www.sciencemag.org/content/359/6373/270/suppl/DC1

Supplementary Material for Assessing nature’s contributions to people

Sandra Díaz,* Unai Pascual,* Marie Stenseke, Berta Martín-López, Robert T. Watson, Zsolt Molnár, Rosemary Hill, Kai M. A. Chan, Ivar A. Baste, Kate A. Brauman, Stephen

Polasky, Andrew Church, Mark Lonsdale, Anne Larigauderie, Paul W. Leadley, Alexander P. E. van Oudenhoven, Felice van der Plaat, Matthias Schröter, Sandra Lavorel, Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Elena Bukvareva, Kirsten Davies, Sebsebe

Demissew, Gunay Erpul, Pierre Failler, Carlos A. Guerra, Chad L. Hewitt, Hans Keune, Sarah Lindley, Yoshihisa Shirayama

*Corresponding author. Email: sandra.diaz@unc.edu.ar (S.D.); unai.pascual@bc3research.org (U.P.)

Published 19 January 2018, Science 359, 270 (2017) DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8826

This PDF file includes:

Supplementary Text Figs. S1 to S3 Tables S1 and S2 References

Supplementary Materials for

Assessing nature’s contributions to people

Supplementary Text

Sandra Díaz1,2*, Unai Pascual3,4,5*, Marie Stenseke6, Berta Martín-López7, Robert T. Watson8, Zsolt Molnár9, Rosemary Hill10, Kai M. A. Chan11, Ivar A. Baste12, Kate A. Brauman13, Stephen Polasky14, Andrew Church15, Mark Lonsdale16, Anne Larigauderie17, Paul W. Leadley18, Alexander P. E. van Oudenhoven19, Felice van der Plaat17, Matthias Schröter20,21, Sandra Lavorel22, Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas23, Elena Bukvareva24, Kirsten Davies25, Sebsebe Demissew26, Gunay Erpul27, Pierre Failler28, Carlos A. Guerra21,29, Chad L. Hewitt30, Hans Keune31,32, Sarah Lindley33, Yoshihisa Shirayama34

1 Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.

2 Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Córdoba, Argentina.

3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Sede Building 1, 1st floor, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa 48940, Bilbao, Spain. 4 Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz Haro, 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain. 5 University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, 16-21 Silver St., Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK. 6 Unit for Human Geography, Department of Economy and Society, School of Economics Business and Law, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 625, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. 7 Leuphana University, Faculty of Sustainability, Institute for Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany. 8 Tyndall Center Department of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK. 9 MTA Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary. 10 CSIRO Land and Water and James Cook University Division of Tropical Environments & Societies, Box 12139 Earlville BC, Cairns, Queensland, 4870 Australia. 11 Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. 12 The Folgefonn-Centre, Skålafjøro 17, 5470 Rosendal, Norway. 13 Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota. 1954 Buford Ave, Suite 325, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. 14 Department of Applied Economics/Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA. 15 School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton. 16 Monash University and Charles Darwin University. 17 IPBES Secretariat, UN Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.

18 ESE Laboratory, Univ. Paris-Saclay / CNRS / AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France. 19 Institute of Environmental Sciences CML, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands. 20 UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Services, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. 21German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. 22 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS - Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. 23 CNRS, Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, UMR5175, Biocultural Interactions (IBC) team, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. 24 Biodiversity Conservation Center, ul. Vavilova, 41, office 2, Moscow, 117312, Russia. 25 Macquarie Law School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. 26 Department of Plant Biology & Biodiversity Management, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 27 Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 06110 Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey. 28 Blue Governance Research Group, Portsmouth business School, Universtiy of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO3 1DE, UK. 29 Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany. 30 School of Science and Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240 New Zealand. 31 Belgian Biodiversity Platform - Research Institute Nature & Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. 32 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. 33 Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.34 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima Cho, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.

Supplementary figures

Fig. S1. Evolution of nature’s contributions to people (NCP) and other major categories in the IPBES conceptual framework (1) with respect to the concepts of ecosystem services and human wellbeing as defined in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2). Categories in grey are part of the frameworks but not the main focus of this paper. The element “nature’s benefit to people” was adopted by IPBES Second Plenary, and further developed into NCP by IPBES Fifth Plenary in order to fully capture the fact that the concept includes all contributions to people, both positive (benefits) and negative (detriments). Concepts pointed by arrow heads replace or include concepts near arrow tails. Concepts in dotted-line boxes are no longer used: following the present view of the MA community (3, 4), supporting ecosystem services are now components of nature or (to a lesser extent) regulating NCP. Cultural ecosystem services was defined as a separate ecosystem service category in the MA; IPBES instead recognizes that culture mediates the relationship between people and all NCP. For more details of NCP according to the generalizing and conceptual perspectives, see Figure S2 and Figure S3.

