Government of IndiaDepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research

TECHNOPRENEUR PROMOTION PROGRMME (TePP)

BATTERYBATTERYBATTERYBATTERY

Electrode Electrode materials react materials react electrochemically electrochemically with the ions with the ions required in the required in the reaction to be reaction to be transferred transferred through through electrolyte in electrolyte in which the which the electrodes are electrodes are immersedimmersed

Energy storage Energy storage capacity is given capacity is given by Ah or Whby Ah or Wh

SHORTCOMINGS OF SHORTCOMINGS OF BATTERIESBATTERIES

SHORTCOMINGS OF SHORTCOMINGS OF BATTERIESBATTERIES

CostCost MaintenanceMaintenance Shelf and working life Shelf and working life Weight and sizeWeight and size Large number of Large number of

battery conditioningbattery conditioning

parametersparameters

PEAK POWER REQUIREMENT WHERE PEAK POWER REQUIREMENT WHERE BATTERY AND CAPACITOR HAS PROBLEMSBATTERY AND CAPACITOR HAS PROBLEMS

PEAK POWER REQUIREMENT WHERE PEAK POWER REQUIREMENT WHERE BATTERY AND CAPACITOR HAS PROBLEMSBATTERY AND CAPACITOR HAS PROBLEMS

Starting of any DC MotorStarting of any DC Motor Generator-Motor sets Generator-Motor sets CamerasCameras Audio Video devices Audio Video devices

SUPERCAPACITOR CAN BE USED TO SUPERCAPACITOR CAN BE USED TO FULFILLFULFILL

PEAK POWER REQUIREMENTSPEAK POWER REQUIREMENTS

Starting of any DC MotorStarting of any DC Motor Generator-Motor sets Generator-Motor sets CamerasCameras Audio Video devices Audio Video devices

SUPERCAPACITOR CAN BE USED TO SUPERCAPACITOR CAN BE USED TO FULFILLFULFILL

PEAK POWER REQUIREMENTSPEAK POWER REQUIREMENTS

EDLC Stores Energy in the Form of Electrostatic EDLC Stores Energy in the Form of Electrostatic Charges by Polarizing an Electrolyte Solution. There Charges by Polarizing an Electrolyte Solution. There Is No Chemical Reaction Involved in Its Mechanism Is No Chemical Reaction Involved in Its Mechanism

Which Is ReversibleWhich Is Reversible

STORES GREATER AMOUNT OF STORES GREATER AMOUNT OF ENERGYENERGY

STORES GREATER AMOUNT OF STORES GREATER AMOUNT OF ENERGYENERGY

EXTREMELY EFFICIENTEXTREMELY EFFICIENT

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EDLCMAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EDLC MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EDLCMAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EDLC

COMPARATIVE STUDYCOMPARATIVE STUDY

EDLCEDLC Operates within its any Operates within its any

voltage rangevoltage range Can be stored in charged/ Can be stored in charged/

discharged state discharged state It can completely It can completely

dischargedischarge

Stores less energyStores less energy It can deliver frequent It can deliver frequent

power pulsespower pulses It can charge very fastIt can charge very fast

It can recycle thousand It can recycle thousand timestimes

EDLCEDLC Operates within its any Operates within its any

voltage rangevoltage range Can be stored in charged/ Can be stored in charged/

discharged state discharged state It can completely It can completely

dischargedischarge

Stores less energyStores less energy It can deliver frequent It can deliver frequent

power pulsespower pulses It can charge very fastIt can charge very fast

It can recycle thousand It can recycle thousand timestimes

BatteryBattery Operates with narrow Operates with narrow

range of voltagerange of voltage Storage is problem in any Storage is problem in any

statestate Over discharging can Over discharging can

damage itdamage it Stores more energyStores more energy Life gets affected due to Life gets affected due to

high power pulseshigh power pulses Fast charging can Fast charging can

damage it damage it It can recycle few It can recycle few

hundred timeshundred times

BatteryBattery Operates with narrow Operates with narrow

range of voltagerange of voltage Storage is problem in any Storage is problem in any

statestate Over discharging can Over discharging can

damage itdamage it Stores more energyStores more energy Life gets affected due to Life gets affected due to

high power pulseshigh power pulses Fast charging can Fast charging can

damage it damage it It can recycle few It can recycle few

hundred timeshundred times

TYPES OF CAPACITORSTYPES OF CAPACITORSTYPES OF CAPACITORSTYPES OF CAPACITORS

Two Electrodes of porous carbon material in the Two Electrodes of porous carbon material in the electrolyte with separator.electrolyte with separator.

