SUPER QUIZ - Carl Schurz High School Quiz.pdf · fundamental social unit in the 18th century? the...

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Question Answer

1. What is the name of the 18th ‐century intellectual movement from which the American Founding Fathers drew ideological inspiration?

the Enlightenment (USQRG: 3,1,1)

2. What is the term used to refer to Franceʹs social system before the Revolution?

the Old Regime (USQRG: 3,1,2)

3. In what year did the French Revolution begin? 1789 (USQRG: 3,1,1)

4. What type of dispute caused both the American and the French Revolutions?

a dispute over taxes (USQRG: 3,1,1)

5. Which 18th‐century war generated much of the French debt that forced Louis XVI to raise taxes prior to the French Revolution?

the American Revolution (USQRG: 3,1,1)

6. Which 18th‐century war generated much of the British debt that forced the British government to raise taxes prior to the American Revolution?

the French and Indian War (USQRG: 3,1,1)

7. What was Franceʹs official religion prior to the Revolution?

Catholicism (USQRG: 3,1,2)

8. What principle legitimized the French monarchy before the Revolution?

divine right (USQRG: 3,1,2)

9. What group of people in French society composed the First Estate?

the clergy (USQRG: 3,1,2)

10. What group of people in French society composed the Second Estate?

the nobility (USQRG: 3,1,2)

11. To which Estate would a wealthy lawyer in 18th‐century France belong?

the Third Estate (USQRG: 3,1,2)

12. To which Estate did the peasantry of 18th‐century France belong?

the Third Estate (USQRG: 3,1,2)

13. What was Franceʹs most profitable New World colony in the 1780s?

Saint‐Domingue (USQRG: 3,1,3)

14. What is the current name of Saint‐Domingue? Haiti (USQRG: 3,1,3)

15. What was the main good produced by Saint‐Domingue?

sugar (USQRG: 3,1,3)

16. What locale provided the main source of labor for Caribbean plantations?

Africa (USQRG: 3,1,3)

17. In what decade did the droughts that helped trigger the French Revolution occur?

1780s (USQRG: 3,2,1)

18. What was the economic result of the droughts that occurred in France prior to the Revolution?

higher bread prices (USQRG: 3,2,1)

SUPER QUIZ FLASHCARDS DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2009

I Old Regime

19. What two factors compounded the problems of the monarchy during its pre‐Revolution financial crisis and thereby generated a full‐scale revolt?

droughts and mistakes made by the king and his advisors (USQRG: 3,2,1)

20. In what month and year did the storming of the Bastille take place?

July 1789 (USQRG: 3,2,2)

21. In what month and year did the womenʹs march on Versailles take place?

October 1789 (USQRG: 3,2,2)

22. What representative body drove the Revolution? the National Assembly (USQRG: 3,2,2)

23. In what month and year did the National Assembly pass the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

August 1789 (USQRG: 3,2,2)

24. What was the basis of the system created by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

popular sovereignty (USQRG: 3,2,2)

25. In what way were the universal rights guaranteed by the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen more far‐reaching than those guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?

The enumerated rights of the Bill of Rights applied to the federal government alone; state governments under the Bill of Rights did not necessarily have to uphold the same principles.

(USQRG: 3,2,2)

26. Who composed the bulk of the National Assembly? educated commoners, such as lawyers and merchants (USQRG: 3,2,2)

27. How many years after the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was the Bill of Rights ratified?

two (USQRG: 3,2,2)

28. True/False: the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen abolished the French monarchy.

False; the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen limited the power of the French monarchy but did not abolish it.

(USQRG: 3,2,2)

29. What characterized the cities in which Protestants and Jews could worship openly prior to the Revolution?

They were isolated and often religiously homogenous. (USQRG: 3,2,0)

30. In what two years during the French Revolution was there also a revolt in Saint‐Domingue?

1790 and 1791 (USQRG: 4,1,0)

31. What sparked a revolt in Saint‐Domingue during the early part of the French Revolution?

the Revolutionʹs failure to extend the rights of the Declaration of Man and Citizen to slaves and people of African origin

living in the colony (USQRG: 4,1,0)

32. What characterized the religious policy of National Assembly during the early years of the Revolution?

Clergy were expected to be loyal to the National Assembly rather than the Pope. (USQRG: 4,1,0)

33. What foreign event during the early years of the Revolution proved detrimental to French economic stability?

the revolt in Saint‐Domingue (USQRG: 4,1,0)

34. After 1792, what characterized the Revolutionʹs foreign policy?

war with Franceʹs neighbors (USQRG: 4,1,0)