Ecosystems

Supporting

Regulating

Provisioning

Material NCP

Non-material NCP

Regulating NCP

Nature’s gifts

Nature’s contributions to people (NCP)

Regulating ES

Provisioning ES

Ecosystem services (ES)

Nature’s bene�ts to people

Cultural

Human wellbeing

Cultural ES

Cu

ltural co

ntext

Nature

MA (2005) IPBES (2013) IPBES (2017)

Context-speci�c perspective

Generalizing perspective

Biodiversity and ecosystems

Mother Earth…

Nature

Biodiversity and ecosystems

Mother Earth…

Good quality of life

Human wellbeing

Living in harmony with nature…

Good quality of life

Human wellbeing

Living in harmony with nature…

Generalizing perspective

Context-speci�c perspective

Nature

Direct drivers

Natural drivers

Good quality of life

Anthropogenicassets

Nature’s contributions

to people (NCP) Institutions and

governance and otherindirect drivers

Anthropogenicdrivers

Fig. S2: Two perspectives on nature’s contributions to people (NCP). NCP is a key element of the IPBES conceptual framework (1) (shown in simplified version on the right). NCP can be seen through the generalizing (green, bottom), or through the context-specific perspectives (blue, top). In the generalizing perspective, 18 NCP are distinguished and organized in three broad groups –material, non-material and regulating– of general applicability (represented by the white-line figure overlapping the landscape at the bottom, shown in full in Figure S3). In the context-specific perspective such universally applicable categories are largely not meaningful; the white-line figure overlapping the landscape at the top (a simplification of the Warlpiri perspective on nature-human relationships) represents only one of very many possible framings of NCP; see Table S2 for explanation and examples. Note that between the generalizing and context-specific perspectives there are gradual transitions, rather than sharp distinctions. Depending on the context, a stakeholder can report a specific NCP as part of any of the 18 NCP in the generalizing perspective, as part of a bundle of context-specific NCP (see examples in Table S2) or as transitional between the two.

Fig. S3. Mapping of the 18 NCP reporting categories used in IPBES assessments onto three broad groups distinguished within the generalizing perspective (see main text and Figure S1 and Figure S2). Most NCP straddle across groups to some degree. To indicate this, the NCP in the material and non-material groups extend into their respective columns. The non-material dimension of regulating NCP is not as widely recognized across cultures; therefore they are represented as encroaching only slightly beyond their column in the Figure. Maintenance of options (NCP 18), conveys the various dimensions of the potential opportunities offered by nature, and thus spans all three NCP groups. NCP 18 includes things such as the maintenance into the future of all current and future NCP, embodying the capacity of nature for supporting the resilience of ecosystems and their ability to transform to novel states and derived NCP (5-7). Explanation and examples of all NCP are given in Table S1.

1. Habitat creation and maintenance2. Pollination and dispersal of seeds and

other propagules3. Regulation of air quality

4. Regulation of climate

5. Regulation of ocean acidification6. Regulation of freshwater quantity,

location and timing7. Regulation of freshwater and coastal water quality

8. Formation, protection and decontamination of soils and sediments

9. Regulation of hazards and extreme events10. Regulation of detrimental organisms

and biological processes11. Energy

12. Food and feed

13. Materials, companionship and labor

14. Medicinal, biochemical and genetic resources

15. Learning and inspiration

16. Physical and psychological experiences

17. Supporting identities

18. Maintenance of options

Material NCP Non-material NCP Regulating NCP

Supplementary tables

Table S1. Reporting categories of nature’s contributions to people (NCP) used in IPBES assessments according to the generalizing perspective

The 18 NCP reporting categories recommended for IPBES assessments, according to the generalizing perspective (see main text and Figure 2). The NCP listed here are in some cases sharply-defined contributions, and in some others represent bundles of similar contributions. Beyond IPBES, this list of NCP is meant to be indicative, not exhaustive. The explanations, examples and references are also illustrative. The order of NCP in the table does not denote importance or priority. The placing of each of the 18 reporting categories in the broad groups of material, non-material and/or regulating NCP is shown in Figure S2. The NCP are provided, depending on the case, by particular organisms, by ecosystems, or by particular mixtures of organisms, assembled naturally (e.g. the assemblage of pollinators in a landscape) or artificially (e.g. a planted grove, or a plant mixture on a green roof). Note that these contributions can be positive or negative according to the cultural and socio-economic context of the stakeholders, or even perceived as benefits or decrements by same stakeholder group according to the spatial or temporal context (8-11).