Porous carbon gives very high surface area of the order of Porous carbon gives very high surface area of the order of 1500Sq. m per gram.1500Sq. m per gram.

High surface area gives very high capacitance.High surface area gives very high capacitance.

Two Electrodes of porous carbon material in the Two Electrodes of porous carbon material in the electrolyte with separator.electrolyte with separator.

Porous carbon gives very high surface area of the order of Porous carbon gives very high surface area of the order of 1500Sq. m per gram.1500Sq. m per gram.

High surface area gives very high capacitance.High surface area gives very high capacitance.

EDLC CONSTRUCTIONEDLC CONSTRUCTION

The functional components of a The functional components of a supercapacitor supercapacitor Electrodes, Electrolyte and Electrodes, Electrolyte and SeparatorSeparator

Surface properties - Surface properties - Significant impact on Significant impact on specific capacitancespecific capacitance

Aqueous electrolytes- Aqueous electrolytes- Better conductivity Better conductivity than organic electrolytesthan organic electrolytes

LOW BREAKDOWN VOLTAGELOW BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE The properties of the separator.The properties of the separator.

PARAMETERS FOR DECIDING RATING PARAMETERS FOR DECIDING RATING OF EDLCOF EDLC

Maximum operating voltage(1 to 5.0V)Maximum operating voltage(1 to 5.0V) Power/ Current (series parallel Power/ Current (series parallel

connections)connections) Minimum operating voltageMinimum operating voltage Duration of dischargeDuration of discharge Repetition rateRepetition rate

(life and thermal issues)(life and thermal issues)

Maximum operating voltage(1 to 5.0V)Maximum operating voltage(1 to 5.0V) Power/ Current (series parallel Power/ Current (series parallel

connections)connections) Minimum operating voltageMinimum operating voltage Duration of dischargeDuration of discharge Repetition rateRepetition rate

(life and thermal issues)(life and thermal issues)

EFFECTIVE CAPACITANCEEFFECTIVE CAPACITANCE

Pseudocapacitance- Arises from Pseudocapacitance- Arises from reversible Faradic reactionreversible Faradic reaction

Charge transfer reaction - voltage Charge transfer reaction - voltage dependentdependent

High value of specific capacitance - High value of specific capacitance - Result of Double Layer Result of Double Layer Capacitance Capacitance

Presence of high surface area Presence of high surface area material due to charge separation material due to charge separation taking place at atomic leveltaking place at atomic level

A battery subjected to a pulsed current without Supercapacitor

A battery subjected to a pulsed current with a supercapacitor

PROBLEMS IN MANUFACTURINGPROBLEMS IN MANUFACTURING

Packaging Inter-electrode connection Ventilation Leakage of electrolyte Formation of multi-electrode multi cell unit Keeping minimum contact resistance to

meet power density

Packaging Inter-electrode connection Ventilation Leakage of electrolyte Formation of multi-electrode multi cell unit Keeping minimum contact resistance to

meet power density

AREAS OF APPLICATIONS OF EDLCAREAS OF APPLICATIONS OF EDLC

Quick charge application- charging in Quick charge application- charging in sec and discharging in minutes( power sec and discharging in minutes( power tools and toys )tools and toys )

Electrical Vehicles (starting).Electrical Vehicles (starting). Short term support for uninterrupted Short term support for uninterrupted

power system with generator backuppower system with generator backup Solar array (Energy rich , power poor Solar array (Energy rich , power poor

source )source ) Supporting power buses while switching Supporting power buses while switching Computer memory backups- low Computer memory backups- low

current long duration requirementscurrent long duration requirements

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