Supply Chain Management in Prefabricated Construction: An ...43 Supply Chain Management in...

43

Supply Chain Management in Prefabricated

Construction: An Overview of a Developed

Conceptual Framework

Xialing Leu1 Kumara Ashoka2 1College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

2Faculty of Management, UVA Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka

[email protected]

Abstract: Prefabricated construction (PC) have attracted increasing research

attention worldwide due to their advantages such as high construction

efficiency, short construction period, low labor cost and low energy

consumption. Supply chain management is closely related to the application

efficiency of PC, but only in the last three years has this interdisciplinary

research received due attention. The global research network in the field of

prefabricated construction supply chain management (PCSCM) have not been

systematically reviewed so far. Especially in the recent three years, there has

been an explosive growth of relevant literature. In this paper, the method of

combining scientometrics analysis and thematic discussion was adopted to

systematically review 152 important literatures from 2001 to 2018, aiming to

provide a holistic understanding of the status in quo, trends and gaps of

PCSCM research, and further analyze the prominent problems. The study

constructed four kinds of visualized bibliographic information maps for the

publication distribution across journals, co-occurrence of keywords, co-

authorship analysis, and citation of articles. Then, the four themes summarized

by clustering were discussed, mainly focusing on strategic research and project

evaluation, PC supply chain process design and optimization, supply chain

integration and management, and application of advanced technology. Finally,

the research gaps and conceptual development framework to promote PCSCM

were reported. This study contributes to grasping the research and development

of PCSCM on the whole, and can also serve as an explorative manual to

support PCSCM activities and innovative research.

ISSN 1816-6075 (Print), 1818-0523 (Online)

Journal of System and Management Sciences

Vol. 9 (2019) No. 2, pp. 43-80

DOI:10.33168/JSMS.2019.0203

Leu & Ashoka/ Journal of System and Management Sciences Vol. 9 (2019) No 2, 43-80

44

Keywords: Prefabricated Construction; Supply Chain Management;

Literature review; Bibliometric analysis; Thematic analysis; Conceptual

Framework

1. Introduction

Prefabricated construction (PC), a sustainable construction method, has the

advantages of low safety risks, high production efficiency, low cost and high

energy saving compared with the on-site construction (Han & Wang, 2018). PC

was widely developed in Europe after World War II during the construction

industrialization boom (Wu and Feng, 2014). Subsequently, the United States,

Canada Australia and other countries began to research and implement PC

(Goulding et al., 2014). In the last decade, Asian countries, such as China, South

Korea and Singapore, have also put forward the PC development model and

technology system suitable for their own needs (Sutrisna and Goulding, 2019;

Ahmed, 2018). At present, the application density of prefabricated structures in

the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea and China was 40%, 50%,

35% and 30%, respectively (Khalili and Chua, 2014). PC has become a new

direction and way for the construction industry to cope with the severe shortage

of labor, environment and social resources.

PC technologies such as design, production and assembly have been relatively

perfect (Wang et al., 2016). However, problems in the transportation and storage

of component (Polat et al., 2010), schedule control (Shin et al., 2011; Ahmed et

al. 2018) and information transmission (Wang & Hu, 2018) have exposed and

become obstacles restricting project achievements. Management level, especially

PC supply chain management (PCSCM), has become a critical factor restricting

the popularization and development of PC (Zhai et al., 2018; Ahmed, 2019).

A great deal of research has made great contribution to the development of PC.

They are mainly carried out from three aspects: performance and construction

technology of prefabricated components, obstacles and drivers for prefabrication

buildings and PC and management and performance of PC (Jaillon and Poon,

2014; Ahmed and Sobuz, 2019). From several important literature reviews in PC

field, it can be found that technology is still an important topic in PC research,

and PCSCM also plays an irreplaceable role in promoting the success of PC

project (Chang et al., 2018).. However, there is no independent complete

literature systemically evaluate the nature, influence, contribution and existing

problems of PCSCM. To bridge these gaps, the study tries to make a review of

the current situation, trend, emphasis and gap of PCSCM by combining

bibliometrics evaluation and system review. This paper aims to analyze three


45

problems existing in PCSCM research process: (i) Statistical characteristics of the

literature; (ii) Key research topics of PCSCM; (iii) Research gaps and agendas;

and ;(iv) Further obtain a research framework of promoting PCSCM. The findings

contribute to obtain accurate and complete information about PCSCM research

and provide insights into current academic fields, research frontiers and emerging

trends.

2. A Brief Review of PC research

The whole process of PC, firstly defined by United Nations Department of

Economic and Social Affairs in 1974, includes manufacturing and preassembling

a certain number of building components, modules and components, and shipping

them to the construction site for installation (Höök et al., 2008). The biggest

difference between PC and traditional site construction is that the process and

scope of construction management extend to the production source of

components. The supply process which was not so important to the site

construction becomes the key work of PC. A lot of research has promoted the

implementation and promotion of PC. Several literature reviews summarize and

analyze the development and research trend of PC, focusing on the construction

and production technology, as listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Previous literature reviews

Authors Object of

study

Article

number Topics

Li et al.

(2014)

PC

Management 100

Industry prospect; environment for

technology application; design,

production, transportation and

assembly strategies; performance

evaluation

Mostafa et al.

(2016)

Offsite

construction 62

Offsite barriers and drivers; the

integration of lean and agile

principles; simulation

Boafo et al.

