Supplementary Materials for

The first all-season sample set for mapping global land cover with Landsat-8 data

Congcong Li1,2, Peng Gong1,3*, Jie Wang4, Zhiliang Zhu5, Gregory S. Biging2, Cui

Yuan4, Tengyun Hu1, Haiying Zhang4, Qi Wang1, Xuecao Li1, Xiaoxuan Liu1, Yidi

Xu1, Jing Guo1, Caixia Liu4, Kwame O. Hackman1, Meinan Zhang1, Yuqi Cheng6, Le

Yu1, Jun Yang1, Huabing Huang4, Nicholas Clinton7

1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling,

Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,

China2 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University

of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA3 Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, 100875, China4 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote

Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101

China5 United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA6 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Geospatial Technology for the

Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and

Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China7 Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

* Corresponding author at: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth

System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University,

Beijing 100084, China

Fig. S1 Satellite data used in sample collection. Top left: season 1: Spring (March – May), top

right: season 2: Summer (June – August), bottom left: season 3: Autumn (September –

November), bottom right: season 4: Winter (December – February).

Table S1. Modified land cover classification system of FROM-GLC

Level-1 Level-2 Description

10 Farmland

11 Rice paddy 　12 Greenhouse 　13 Other farmland 　14 Orchard 　15 Bare farmland 　

20 Forest

21 Broadleaf, leaf-onTree cover≥10%;Height>5m;For mixed leaf, neither coniferous nor broadleaf types exceed 60%

22 Broadleaf, leaf-off23 Needle-leaf, leaf-on24 Needle-leaf, leaf-off25 Mixed leaf type, leaf-on26 Mixed leaf type, leaf-off

30 Grassland31 Pasture, leaf-on

Canopy cover≥20%32 Natural grassland, leaf-on33 Grassland, leaf-off

40 Shrublands41 Shrub cover, leaf-on Canopy cover≥20%;

Height<5m42 Shrub cover, leaf-off

50 Wetland51 Marshland, leaf-on 　52 Mudflat53 Marshland, leaf-off

　60 Water 61 Lake 　

62 Reservoir/ponds 　63 River64 Ocean

70 Tundra71 Shrub and brush tundra72 Herbaceous tundra

80 Impervious 80 Impervious90 Barren land 90 Barren land Vegetation cover<10%

100 Snow/Ice101 Snow102 Ice

120 Cloud 120 Cloud 　

Table S2. Modified GLC2000 classification system

Level-1 Level-2 Description10 Cultivated and managed areas

10 Cultivated and managed areasCropland (>50%); tree crop & shrubs (perennial)

20 Tree　　　　　　　　

21 Evergreen broadleaf

LCCS>15% tree cover, height>3mopen:15%-40% tree coverclosed:>40% tree cover

22 Deciduous broadleaf, closed, leaf-on 23 Deciduous broadleaf, closed, leaf-off 24 Deciduous broadleaf, open, leaf-on 25 Deciduous broadleaf, open, leaf-off26 Evergreen needle-leaf27 Deciduous needle-leaf, leaf-on28 Deciduous needle-leaf, leaf-off29 Mixed leaf type, leaf-on30 Mixed leaf type, leaf-off

31 Tree cover, burnt

31 Tree cover, burnt 　40 Shrub cover or herbaceous　　　

41 Evergreen shrubclosed to open (>15%); height: 0.3-5m

42 Deciduous shrub, leaf-on43 Deciduous shrub, leaf-off

44 Herbaceous, leaf-onclosed to open (>15%); height: 0.03-3 m.

45 Herbaceous, leaf-off50 Wetland　　

51 Tree cover, regularly flooded, fresh and brackish water

Swamp forest:closed to open (>15%); height>3m

52 Tree cover, regularly flooded, saline water

Mangrove forest:closed to open (>15%); height>3m

53 Regularly flooded shrub and/or herbaceous cover, leaf-on

Closed to open (>15%); height: 0.3-5m; flooded>2 months

53 Regularly flooded shrub and/or herbaceous cover, leaf-off

60 Mosaic-vegetation　　

61 Tree/Other natural vegetation Fragmented forest cover

62 Crop/tree/other natural vegetationCropland dominant, tree layer>15%

63 Crop/shrub or herbaceousCropland dominant, shrub or herbaceous>15%

64 Leaf-off vegetation 　65 Crop/tree/other natural vegetation, leaf-off66 Crop/shrub or herbaceous, leaf-off

70 Non-vegetation

71 Bare areas Vegetative cover <1%72 Water bodies 　73 Artificial surfaces and associated areas

　74 Snow and ice 　75 Cloud 　

80 Sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub cover

80 Sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub cover

Vegetative cover: 1%-15%

Fig S2 Interface of Global Mapper for image interpretation and sample data set generation.

Table S3. Attribute table of the sample dataset.

Detailed descriptionSample IDGeographical location Latitude, Longitude, EcoregionLandsat TM image information of spring Path, Row, Year, DOY, spectral reflectanceLand cover type of spring FROM-GLC type, LCCS type, interpretation

uncertaintyLandsat TM image information of summer

Path, Row, Year, DOY, spectral reflectance

Land cover type of summer FROM-GLC type, LCCS type, interpretation uncertainty

Landsat TM image information of autumn Path, Row, Year, DOY, spectral reflectanceLand cover type of autumn FROM-GLC type, LCCS type, interpretation

uncertaintyLandsat TM image information of winter Path, Row, Year, DOY, spectral reflectanceLand cover type of winter FROM-GLC type, LCCS type, interpretation

uncertaintyLand cover type of growing season (GRS) FROM-GLC type, LCCS typeSample sizeOthers auxiliary information MODIS EVI time-series, temperature,

precipitation Notes