Reporting categories of nature’s contributions to people

Brief explanation and some examples

1 Habitat creation and maintenance The formation and continued production, by ecosystems or organisms within them, of ecological conditions necessary or favorable for living beings of direct or indirect importance to humans. E.g. growing sites for plants (12), nesting, feeding, and mating sites for animals, resting and overwintering areas for migratory mammals, birds and butterflies (12, 13), roosting places for agricultural pests and disease vectors (14), nurseries for juvenile stages of fish (15-18), habitat creation at different soil depths by invertebrates (19)

2 Pollination and dispersal of seeds and other propagules

Facilitation by animals of movement of pollen among flowers (20-22), and dispersal of seeds, larvae or spores of organisms beneficial or harmful to humans (20, 23-28)

3 Regulation of air quality Regulation (by impediment or facilitation) by ecosystems, of CO2/O2 balance, O3, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulates, aerosols, allergens (29-34)

Filtration, fixation, degradation or storage of pollutants that directly affect human health or infrastructure (35-38)

4 Regulation of climate Climate regulation by ecosystems (including regulation of global warming) through:

• Positive or negative effects on emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g. biological carbon storage and sequestration; methane emissions from wetlands) (32, 39-41)

• Positive or negative effects on biophysical feedbacks from vegetation cover to atmosphere, such as those involving albedo, surface roughness, long-wave radiation, evapotranspiration (including moisture-recycling) and cloud formation (42-46)

• Direct and indirect processes involving biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), and regulation of aerosols and aerosol precursors by terrestrial plants and phytoplankton (46- 55)

5 Regulation of ocean acidification Regulation, by photosynthetic organisms (on land or in water), of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and so seawater pH, which affects associated calcification processes by many marine organisms important to humans (such as corals) (56-58)

6 Regulation of freshwater quantity, location and timing (59)

Regulation, by ecosystems, of the quantity, location and timing of the flow of surface and groundwater used for drinking, irrigation, transport, hydropower, and as the support of non-material contributions (NCP 15, 16, 17) (60-62)

Regulation of flow to water-dependent natural habitats that in turn positively or negatively affect people downstream, including via flooding (wetlands including ponds, rivers, lakes, swamps) (63-67)

Modification of groundwater levels, which can ameliorate dryland salinization in unirrigated landscapes (68-71)

7 Regulation of freshwater and coastal water quality

Regulation – through filtration of particles, pathogens, excess nutrients, and other chemicals – by ecosystems or particular organisms, of the quality of water used directly (e.g. drinking, swimming) or indirectly (e.g. aquatic foods, irrigated food and fiber crops, freshwater and coastal habitats of heritage value) (60, 72-76)

8 Formation, protection and decontamination of soils and sediments

Formation and long-term maintenance of soil structure and processes by plants and soil organisms. Includes: physical protection of soil and sediments from erosion (77, 78), and supply of organic matter and nutrients by vegetation; processes that underlie the continued fertility of soils important to humans (e.g. decomposition and nutrient cycling) (79-81); filtration, fixation, attenuation or storage of chemical and biological pollutants (pathogens, toxics, excess nutrients) in soils and sediments (81-85)

9 Regulation of hazards and extreme events

Amelioration, by ecosystems, of the impacts on humans or their infrastructure caused by e.g. floods, wind, storms, hurricanes, heat waves, tsunamis, high noise levels, fires, seawater intrusion, tidal waves (86-90)

Reduction or increase, by ecosystems or particular organisms, of hazards like landslides, avalanches (91-94)

10 Regulation of detrimental organisms and biological processes

Regulation, by organisms, of pests, pathogens, predators or competitors that affect humans (materially and non-materially), or plants or animals of importance for humans. Also the direct detrimental effect of organisms on humans or their plants, animals or infrastructure. These include e.g.:

• Control by predators or parasites of the population size of animals important to humans, such as attacks by large carnivores (95-98), or infestation by liver fluke, on game or livestock) (99, 100)