(2016) Modular prefab 146

The performance of modular prefab

considering acoustic constrain,

seismic resistance, thermal behavior,

energy consumption; life cycle

analysis

Kamali &

Hewage (2016)

Modular

construction 104

Sustainability dimensions assessment

(i.e., environmental, economic, and

social)


46

Hosseini et al.

(2018)

Offsite

construction 501

The product and technology of off-site

construction

Jin et al.

(2018)

Offsite

construction 349

Management practices; process;

product; performance; research

method; technology

From Table1, four main aspects of PC research can be summarized.

Performance and construction technology of prefabricated components.

Compared to site construction, PC has the advantages of lower safety hazard,

higher production efficiency, lower cost and higher energy saving (Cavaco et al.,

2018). The production and installation technology of prefabricated components

is quite mature (Ji et al., 2018). Modular and standardized component design is

basically realized (Huuhka et al., 2015). Bearing capacity, rigidity, ductility,

waterproofness and construction technology of connection points of prefabricated

components are the mainstream of research. (KIM et al., 2016). The seismic

performance of connections still needs to be further studied (Vaghei et al., 2017).

Prefabrication buildings and PC development obstacles and drivers.

Generally speaking, PC has gained good market acceptance. Policies and

regulations, technological innovation, industrial layout and other aspects all show

the market potential and driving force of PC. However, the application of PC is

still subject to local government policy preferences (Mao et al., 2015), high

upfront investment (Zhan et al., 2014), a lack of highly skilled workers (Mostafa

et al., 2016) and insufficient transportation supply capacity (Jaillon et al., 2014),

leading some to argue that PC performance, while good, is not the best choice.

The implementation management of PC.

Many researches focus on the life cycle management of prefabricated buildings,

and systematically study the prefabricated buildings from the aspects of

organizational mode (Feng et al., 2017), contract management (Yang et al., 2018),

and cooperative innovation (Ismail et al., 2017). Although the PC technology has

been developed relatively mature, its actual performance does not have a

significant advantage over the traditional building, which is largely related to its

weak organizational coordination and management ability in the implementation

(Schoenwitz et al., 2016).

Transportation and Supply chain management.

Supply chain management promotes strategic cooperation among participants

by integrating product flow, information flow, capital flow and decision flow in

the circulation process to realize value added (Zhang et al., 2013). Koskela et al.

(1990) have long proposed the concept of supply chain management. Until the

last three years, this interdisciplinary research has received its due attention in the


47

PC field. However, in practice, the transportation of PC components still adopts

the extensive mode of traditional construction industry (Teng et al., 2017). The

resulting delays, component damage and cost overruns have seriously affected

PC performance and people's evaluation (Ergen et al., 2007).

Research on PCSCM can be divided into three levels: strategic analysis, supply

chain optimization and specific link design, which will be discussed in detail later.

However, in general, the research on PCSCM cannot meet the demand of market

implementation. No article has summarized the research status quo to analyze the

gap between theory and practice. Therefore, with the use of scientometrics

technology, this study attempts to systematically review the state, trends and gaps

of PCSCM research, and to build a framework to promote PCSCM.

3. Method

The method of combining bibliometric evaluation with systematic review is an

effective way to identify, examine and evaluate all relevant literature on a

particular research topic at an early stage (Cerchione & Esposito, 2016).

Bibliometric evaluation is a quantitative strategy to evaluate, cluster and map the

quality and relevance of articles through mathematical models and algorithms,

thus enhancing the visual and logical perception of the results of systematic

reviews (Mingers & Leydesdorff, 2015). Systematic review is a basic and critical

method for condensing topics, discovering research gaps, and building

knowledge frameworks (van den Berg et al., 2009). The combination of the two

can effectively avoid the common subjectivity and unreliability in literature

review.

Fig.1 shows the three steps of the method. Literature review starts always with

literature collection. After a statistical analysis of the selected literature review

portfolio, five branches of bibliometric analysis experiments were conducted,

including 1) Publication Distribution across Journals, 2) Co-occurrence of

Keywords, 3) Co-authorship Analysis, and 4) Citation of Articles. They are the

core of bibliometric analysis and can summarize the overall situation of the

research field (Jin et al., 2018). For example, keyword analysis can help identify

the research focuses, and co-author analysis can find the most influential

contributors.


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Select the database

Stage 3: Thematic discussion

Review methodology

Stage 1: Three-step data collection method

Data retrieval Literature screening/supplement

Academic databases

Publication chronicle

Duplicates Filter using

Endnote software

Code indexed records into

VOSViewer software

Logical searching terms

Future directions

Stage 2: Bibliometric analysis

Framework

Screening/supplement criteria

Strategic research

and overall design

PC supply chain

process design

and optimization

Supply chain

integration and

management

Application of

advanced technology

Publication

Distribution

across Journals

Citation of

Articles

Co-authorship

Analysis

Co-occurrence

of Keywords

Fig. 1. The process of the review method

VOSViewer, a text-mining tool, was selected as the bibliometric evaluation

tool. Compared to other text-mining tools, VOSViewer is better suited for

visualization of large networks (Van Eck et al., 2010). The data can be imported

directly into VOSViewer to generate the network of the articles (Van Eck et al.,

2009) and create a network map, with the distance between nodes indicating how

close they are (Zhao, 2017).

Based on the clustering results of bibliometric evaluation, four topics in the

current research field of PCSCM were summarized, including 1) Strategic

research and overall design, 2) PC supply chain process design and optimization,

3) Supply chain integration and management, and 4) Application of advanced

technology. Then, combined with the systematic review, a framework to promote

the implementation of PCSCM was further proposed and discussed.

