Supercomputing and Sciences
-
Upload
kelsie-bridges -
Category
Documents
-
view
56 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Supercomputing and Sciences
Supercomputing in plain English Personal computers and limited capability Supercomputers for solving scientific problems Supercomputing and speed
Supercomputing for high school students Why should HS students care Supercomputing for HS in the country
Roadmap
Processor: number cruncher Speed: 2GHz-4GHz? Duo core or quad core?
Memory: data storage 8GB?
These hardware parameters largely determine how fast a computer is.
Typical PC Configurations
Are Long to compute Need large quantity of memory large quantity of runs Are Time Critical
Not All Programs can Run on PC
Slide 8
Example 2: Fluid dynamics calculations (1000 1000 1000 lattice)109 lattice points 1000 FLOP/point 10 000 time steps = 1016 FLOP
Example 3: Monte Carlo simulation of nuclear reactor1011 particles to track (for 1000 escapes) 104 FLOP/particle = 1015 FLOP
Decentralized supercomputing ( from Mathworld News, 2006/4/7 ): Grid of tens of thousands networked computers discovers 230 402 457 – 1, the 43rd Mersenne prime, as the largest known prime (9 152 052 digits )
Example 1: Southern oceans heat Modeling (10-minute iterations)300 GFLOP per iteration 300 000 iterations per 6 yrs = 1016 FLOP
4096 E-W regions
1024
N-S
re
gion
s
12 layers
in depth
Exemplar Programs
Physics and Astrophysics Biophysics Geophysics and Earth imaging Medical Physics and Medicine Chemistry and Biochemistry Chemical and nuclear reactions Weather and climate Mechanical devices - from prosthetics to spacecraft Manufacturing processes
Traditional Scientific and Engineering Problems
Source: Supercomputing in Plain English: Overview by Neeman at OU
12
Parallelism for Speed
Less fish …
More fish!
Parallelism means doing multiple things at the same time: you can get more work done in the same time.
Jigsaw analogy Person: CPU Jigsaw pieces: data in memory
One person Serial computing, one hour
Two persons Parallel computing, about a half hour
Four persons A little more than a quarter hour
Eight persons ?
13
Diminishing Returns
Source: Supercomputing in Plain English: Overview by Neeman at OU
1000 jigsaw pieces
Two person, each having on his own table with half of the puzzle pieces
Two persons can work completely independently, without any contention for a shared resource.
BUT, they need• Same number of pieces first – workload
decomposition and balance• Communication, which is costly
Supercomputing in Plain English: OverviewTue Jan 25 2011
14
Distributed Parallelism & Overhead
Supercomputing in plain English Personal computers and limited capability Supercomputers for solving scientific problems Supercomputing and speed
Supercomputing for high school students Why should HS students care Supercomputing for HS in the country
Roadmap
Tomorrow’s PCs may be today’s supercomputers
During the past 10 years, the trends indicated by ever faster networks, distributed systems, and multi-processor computer architectures (even at the desktop level) clearly show that parallelism is the future of computing.
Why Should We or Our Students CareReason I
Slide 17
CPU Performance
The exponential growth of microprocessor performance, known as Moore’s Law, shown over the past two decades (extrapolated).
1990 1980 2000 2010 KIPS
MIPS
GIPS
TIPS
Pro
cess
or
perf
orm
anc
e
Calendar year
80286 68000
80386
80486 68040
Pentium
Pentium II R10000
1.6 / yr
Slide 18
CPU Speed Projection in 2001
From the 2001 edition of the roadmap [Alla02]
Calendar year 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016
Halfpitch (nm) 140 90 65 45 32 22
Clock freq. (GHz) 2 4 7 12 20 30
Wiring levels 7 8 9 10 10 10
Power supply (V) 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
Max. power (W) 130 160 190 220 250 290
20
Multiple, slow cores on a chip Intel
Up to 80 cores AMD
Integrated CPU and GPU cores (50+ cores) nVidia
Hundreds of GPU cores Parallel computing is required to achieve fast
execution for a single program
The Resulting Multicore Processors
1. Thousand years ago – experimental Science Description of natural phenomena
2. Last few hundred years – Theoretical Science Newton’s Laws, Maxwell’s Equation
3. Last few decades – Computational Science Simulation of complex phenomena
4. Today – Data intensive Science Scientists overwhelmed with data sets
Reason II – Scientific Approaches
Need to solve grand challenge problems with supercomputing Disaster preparedness Climate change Clean energy National security and defense
Reason III: The Burden of Next Generation Scientists
NSF and DOE
National supercomputing centers NCSA at UIUC San Diego supercomputer center the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Technical supercomputing conferences IEEE/ACM Supercomputing XSEDE conference
Industry Intel Brings Parallel Computing to High School
Supercomputing for HS Programs
Marquette University Several computer clusters
Guest accounts available Condor pool Technical help
SeWhip: Southeast Wisconsin high performance computing
Local Resources
https://www.xsede.org/web/xup/online-training http://www.citutor.org/ http://www.tacc.utexas.edu/user-services/training https://www.xsede.org/web/xsede12/students http://sc12.supercomputing.org/ http://hpcuniversity.org/
Online Training Opportunities