• Support- framework that supports body and gives it shape

• Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain, any internal organs

• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles

• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate

• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

• There are 206 bones in the adult body and they fall into 2 Categories:

• 1. Axial Skeleton

• 2. Appendicular Skeleton

• Warm and moisten air• Lighten the skull• Enhance voice resonance

Frontal Sinus

Ethmoid Sinus

Sphenoid Sinus

Maxillary Sinus

o Cervical Vertebrae (7)

o Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

o Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

o Sacrumo Coccyx

o Cervical Vertebrae (7)

o Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

o Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

o Sacrumo Coccyx

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage

Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx

• Includes:

• 1. Pectoral Girdle

• 2. Upper Limbs

• 3. Pelvic Girdle

• 4. Lower Limbs

Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral Girdle

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

8 Carpals

14 Phalanges

5 Metacarpals

Bones of the Upper LimbsBones of the Upper Limbs

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Patella

The Lower Limbs (Legs)

The Lower Limbs (Legs)

Femur

TibiaFibula

5 Metatarsals14 Phalanges

7 Tarsals

• Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula

• Short Bones- carpals, tarsals

• Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum

• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, facial bones

• Sesamoid- patella

What type of bones do you think the following are?

1. Ribs2. Phalanges3. Pelvic bone4. Skull bones5. Ulna/ Radius6. Nasal bone7. Mandible

• Bones are organs which means they are composed of many types of tissues:1. Fibrous connective tissue.2. Cartilage.3. Vascular tissue.4. Lymphatic tissue.5. Adipose tissue.6. Nervous tissue.

Osteoblast

Osteocyte

OsteoclastEats bone

Builds new bone

Mature bone cell

1.1. Epiphysis:Epiphysis: The end of each long bone2.2. Diaphysis: Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone3.3. Hyaline Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage: on the outer surface of the

epiphysis to assist growth4.4. Periosteum: Periosteum: Completely encloses or wraps

around the bone (very tough)5.5. Compact bone: Compact bone: Very thick with no gaps around

the diaphysis6.6. Spongy bone: Spongy bone: numerous branching plates and

spaces in the epiphysis. 7.7. MarrowMarrow: Red or yellow in the center of bones.

Distal

epiphysis

Proximal

epiphysis

diaphysis

yellow marrow

epiphyseal line

periosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Endosteum

hyaline cartilage

Sharpey’s fibers

STOP!! 1. Label the human skeleton

worksheet2. You have 10 minutes to quiz

each other on the skeleton. 3. With a partner you will then

construct out of toothpicks and other materials the skeleton.

1. Label the human skeleton worksheet

2. You have 10 minutes to quiz each other on the skeleton.

3. With a partner you will then construct out of toothpicks and other materials the skeleton.

1. Most bones develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bones.

1. Most bones develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bones.

This occurs while still in the uterus as a fetus- usually the first two months.

This occurs while still in the uterus as a fetus- usually the first two months.

2. The cartilage begins to break down and disappear first in the diaphysis. At the same time the periosteum begins to form, the cartilage calcifies and blood vessels begin.

2. The cartilage begins to break down and disappear first in the diaphysis. At the same time the periosteum begins to form, the cartilage calcifies and blood vessels begin.

cartilage

calcified cartilage

periosteum

3. Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) from the periosteum begin to develop compact bone around the diaphysis. The epiphysis cartilage continues to grow and calcify.

3. Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) from the periosteum begin to develop compact bone around the diaphysis. The epiphysis cartilage continues to grow and calcify.

Compact boneThis is called the primary ossification center- just before birth

This is called the primary ossification center- just before birth

4. The secondary ossification center begins to form spongy bone in the epiphysis but is not complete. The medullary cavity forms which will later house the marrow. The diaphysis elongates.

4. The secondary ossification center begins to form spongy bone in the epiphysis but is not complete. The medullary cavity forms which will later house the marrow. The diaphysis elongates.

Secondary ossification(Spongy bone)

After birth and into childhoodAfter birth and into childhood

Medullary cavity

5. The diaphysis elongates further. Spongy bone forms and compact bone thickens until length and structure is complete. The epiphyseal plates (growth plate) tell the bone when to stop growing.

5. The diaphysis elongates further. Spongy bone forms and compact bone thickens until length and structure is complete. The epiphyseal plates (growth plate) tell the bone when to stop growing.

6. Adult bone: everything is fully grown! Cartilage is only left at the ends of the epiphysis. Marrow is now fully formed also

6. Adult bone: everything is fully grown! Cartilage is only left at the ends of the epiphysis. Marrow is now fully formed also

cartilagecalcified cartilage

bone

epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal line

Endochondral Ossification

2o ossification

center

Fetus: 1st 2 months

AdultChildhood

Just before birth

Use the cut outs to create the steps of bone formation.

STOP!!

1. You may create a book, foldable, etc. 2. Place each step in the correct order. 3. Label all the appropriate parts in each

step. 4. Give a brief description in your own

words about what is happening in each step.

Use page 130-131 for more helpHW project: Children's story to illustrate

Types of bone breaks

1.Simple- skin is not pierced (most breaks)2.Compound- skin is pierced3.Complete- bone is broken in half4.Partial- broken lengthwise but not two parts5.Comminuted- broken into several pieces6.Spiral- twisted

What kind of fracture is this?It’s kind of tough to tell, but this is a _ _ _ _ _ _ fracture.

Bone Repair:1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:• Increases speed and completeness of healing• The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts

down from reabsorbing bone2. Ultrasound treatment:• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones

by 25-35%3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:• Transplant fibula in arm• Gives good blood supply not available in other

treatments4. Bone substitutes:• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and

hepatitis• Sea bone- coral• Artificial bone- ceramic

STOP!!

Discuss these questions with a partner:

1.What type of bones break the easiest? Why? 2. What type of bones do not break easily, why? 3.Why are blood vessels important in bones and in repairing them?

Bone strength lab

• Bones and muscles interact to cause movements

• Joints are the junction between bones that allow movement.

• Three types of joints: • Fibrous joints• Cartilaginous joints• Synovial joints

Immovable Joints (formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue)

suturesuture

pubis symphisispubis symphisis

Slightly Movable Joint (Hyaline and fibrocartilage found in-between vertebrae, end of long bones and between ribs and sternum

Freely moveable (includes most joints; contain ligaments, tendons and synovial fluid for smooth movement

Types of freely movable joints1.1.SaddleSaddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb

2.2.Ball and socketBall and socket: shoulder and hip joints

3.3.PivotPivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna

4.4.HingeHinge- up and own movement in one plane: knee and elbow

5.5.Gliding-Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle

6.6.CondyloidCondyloid- movement in metacarpals and phalanges

Gliding

Pivot

Saddle

Hinge

Condyloid

Ball and socket

Diseases of the Skeletal System:

Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier

Factors: • age, gender (more in women)• hormone decrease• insufficient exercise (or too much)• diet poor in Ca++ , protein, or vitamin D• smoking

Osteoporosis

2929 4040 8484 9292

Rickets- vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D

Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, breaks down old bone faster than it rebuilds new bone. Common in old age.

Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction effecting the joints surrounding bones and movement.

Diseases of the Skeletal System:

Case study and research

Finish children story

Book work and practice labeling and worksheets