4. Data collection

The data collection process consists of three steps, which follows the Meho

(2008), as shown in Fig. 2.

Step1: Select the database. Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science (WoS) core,

Engineering (EI) Village, and EBSCO Host were selected as the main retrieval

databases.


49

Step2: Data retrieval. Using the retrieval syntax in Fig. 2, a total of 516 initial

records were obtained. The search scope was restricted to the

“Title/Abstract/Keywords” field. There was no limit to the publication, and the

date range was set to “all years to the present”. The earliest record retrieved was

published in 2001.

Step3: Literature screening and supplement. Some inclusion/exclusion criteria

still need to be set to ensure the accuracy of the retrieval results. First, the initial

retrieved records were imported into EndNote X8 software to filter duplicates.

Next, the following two types of articles were deleted, a) articles that were

obviously unrelated to PCSCM (e.g., biology, agriculture, pharmacology,

medicine); b) articles in a wide range of categories as "editorial", "book review",

"discussion and conclusion", "letters" and "newspaper articles". Then, a backward

search (cross-referencing) was performed in the references to avoid missing

important references. Eventually, 152 qualified titles were included in our

literature review portfolio.

Additionally, the papers on supply chain

management/prefabrication/construction in broad sense were not directly adopted

because the focus of this work is on PCSCM rather than the broad field it covers.

Nevertheless, views from these areas might be used to strengthen the analysis,

although the papers might not be included in the literature review portfolio.

516 titles

Scopus

EBSCO Host

EI Village

Elsevier

Step1: Select the

database

Step3: Literature

screening/supplementStep2: Data

retrieval-364

(TS= ( off site or tilt up

or prefabricated or

prefabrication or

precast or modular or

industrialized or

modular or penalized ))

and ( supply chain or

supply network or

industrial chain ) and

( construction or

building or housing ))

AND LANGUAGE:

(English) AND

DOCUMENT TYPES:

(Article)

a) articles that were

obviously unrelated to

PCSCM;

b) articles in a wide range

of categories as "editorial",

"book review", "discussion

and conclusion", "letters"

and "newspaper articles".

WOS core

Screening

Supplement

A backward search

(cross-referencing) was

performed in the

references to avoid

missing important

references.

109 titles

152 titles

Fig. 2. Literature retrieval and screening process

Fig. 3 shows the annual number of publications from 2001 to 2018. Through

the simple statistical analysis, it can be found that the research on PCSCM has

been growing rapidly in recent years, reaching a considerable number of 37


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papers in 2018.

Fig. 3. Yearly publications from 2001 to 2018

5. Results of Bibliometric Experiments

5.1. The cross-journal publication distribution experiment

The results of the cross-journal publication distribution experiment can reflect the

contributions of each journal to the PCSCM field to some extent. Under the

selection criteria of the minimum publication quantity and citations of 3 and 10

articles respectively, the top 10 of 38 journals included in our literature review

portfolio are shown in Fig. 4. Node size and journal name font size are

proportional to the number of publications published in the journal. The larger

the fonts and nodes represent the more publications. The node color represents

the average year of publication. The lighter the color, the more recent articles.

The thickness of the link between nodes indicates the frequency of references

between two journals.

Table 2 details the total link strength, number of articles, total citations, average

publication years, average citations and average normalized citations. The total

link strength, number of articles and total citation are usually highly correlated

with each other, and are used as quantitative indicators to measure the

productivity of journals. Average citations and average normalized citations are

taken as qualitative indicators to measure the impact of the journal. In terms of

the publications number, Automation in Construction, Journal of Construction

Engineering and Management, Journal of Cleaner Production and Sustainability

are the top three Journals. Expert Systems with Applications, Automation in

13 4 3 2

4

9 8 7 810 11

19

26

37

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Nu

mb

er

of

pu

blic

atio

n

Year of publication


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Construction, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management have the

highest average number of citations, indicating their high field influence. It can

be found that Automation in Construction is the most influential journal in this

field due to its high average normalized citations.

Fig. 4. Publication Distribution across Journals in PCSCM.

Table 2: Analysis of sources publishing PCSCM research.

Source

Total

link

strength

Number

of articles

Total

citations

Avg. pub.

year

Avg.

citations

Avg. norm.

citations

Automat. Constr. 70 26 462 2014 18 1.28

J. Constr. Eng. M.

ASCE 37 8 141 2011 18 0.72

J. Cleaner Prod. 31 10 78 2017 8 2.22

Sustainability 25 6 10 2017 1 0.72

Can. J. Civ. Eng. 24 6 33 2013 7 0.44

Expert Syst. Appl. 19 4 39 2011 20 1.01

J. Comput. Civ.

Eng. 16 4 31 2010 16 1.25

Int. J. Prod. Res. 13 3 11 2016 4 0.59


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J. Civ. Eng. M. 10 3 24 2012 8 0.51

KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 5 3 21 2018 11 0.99

5.2. Co-authorship analysis experiment

Co-authorship analysis experiment can identify the important scholars in PCSCM

and their cooperative relationships (Hosseini et al., 2018). Under the selection

criteria of the minimum publications and citations of 3 and 15 respectively, the

top 14 of 225 authors included in our literature review portfolio are shown in Fig.

5. The experiment formed a main cluster represented by Hu, Xue and Shen, as

well as Arashpour, Ergen and other independent researchers. The main cluster

focuses on supply chain integration and management (Li et al., 2018).

Fig. 5. Co-authorship analysis.

