i )


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Main References Applicable Standards (non exhaustive)

API 4 : Derricks and masts

API 6 : Valves and wellhead equipment

API 6A : Specification for wellhead and Christmas tree equipment

API 7 : Drilling equipment

API 8 : Hoisting tools

API 11 : Production equipment

API 11E : Beam pumping units

API 16 : Drilling well control systems

API 17 : Subsea production systems

ASME 30.5 : Mobile and locomotive crane

ASME 30.9 : Slings

ASME 30.10 : Hooks

DS-1 to DS-3 : TH Hill Drill Stem Tests and BottomHole Assembly Standards

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