Supply of water resources by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
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Transcript of Supply of water resources by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
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Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
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FreshwaterFreshwater Readily accessible freshwaterReadily accessible freshwater
Biota0.0001%
Biota0.0001%
Rivers0.0001%Rivers
0.0001%
Atmosphericwater vapor
0.0001%
Atmosphericwater vapor
0.0001%
Lakes0.0007%
Soilmoisture0.0005%
Groundwater0.592%
Groundwater0.592%
Ice capsand glaciers
0.592%
0.014%0.014%
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Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff
Agriculture Agriculture
Industry Industry
Domestic Domestic
Power plants Power plants
United States
Industry 11%
Public 10%
Powercooling
38%
Agriculture38%
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Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
Infiltration
Water tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowingartesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
ConfinedRecharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable materialsuch as clay Confirming permeable rock layer
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Over the last century› Human population has increased 3x› Global water withdrawal has increased 7x› Per capita water withdrawal has increased
4x
› About one-sixth of the world’s people don’t have easy access to safe water
› Most water resources are owned by governments and are managed as publicly owned resources
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Dry climateDry climate
Drought Drought
DesiccationDesiccation
Water stressWater stress
Acute shortage
Adequate supply
Shortage
Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million
Fig. 15-6 p. 310Fig. 15-6 p. 310
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A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for hydration
In the US each person uses about 188 gallons/day
An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation, industrial use.
Total per capita use is about 2000 gal/person/day
If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp
US has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan
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Water table loweringWater table lowering
DepletionDepletion
Saltwater intrusionSaltwater intrusion
Chemical contaminationChemical contamination
Reduced stream flowsReduced stream flows
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>70,000 chemicals are used not; effects of many are not known
Each year another 700-800 new chemicals are produced
55 million tons of hazardous chemical wastes are produced in the US each year
The 20 most abundant compounds in groundwater at industrial waste disposal sites include TCE, benzene, vinyl chloride…all are carcinogens, and also affect liver, brain, and nervous system
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Inorganic Pollutants Organic Pollutants Biologic Pollutants
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In the western US, irrigation makes up 85% of all water use--50% to grow food for livestock-- 35% to grow crops
Not sustainable…cost of water is heavily subsidized by the federal government
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Three classes of compounds› Pesticides and Herbicides› Materials for common household and
industrial use› Materials for industrial use
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Polychlorinated biphenyls 1940’s-1977: GE Congress banned production of PCB’s
in 1979 b/c highly toxic to fish and mammals
Striped bass in NY, Long Island—PCB’s>5 ppm; ban on commercial fishing; Great Lakes
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Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria
Bacterial source tracking (BST) Measure biological oxygen demand
(BOD) Chemical analysis Indicator species Genetic development of indicator
organisms
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Major cause of infant deaths in third world
Diarrhea kills 4-15 million children/year Bacteria, viruses, parasites Tables 12-9 and 12-10 from Holland
and Peterson
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Point sourcesPoint sources
Nonpoint sourcesNonpoint sources
Water qualityWater quality
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NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Fig. 22-4 p. 494
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Eutrophication Eutrophication
Fig. 22-7 p. 499
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Low flow rates Low flow rates Few bacteria Few bacteria Cold temperatures Cold temperatures
Coal strip mine runoff
Pumping well
Waste lagoon
Accidental spills
Groundwater flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool septic tank
De-icing road salt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Water pumping well Landfill
Low oxygen Low oxygen
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Monitor aquifers Monitor aquifers
Leak detection systems Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground Store hazardous materials above ground
Find less hazardous substitutes Find less hazardous substitutes
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Fig. 22-11 p. 504
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Dumping industrial wastes off US coasts has stopped, but dredge products are legally dumped at 110 sites in Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coasts
US has banned dumping sewage sludge in ocean since 1992
50 countries rep ~80% of world’s shipping fleet have agreed not to dump sewage and garbage
London Dumping Convention of 1972; 1994
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Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
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Non point source Septic tanks and sewers