Table 3: List of active researchers in PCSCM.

label Number of

publications

Total

Citations

Avg. pub.

year

Avg.

citations

Avg. norm.

citations

Hu 8 81 2014 10 1.09

Shen 7 53 2017 8 2.74


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Arashpo

ur 6 57 2017 10 1.40

Xue 6 52 2017 9 1.71

Wang 6 17 2018 3 1.13

Akinci 5 74 2011 15 0.74

Li 5 40 2017 8 1.48

Zhong 5 22 2017 4 1.28

Ergen 4 186 2009 47 1.00

Wakefiel

d 4 52 2016 13 1.12

Hong 4 44 2018 11 3.99

Table 3 shows the five quantitative indicators of the top 11 published authors.

Hu published the most papers, with eight, followed by Shen, Arashpour, Xue and

Wang, all with six. However, Ergen and Akinci have published only four papers,

but are the most cited on average. This, of course, has to do with the earlier age

of publication. In addition, although the total citation rate is not high, the average

normalized citation rate of Li, Hong and Shen is relatively high. This indicates a

significant increase in the impact of their research.

5.3. Citation of articles

According to the citation statistics of SCOPUS database, the top ten papers are

shown in Table 4 with citation number ranges from 36 to 103. Specifically, the

top three of citations are Ergen and Akinci (2007), Yin et al. (2009) and Chen et

al. (2010), which are cited 103, 58 and 54 times respectively. Ergen and Akinci

(2007) innovatively integrated RFID into PCSCM, effectively avoiding

construction delay and labor cost increase caused by repeated processing, parts

dislocation and incorrect installation. Yin et al. (2009) combined Personal Digital

Assistant (PDA) and RFID to build a precasting production management system,

which solved the difficulties of data storage and record audit, avoided repeated

data entry and facilitated immediate feedback. Chen et al. (2010) proposed a

transparent construction method selection model (CMSM) to assist scientific

prefabrication decision.

Table 4: List of publications with highest impact in PCSCM.

Author Title Year Citations


54

Ergen &

Akinci

Tracking and locating components in a precast storage

yard utilizing radio frequency identification

technology and gps

2007 103

Yin et al. Developing a precast production management system

using rfid technology 2009 58

Chen et al.

Decision support for construction method selection in

concrete buildings: prefabrication adoption and

optimization

2010 54

Bankvall et

al.

Interdependence in supply chains and projects in

construction 2010 50

Ergen et al. Life-cycle data management of engineered-to-order

components using radio frequency identification 2007 49

Pan et al. Strategies for Integrating the Use of Off-Site

Production Technologies in House Building 2012 44

Jaillon &

Poon

Life cycle design and prefabrication in buildings: a

review and case studies in hong kong 2014 43

Pheng et al. Just-in-time management of precast concrete

components 2001 42

Chan et al. Constraint programming approach to-precast

production scheduling 2002 40

Leu et al. GA-based resource-constrained flow-shop scheduling

model for mixed precast production 2002 36

5.4 Keywords co-occurrence experiment

Keywords co-occurrence experiment describes the research topics and

interrelationships in a given domain. Take the frequency of co-occurrence of two

keywords as the link strength between them (Šubelj et al., 2016). Among the 536

keywords in all literatures, 61 met the setting condition of the minimum link

strength of 3. Then, combine the synonyms, such as “BIM” and “Building

Information Modeling”, and omit general terms such as “prefabrication”, “supply

chain” and “management”. Finally, PCSCM research topic relational network is


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generated as shown in Fig. 5, which contains 24 nodes and 132 links.

Fig. 6. PCSCM research topic relationship network based on keywords co-occurrence

experiment

Based on the frequency and co-occurrence probability of keywords, the 24

keywords shown were further divided into clusters with different node colors. For

example, as shown in Fig. 6, yellow node cluster includes RFID, BIM and

technology, etc. By extracting the commonness of the keywords in each cluster,

the clusters were named as:

Strategic research and overall design (red nodes): focus on the integrated

management and sustainability performance evaluation of the whole process of

PC management. Much of the research is based on the China case.

PC supply chain process design and optimization (green nodes): focus on the

modeling and simulation (Li et al., 2017) of the four main parts of PCSCM:

ordering (Dallasega et al., 2018), manufacturing (Ma et al., 2018), transportation

and installation (Kong et al., 2017). Genetic algorithm is the most commonly used

algorithm.

Supply chain integration and management (blue nodes): focus on the internal

integration and external integration. The former aims to improve the interests of

all stakeholders, while the latter focuses on the cooperation and communication

(Liu et al., 2017). Much of the research is based on the Hong Kong case.

Application of advanced technology (yellow nodes): focus on adopting

advanced technologies, including BIM, RFID and lean , etc., to solve highly

decentralized PCSCM problems (Arashpour et al., 2014) and optimize the

efficiency of supply chain (Azman et al., 2014).