• Regulation (by impediment or facilitation) of the abundance or distribution of potentially harmful organisms (e.g. venomous, toxic, allergenic, predators, parasites, competitors, pathogens, agricultural weeds and pests, disease vectors and reservoirs) over the landscape or seascape (101-107)

• Removal, by scavengers, of animal carcasses and human corpses (e.g. vultures in Zoroastrian and some Tibetan Buddhist traditions) (108-111)

• Biological impairment and degradation of infrastructure (e.g. damage by pigeons, bats, termites, strangling figs to buildings) (112-114)

• Direct physical damage to crops, forest plantations, livestock, poultry and fisheries by mammals, birds and reptiles (96, 97)

• Damage caused by invertebrates as pests of agriculture, horticulture, forest, and stored products, and by affecting health of domestic animals (115-117)

• Direct damage caused by organisms to humans by e.g. frightening, hurting, killing, or transmitting diseases (96)

• Regulation of the human immune system by a diverse environmental microbiota (118)

11 Energy Production of biomass-based fuels, such as biofuel crops, animal waste, fuelwood, agricultural residue pellets, peat (119-123)

12 Food and feed Production of food from wild , managed, or domesticated organisms, such as fish, bushmeat and edible invertebrates, beef, poultry, game, dairy products, edible crops, wild plants, mushrooms, honey (22, 124-138)

Production of feed (forage and fodder) for domesticated animals (e.g. livestock, work and support animals, pets) or for aquaculture, from the same sources (127, 128, 130, 139, 140)

13 Materials, companionship and labor Production of materials derived from organisms in cultivated or wild ecosystems, for construction, clothing, printing, ornamental purposes (e.g. wood, peat, fibers, waxes, paper, resins, dyes, pearls, shells, coral branches) (119, 128, 141-146)

Live organisms being directly used for decoration (i.e. ornamental plants, birds, fish in households and public spaces), company (e.g. pets), transport, and labor (including herding, searching, guidance, guarding) (141, 147-157)

14 Medicinal, biochemical and genetic resources

Production of materials derived from organisms (plants, animals, fungi, microbes) used for medicinal, veterinary and pharmacological (e.g. poisonous, psychoactive) purposes. Production of genes and genetic information used for plant and animal breeding and biotechnology (12, 158-164)

15 Learning and inspiration Provision, by landscapes, seascapes, habitats or organisms, of opportunities for the development of the capabilities that allow humans to prosper through education, acquisition of knowledge and development of skills for well-being, information, and inspiration for art and technological design (e.g. biomimicry) (165-174)

16 Physical and psychological experiences

Provision, by landscapes, seascapes, habitats or organisms, of opportunities for physically and psychologically beneficial activities, healing, relaxation, recreation, leisure, tourism and aesthetic enjoyment based on the close contact with nature (e.g. hiking, recreational hunting and fishing, birdwatching, snorkeling, diving, gardening) (175-187)

17 Supporting identities Landscapes, seascapes, habitats or organisms being the basis for religious, spiritual, and social-cohesion experiences:

• Provisioning of opportunities by nature for people to develop a sense of place, belonging, rootedness or connectedness, associated with different entities of the living world (e. g. cultural, sacred and heritage landscapes, sounds, scents and sights associated with childhood experiences, iconic animals, trees or flowers) (187-198)

• Basis for narratives, rituals and celebrations provided by landscapes, seascapes, habitats, species or organisms (13, 21, 169, 188, 189, 191, 199)

• Source of satisfaction derived from knowing that a parti-cular landscape, seascape, habitat or species exists (200, 201)

18 Maintenance of options (202) Capacity of ecosystems, habitats, species or genotypes to keep options open in order to support a good quality of life. Examples include:

• Benefits (including those of future generations) associatedwith the continued existence of a wide variety of species, populations and genotypes. This includes their contributions to the resilience and resistance of ecosystem properties in the face of environmental change and variability (6, 7, 203-206)

• Future benefits (or threats) derived from keeping optionsopen for yet unknown discoveries and unanticipated uses of particular organisms or ecosystems that already exist (e.g. new medicines or materials) (5)

• Future benefits (or threats) that may be anticipated from on-going biological evolution (e.g. adaptation to a warmer climate, to emergent diseases, development of resistance to antibiotics and other control agents by pathogens and weeds) (5, 207)