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Table5: Summaries of most frequently studied keywords in PCSCM

Catelogy Key-word Link

strength

Occurrenc

es

Avg.

pub. year

Avg.

citatio

ns

Avg. norm.

citations

Strategic

management

Construction

Management 43 21 2014 19 1.06

Barriers 9 3 2017 8 0.86

Integration 19 8 2015 10 0.49

Sustainability 11 3 2018 1 1.21

China 28 10 2017 11 1.19

Innovation 17 7 2015 14 1.02

Route design

and

optimization

in PCSCM

Model 32 19 2016 10 1.39

Simulation 27 12 2014 9 1.06

Optimization 43 18 2016 6 0.9

Genetic algorithm 29 16 2013 11 0.87

Scheduling 12 4 2010 16 0.7

Productivity 12 4 2011 15 0.69

Supply chain

integration

and

management

Project

Management 7 4 2016 9 0.89

Design 32 10 2015 9 0.81

Inventory 10 6 2014 5 0.46

Information 9 3 2018 2 0.69

Hong Kong 40 20 2017 10 1.25

Performance 37 12 2016 7 0.73

Application of

advanced

technology

Lean construction 14 5 2017 3 0.51

RFID 20 11 2013 24 1.24

Technology 19 6 2017 3 1.08

BIM 18 7 2017 8 1.46

Internet 12 3 2018 2 0.79


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Tracking 7 4 2013 30 2.26

Table 5 further summarizes the quantitative measurement of keywords. Link

strength represents the correlation between a given keyword and other keywords.

Construction management, optimization and performance have the highest link

strength, reflecting the overall focus of the study. The number of keyword

occurrence is similar to the ranking of link strength. According to the average

publication year, BIM, internet, information and sustainability seem to be

emerging keywords, which shows the importance and necessity of the application

of advanced technology and sustainability. In contrast, although there are many

researches on the design and optimization of PCSCM route based on genetic

algorithm, the popularity of it has decreased significantly. Tracking, BIM and

RFID show prominent performance in the average normalized citations index,

which further shows the degree of attention of advanced technology applications

in PCSCM. The detailed thematic discussion is given in section 6.

6. Thematic discussion

Based on the results of scientometrics analysis, we further divided the four

important directions of current research (Table 5) into the management and

technical levels shown in Fig. 7 for discussion. Obviously, the management level

includes 1) Strategic research and overall design, and 2) Supply chain integration

and management, while the technical level includes 3) Supply chain process

design and optimization, and 4) Application of advanced technology. Then,

according to the convention, this study proposed the research gap and the future

research direction. Finally, an innovative and reasonable framework was

constructed to promote the development of PCSCM.

Implementation

level

• Mobile terminal devices

• Mobile terminal enabling

technology

• Access network

• Application service

Information technology

• Lean construction

• Agile construction

Application of advanced technology

Management technology

PC supply chain process design and optimization

• Process design

• Simulation

• Process optimization

• Mathematical model

Management

level

• Innovative management modes

• Obstacles and drivers

• Sustainable performance evaluation

• Risk evaluation

Strategic research and project evaluation

• Production plan

• Supply decision

• Purchase decision

• Inventory management

• Supplier selection

Internal integration

• Cooperation mode

• Information

Communication

Supply chain integration and management

External integration


58

Fig. 7. Research topics in PCSCM.

6.1. Strategic research and project evaluation

In general, the development of PC is still a long way from large-scale application

(Jaillon et al., 2008). Regional industrial layout and enterprise level strategic

research still cannot meet the needs of market development (Moon et al., 2018).

Although enterprises or projects as the main body of the project management are

aware of the importance of supply chain management, most of the innovative

management modes developed were still centered on the construction and

installation management on the site, have not substantially extended to the whole

supply chain (Kim and Nguyen, 2017). Market awareness and acceptance of PC

is still insufficient (Lee et al., 2014). The market almost passively accepts the

government's policy regulation and has not been able to actively participate in the

strategic planning of PCSCM development (Lee et al., 2013). The research level

also focuses on three core issues in the process of promoting the development of

PCSCM and market cognition: obstacles and drivers, sustainable performance

evaluation and risk evaluation.

Obstacles and Drivers. Compared with conventional techniques, cost is the

main obstacle to the adoption of PC, which is reflected in every link of the supply

chain, including the cost increase caused by the long decision-making time of the

supply chain (Mao et al., 2015). In addition, lack of understanding of PCSCM

(Mao et al., 2017) and complicated implementation process (Almusallam et al.,

2018) are also important factors hindering the advancement of PC (Blismas et al.,

2009). Of course, PSCSCM is driven by many obvious factors, such as

sustainable competitive advantage (Eshtehardian et al., 2013) and favorable

policy environment (Tam et al., 2015), technological innovation (Chang et al.,

2018) and diversified market demand (Hong et al., 2018).

Sustainable performance evaluation. It mainly includes environmental

performance, economic performance, and social performance (Arashpou et al.,

2017). In terms of economic performance, the implementation of effective supply

chain management on prefabricated projects can increase enterprise profits by

nearly 40% (Wong et al., 2010). For environmental performance, PC itself have

better life cycle performance in energy performance (Albuquerque et al., 2012).

Effective integration of PCSCM has more significant social effects, such as

reducing labor consumption and improving the social image of the construction

industry. In a word, the considerable sustainable performance of PCSCM is the

main reason why it is favored by the government and the market.

Risk evaluation. Risks in the whole PCSCM are diverse, dynamic, uncertain and

interactive (Sacks et al., 2004). Due to the complexity of the supply process,


59

schedule risk is recognized as the most important and should be strictly controlled

(Polat, 2008), and emphasizes the importance of information interoperability

between resource planning systems of different supply chain bodies (Luu et al.,

2009). One of the most common risk factors is delayed delivery due to

inconsistent logistics information caused by human error (Li et al., 2017).

6.2. Supply chain integration and management

External integration of supply chain management ensures real-time information

exchange among all participants by looking for effective cross-organization

cooperation mode, and realizes the sharing of market demand, inventory status,

production plan, demand forecast and delivery plan. The advantages of external

integration of supply chains have been widely proven in the manufacturing and

logistics industries. For PCSCM, no matter in research or practice, enterprises are

still trying to improve their own interests through internal integration (Yang et al.,

2016), but ignore the overall interests of the supply chain.

Cooperation mode

Information Communication

Supplier

Contractor

Developer

Internal integration

External integration

• Production plan

• Supply decision

• Inventory management

• Purchase decision

• Supplier selection

Fig. 8. Research framework of supply chain integration

Internal integration. Supply chain participants improve their benefits through

self-integration within the enterprise (Zhong et al., 2017). Production plan,

purchasing decision and supplier selection are the core issues of internal

integration. It is necessary for the supplier to develop an appropriate inventory

management plan for the delivery requirements of multiple contractors (Ko &

guo, 2015). In contrast, contractor procurement decisions include multi-

component coordination and supplier relationship management (Voordijk et al.,

2006). The selection of supplier affects the performance of PCSCM, and its

evaluation criteria include procurement process, operational efficiency,

relationship coordination and strategic adjustment, and corporate social

responsibility (Liu et al., 2018). Using the operational research method to deal


60

with the complexity of internal integrated management decisions is the main

means of research, such as production variability (Arashpour et al., 2016),

procurement preference and supplier reliability (Gosling et al., 2013).

External integration focuses on supply chain cooperation mode and

information communication. The research of cooperation mode is mainly to

design reasonable models of cost sharing (Xu et al., 2018), risk (Goh et al., 2016)

and benefit distribution (Zarbakhshnia et al., 2018). Using game theory to

dynamically analyze the cooperation and competition behavior of supply chain

participants is an effective method (Feng et al., 2017). Such as, London et al.

(2017) explored the factors influencing the formation and disintegration of

cooperative network. Information communication is mainly about how to use

advanced information technology to realize real-time communication to reduce

the delay and waste and create maximum common interests (Teng et al., 2017).

6.3. Supply chain process design and optimization

There is a big difference between the PC supply chain and traditional supply chain.

PC supply chain is customization, and the total number of components matches

the needs of construction site, so there is no need to keep safety inventory (Ma et

al.,2018). The PC supply chain process design consists of four stages: ordering,

manufacturing, transportation and assembly. Simulation is mostly used in the

process design to evaluate its effectiveness. Supply chain process optimization

targeted at time limit or cost is developing towards multi-objective optimization

(Wang & Gong,2018).

PC Supply chain process optimization

Schedule Cost+

• Genetic Algorithm

• Linear/Integer

Programming

Mathematical model

Simulation model

Manufacturing Transportation AssemblyOrdering

PC Supply chain process design

Fig. 9. Research framework of process design and optimization

PC supply chain process design based on simulation. Dynamic simulation

of PCSC process could help participants to predict the profit level under different

behavioral decisions, so as to make rational decisions (Han et al.,2017). Wang et

al. (2018) proposed an overall disturbance evaluation simulation model to

evaluate the uncertainty of the PCSCM, which can prevent various disturbances

in time and improve profits. In addition, simulation can effectively improve the

professional quality of practitioners and their understanding of PCSC concepts

and knowledge (Arashpour et al.,2018).


61

PC supply chain process optimation. Among optimization goals, schedule is

considered to be primary. Timely delivery of prefabricated components is the

major bottleneck that constrain the project productivity. Delays may result in

prolonged construction cycles and higher labour costs. But early delivery can also

lead to additional storage costs and wasted space (Arashpour et al., 2018). Genetic

algorithm (Chan et al., 2002) and mixed integer linear programming (Khalili et

al., 2002) are commonly used method systems. Based on the cost target, resource

constraints such as molds (Li et al., 2018), workers, inventory (Wang et al., 2017)

and workspace (Hong et al., 2014) were integrated into the model to develop the

production scheduling scheme with the lowest production cost. In recent years,

multi-objective optimization besides cost is concerned, and the concept of Just-

In-Time(JIT) has been incorporated into production scheduling and delivery

decisions (Kong et al., 2017).

6.4. Application of advanced technology

The application of advanced technology runs through the whole process of PCSC,

including information technology and management technology. Management

technology could reduce waste and improve efficiency to achieve optimal

allocation of resources (Arashpour et al., 2015). Information technology enables

real-time tracking and positioning of precast components and real-time

communication between participants (Xu et al., 2018).

Information

technology

Managemen

t technology

Mobile terminal

devices

Mobile terminal

enabling technology

Access network

Application service

• Hand-held compute

• Mobile phones

• Wearable equipment

• RFID

• Context-aware (e.g. wireless

sensor)

• Agent-based (e.g. Multi-agent)

• Zigbee

• WLAN

• Bluetooth

• Web-based technology

• AR/VR

• Cloud computing

• Lean construction

• Agile construction

• Real-time tracking of

construction materials

• Real-time information

sharing and

communication

• Coordination of PCSCM

Fig. 10. Research framework of advanced technology

Management technology mainly include lean construction and agile

construction. Wet construction in the traditional construction industry limits the


62

promotion of lean construction (Purvis et al., 2014). However, lean construction

is valued and promoted in PC because of the standardized design, factory-based

parts and integrated information. The advantage of lean construction is that its

strict production planning and process can effectively reduce waste and

constantly improve the PC supply chain (Höök et al., 2008). Agile principles are

an important complement to lean concepts in PCSCM. The Lean Principle applies

to stable conditions (stable requirements of quantity), while the PC is

characterized by uncertainty (e.g. changes in demand) (Mostafa et al., 2016).