Table S2: Two examples of nature’s contributions to people (NCP) reporting categories, according to the context-specific perspective

In addressing NCP within the context of knowledge systems other than physical, natural and economic sciences, the 18 generalizing categories of Table S1 are often not applicable. This is typical, but not exclusive (e.g. (208) of the knowledge systems of indigenous peoples and local communities. Instead different categories or more holistic relationships through practices are recognized. In some cases, relationships between nature and people are highly reciprocal, with NCP arising from practices of mutual care (13, 209-211). The two examples below are illustration of the diverse ways in which NCP are framed in different cultural contexts. Note that this perspective and the generalizing perspective are not mutually exclusive; they often blend and interweave (212-215).

Example 1 - Categories used to recognize context-specific NCP in the IPBES Pollination Assessment (21)

In the IPBES Pollination Assessment, engagement with ILK-holders led to part of NCP being framed as “gifts” to both people and biota, through “practices” that link people and pollinators in ongoing reciprocal relationships. ILK-holders explained how pollination processes are understood, celebrated and managed holistically through fostering fertility, fecundity, spirituality and diversity; see (21) for full referencing.

How NCP is framed to suit this context

The categories used for analysis of NCP in this context

Examples/description

Practices (for and with pollinators) gifted to indigenous peoples and local communities

Practices of valuing diversity and fostering biocultural diversity

Kawaiwete people in the southern Amazon perceive that the spiritual entity who protects stingless bees will inflict “bee illness” on those who do not show respect and observe silence when collecting honey; they identify 37 stingless bee species and protect 28 forest tree species used for nesting as well as 19 other plant species used for food by these bees.

Landscape management practices

Seven practices were identified:

i. Taboos that protect pollinators and pollinator resources; ii. Kinship relationships that protect pollinators and

pollination resources; iii. Mental maps and animal behaviour knowledge as

management practices; iv. Fire management to enhance pollination resources; v. Manipulation of pollination resources in different seasons

and landscape patches; vi. Biotemporal indicators for management actions;

vii. Providing pollinator nesting resources. Diversified farming systems

Four types of diversified farming systems that influence agrobiodiversity, pollinators and pollination were identified:

i. Shifting cultivation (e.g. Milpa systems in central America);

ii. Home gardens (e.g. Mesoamerican home gardens contain some 811 cultivated species);

iii. Commodity agroforestry (e.g. shade coffee systems provide habitat for bird pollinators);

iv. Farming of semi-domesticated and domesticated bees.

Example 2 - How Warlpiri understand nature’s contributions to people ((191)

For the Warlpiri people, nature’s contributions to people are understood in terms of Ngurra-kurlu, roughly translated as “from country” or “country within people”. In Aboriginal English, a person’s land, sea, sky, rivers, sites, seasons, plants and animals; place of heritage, belonging and spirituality; is called “country” (216). The term Ngurra-kurlu reflects the fundamental Warlpiri perspective of reciprocity between people and country. In this context, people and country are one body Palka. The image embedded in the first column represents Ngurra-kurlu, Warlpiri people's understanding of how country contributes to people and vice-versa (painting by Daniel Rockman Jupurrurla, from Ref. (191), reproduced under the Creative Commons license).

How NCP are framed to suit this context

The categories used for analysis in this context

Examples/description

Ngurra-kurlu meaning “from country”. “This ngurra-kurlu is palka: he got his own heart, he’s got his own kidney, he’s got his own liver. If you take one of them away, his whole body will drop”

Law The Law provides the guidelines, the knowledge, beliefs, practices, rules and regulations. “The law is a serious thing and it needs to be followed…Wawirri (red kangaroo) is a symbol of the Law. Men cooking a kangaroo is a serious thing”

Skin “Skin” groups connect people with each other and with nature through obligations and responsibilities; for example different skin groups have responsibility for Emu dreaming, Emu song lines, Emu ceremony and thereby the Emu.

Ceremony Many types of ceremony are needed for ngurra-kurlu to function properly – public and secret rituals of women and men separately; atonement and reconciliation ceremonies; initiation. Ceremony supports the healthy functioning of people and country.

Language Language encodes the unique Warlpiri worldview “language is like a tree, it makes you stand firm in country”. There is skin language, land language, ceremony language, law language. People change their language to show respect, to show the messages of sacred objects and designs.

Country Country is in the middle of the Ngurra-kurlu template and links everything; it is home.

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