Therefore, it is necessary to supplement agile principles to reduce these

uncertainties (Sertyesilisik et al., 2014).

Information technology applied in PCSCM can be divided into the following

four categories: mobile terminal devices (PDA, mobile phones, wearable

equipment), mobile terminal enabling technology (RFID, GPS), access network

(WLAN, Zigbee) and application service (AR/VR, cloud computing) (Shi et al.,

2016). The purpose of applying information technology is to promote the real-

time acquisition and sharing of information among different stakeholders of

PCSCM and reduce human error (Chen et al., 2017). One kind of research focuses

on the real-time tracking of prefabricated components or materials in the whole

supply chain. For example, BIM and RFID-based prefabricated component

management system can actively and accurately facilitate the collection and

transmission of information related to material storage and use, so as to timely

adjust production objectives and plans (Ergen et al., 2007). RANSAC model, an

RFID-based optimal management system, can quickly and automatically screen

a large amount of RFID data to obtain effective information (Altaf et al., 2018),

and provide the data to mobile terminal equipment (e.g., PDA) or mobile terminal

enabling technology (e.g., GPS), so as to strengthen quality control and improve

supply chain efficiency (Yin et al., 2009). Another type of research focuses on

rapid communication in supply chains. Such as, VR based 3D dynamic

interaction models that can be presented on mobile client can promote

information communication in the whole supply chain (Li et al., 2018). Cloud

computing and BIM provide solutions for data sharing among the Architecture,

Engineering and Construction (AEC), which further helps reduces supply chain

costs (Li et al., 2017) and time (Wang et al., 2017).

6.5. Research Gap and Future Research Direction

Collaborative PCSCM with advanced technology

Many advanced technology have been applied in PCSCM, but they are still

low-level applications (Bilal et al., 2015). Fast and accurate processing of massive

data in PCSCM, especially rich tacit knowledge and knowledge sharing of supply


63

chain, to achieve multi-technology integration and collaboration with the whole

process of PCSCM, could effectively promote the decision-making optimization

of supply chain. Big data and cloud computing, which has been widely used in

manufacturing supply chain management, may provide more efficient support for

PCSCM's timely interaction and tracking of prefabricated components.

Cooperative mode of PCSCM

The cooperation mode of supply chain and the contract system are the core

problems of PCSCM. They reflect the complexity of supply chain marketing and

construction contracts. Theoretical research and application are limited to the

analysis of risk sharing model and other local relations (Li et al., 2016).

Distributable benefits in the supply chain are not just profits. Benefit sharing

model or contract terms should also adapt to the complex supply chain

environment and cooperation model, rather than adopt a certain paradigm.

Therefore, an important research direction is to develop innovative PCSCM

cooperation mode to optimize the costs, risks and benefits of each participant.

Introducing third-party logistics into PCSC

Third-party logistics (TPL) means that contractor employ logistics

professionals to manage all logistics activities (transportation, material

procurement and storage). The employment of TPL helps to centralize the control

and management of prefabricated components from multiple suppliers and avoid

the unsynergies caused by the producer's separate responsibility for the

transportation of their own products. But this will bring about a redistribution of

responsibility and new coordination management problems. Integrating TPL into

PCSCM can optimize delivery time and production cost. This creates a logistics

management platform that allows suppliers and contractors to share information,

thereby avoiding uncertainty and reducing operating and total supply costs. The

application of TPL may be a new trend in the outsourcing of the prefabricated

construction, which is conducive to the improvement of efficiency and

sustainability from the perspective of PCSCM.

Multi-level strategy research based on market characteristics

The development of technology cannot be separated from the market

characteristics and industrial level of the region. Most of the current studies take

China and Hong Kong as the empirical background. It is obvious that more

extensive research in more regions will contribute to the promotion and

theoretical development of PCSCM. Supply chain optimization and industrial

integration depend on the interaction of governments, contractors, suppliers and

carriers. Internal integration and optimization of each independent level is the

premise. In addition, compared with supply chain management of manufacturing


64

industry, PCSCM has unique construction technology and market environment.

Based on this, the conceptual development framework of PCSCM is presented in

Fig. 12.

6.6. A Conceptual Development Framework for PCSCM

Supplier

1) Integrate lean and agile to optimize production planning and

inventory management

2) Optimize production layout management

3) Improve product standardization to reduce errors

4) Coordinate with contractor on production lead time hedging

(PLTH) and buffer space hedging (BSH)

5) Consider material characteristics and logistics selection

Supplier Goverment

1) Identify obstacles/risks/incentives

2) PCSC performance evaluation

3) Cost sharing/profit sharing/risk

management under different contract

modes

4) Monitor security/schedule/cost

1) Cost sharing/profit sharing/risk management under different

contract modes

2) Order strategy: quantity, delivery date

3) Select partners and formulat evaluation standard of supplier

4) Resource scheduling in the production/transportation/

assembly phase considering cost and time targets

5) Realize the whole process information collection, real-time

communication, positioning and performance monitoring

6) Make assembly production layout plan

Contrator Developer

Reduce costs+Increase profits+Shorten construction period

1) Standardize market behavior

2) Perfect incentive mechanism

3) Standardize contract model

Reduce costs+Increase profits Increase social benefits

Decisions of main participants

Framework to promote PCSCM

Contractors control the SC

Market circumstances

Management philosophy

Different stages have different core enterprises

Improve the modular coordination standard

Standardized market operation

Realize PC standardization/modularization

Technological base

BIM

JIT

Lean and agile

AR/VR/RFIDIOT

Assembly tech

Node connection techNode waterproof tech

Information technology Construction technology Management technology

Strategic Alliances

Fig. 11. A conceptual development framework for PCSCM

The conceptual development framework to facilitate PCSCM implementation

consists of three parts: technology base, market circumstances and decisions of

main participants. Strengthening the practical application of technology and

standardization of market environment is the basis to promote the implementation

of PCSCM. The decision optimization of participants based on the integration of


65

industrial chain can further optimize the PCSC efficiency.

Technology base. Technology, including management technology,

information technology and construction technology, is the basis to promote

PCSCM. At present, the joint waterproof, joint joint and other construction

technologies have developed more perfect. Combining lean and agile

management methods to create a flexible supply chain at minimal cost and to

adapt to the diversity of contractor needs is the focus of further research. BIM,

RFID and other information technologies have been widely used in PCSCM, but

how to process a large amount of data quickly and accurately is one of the current

problems.

Market circumstances. Favorable market circumstances can further promote

the implementation of PCSCM. The first is the standardized operation of the

market, including clarifying the standard system of the key links of PCSC and

realizing PC standardization and modularization. It is necessary to establish the

codes and standards for the design, production, construction and acceptance of

prefabricated buildings. In addition, the implementation of general, standardized,

modular has become a consensus, standardization is the symbol of the level of

industrialization, a high degree of standardization can achieve mass production,

and mass production is also the main means of prefabricated construction cost

reduction.The second is a change in management philosophy. PCSCM is

transformed from being dominated by the contractor to having different core

enterprises in different stages. The traditional construction supply chain is a

satellite enterprise group with contractors as the core. However, for prefabricated

buildings, the schedule and cost are largely limited by the production and

transportation stages, which forms a group of enterprises with relatively balanced

rights.

Decisions of main participants. PCSC involves many participants, such as

contractors, suppliers, developers, governments, etc. Different participants must

have different goals and conflicts of interest. After integrating the responsibilities

of all parties, two aspects are obtained: optimization of production process design

and optimization of contract system. In terms of production process design,

suppliers need to integrate lean and agile concepts, optimize production planning,

inventory management, and coordinate production lead time hedging (PLTH).

The contractor needs to consider factors such as delivery time and volume of

prefabricated components to develop a reasonable production layout plan. A

whole-process resource scheduling scheme combining cost and time objectives

needs to be developed. And BIM and other information technologies needs to be

combined to realize the real-time communication, information collection,


66

performance monitoring and positioning functions. For the optimization of

contract system, the optimal cost sharing, profit distribution and risk management

measures under different contract modes are the further research direction. In

addition, due to the strong positive externalities of PC, the government plays an

indispensable role in the early stage. Government needs to formulate incentives

such as subsidies and penalties, so as to guide enterprises to enter the PC market

reasonably and form a good market operation mechanism.

Only through the coordinated development of technology, market

circumstances and decision-making level of participants, can the PCSC form an

integrated whole, so as to optimize the efficiency of supply chain and improve

the level of supply chain.

7. Conclusions

PC has become a new direction for the construction industry to cope with the

severe shortage of labor, environment and social resources. At present, PCSCM

has become a critical factor restricting the popularization and development of PC.

This paper systematically reviewed the status in quo, trends and gaps of PCSCM

research and deeply analyzed the prominent topics. Of 516 records retrieved from

five popular online databases, a total of 152 eligible documents were screened.

Then, based on the scientometrics experiment, this paper made a statistical

analysis of the publication year profile and journal allocation of the included

literature, and constructed four kinds of visualized bibliographic information

maps for the publication distribution across journals, co-occurrence of keywords,

co-authorship analysis, and citation of articles. The main findings are as follows:

1) Influential journals that publish articles on supply chain management of

fabricated construction include automation in construction and Journal of

construction engineering and management.

2) The co-authors analyze the article numbers and influence of scholars in

PCSCM. Among them, Hu published the most papers and Ergen got the highest

Cited frequency.

3) The most frequently cited articles in this field are identified and the main

research topics of these influential articles are discussed.

4) Keywords such as “ Construction Management ” , “ Model ” ,

“Optimization”, “Performance”, “Design”, “Genetic algorithm”, and

“RFID” are frequently tracked, which is consistent with the main research

topics obtained by cluster analysis.

5) Using data mining to cluster index keywords, 24 categories were further


67

summarized into four themes, including strategic research and project evaluation,

PC supply chain process design and optimization, supply chain integration and

management, and application of advanced technology.

Afterwards, a series of topics, including collaborative PCSCM with advanced

technology, cooperative mode of PCSCM, introducing third-party logistics into

PCSC and multi-level strategy research based on market characteristics, were

proposed to explore the knowledge structure of PCSCM. Finally, a framework

was constructed to promote PCSCM implementation for supply chain participants.

The research findings provide an intuitionistic demonstration for the

bibliographic information of PCSCM literature, and put forward new ideas and

requirements for the development of PCSCM. It will contribute to the evaluation

of the current situation of PCSCM and the grasp of the future direction by

academics and practitioners.

Inevitably, this work has limitations in specimen integrity. First, while we

believe that the right keywords have been selected to achieve our goals, they may

be improved in the future to search articles more comprehensively. Second, the

shortlisted samples were all in English, while books, reports and manuscripts in

other languages were excluded. These limitations may affect the statistical results

of the study, but have little impact on the concentration of the research trends and

the discussion of topics.

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