35. What fueled the wars that France fought with its neighbors during the Revolution?

other monarchsʹ fears that the Revolution would spread (USQRG:4,1,0)

36. What was the effect of the National Assemblyʹs religious policy regarding Catholics in France?

It caused them to turn against the Revolution despite their social class. (USQRG, 4,10)

37. In what year did the Revolution radicalize? 1794 (USQRG: 4,1,1)


III French Revolutionary Development

38. What two factors contributed to the radicalization of the Revolution?

chaos from the war and domestic rebellion from those opposed to the Revolution (USQRG: 4,1,1)

39. What happened to the king and queen of France after the radicalization of the Revolution?

They were executed after being tried for treason. (USQRG: 4,1,1)

40. During what two years did the Terror occur? 1793 and 1794 (USQRG: 4,1,1)

41. What was the Revolutionʹs religious policy after radicalization?

the creation of a new religion (USQRG: 4,1,1)

42. Who guided the policy of the Revolution during the Terror?

Maximilien Robespierre (USQRG: 4,1,1)

43. Towards the end of the Terror, why did revolutionaries begin to denounce and execute one another?

They suspected one another of being too moderate. (USQRG: 4,1,1)

44. How was the status of the bourgeoisie influenced by the radicalization of the Revolution?

While the status of the wealthy middle class was protected during the early stages of the Revolution, the leaders of the radicalized Revolution became more intent on ending all

forms of social inequality. (USQRG: 4,1,1)

45. What three measures did the leaders of the Revolution take after radicalization to end social inequality?

abolished slavery, ended property qualifications for voting, and capped prices on certain commodities (USQRG: 4,1,1)

46. Why did many French people eventually begin to tire of the Revolution?

They were weary of the increasing violence. (USQRG: 4,1,2)

47. What early 19th ‐century independence movements were sparked by the French Revolution?

those in Latin America and Greece (USQRG: 4,1,2; USQRG:4,2,0)

48. Who assumed power in France in 1799? Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG: 4,1,2)

49. How many years did Napoleon Bonaparte reign? 15 (USQRG: 4,1,2)

50. How did Napoleon Bonaparte take power? through a coup dʹétat (USQRG: 4,1,2)

51. In what period of history did the French Estate system originate?

the Middle Ages (USQRG: 5,1,1)

52. Who is the author of the article ʺThe Structure of Eighteenth‐Century French Societyʺ?

Jeremy Popkin (USQRG: 5,1,subtitle)

53. Prior to the Revolution, what was the name of Franceʹs highest court of law?

the Parlement de Paris (USQRG: 5,1,2)

54. In a 1776 ruling, what was the high courtʹs objection to a reform proposal that would have taken away the privileges of many corporate groups in France?

The judges stated that individuals should not be isolated and wholly independent. (USQRG: 5,1,2)

55. What was the name of the fundamental groups that organized French society prior to the Revolution?

estates (USQRG: 5,1,1)

56. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the most fundamental social unit in the 18th century?

the family (USQRG: 5,2,1)

57. In the 18th century, to what was the kingʹs relationship to his citizens frequently compared?

that of a father to his children (USQRG: 5,2,1)

58. For most of the population of 18th‐century France, what was the chief purpose of the family?

to serve as an economic unit (USQRG: 5,2,1)

59. To what social class did Charles‐Alexandre de Calonne belong?

the nobility (USQRG: 5,2,1)


I Old Regime

60. True/False: Prior to the Revolution, French society took relatively good care of orphans and widows.

False; orphans and widows unable to move in with relatives were frequently destined for dire poverty. (USQRG: 5,2,1)

61. In France prior to the Revolution, what happened to single men who did not have a fixed residence?

They were closely monitored by the authorities. (USQRG: 5,2,1)

62. In France prior to the Revolution, why were authorities concerned with single men who did not have permanent homes?

They viewed them as potential criminals. (USQRG: 5,2,1)

63. True/False: Prior to the Revolution, all peasants in France lived in dire poverty.

False; while some French peasants were very poor, others were relatively prosperous. (USQRG: 5,1,1)

64. According to Jeremy Popkin, to what could the term ʺbourgeoisieʺ refer in 18th ‐century France?

a variety of social conditions‐sometimes town‐dwellers in general, sometimes the wealthier population of a town

(USQRG: 5,1,1)

65. Before the Revolution, what system characterized the relationship of French peasants to French nobility?

the feudal system (USQRG: 3,1,3)

66. True/False: In France prior to the Revolution, peasants could sell or eat all of their crops after paying taxes.

False; under the feudal system, peasants had to turn over a portion of their crops to the nobility. (USQRG: 3,1,3)

67. In France under the Old Regime, to whom would urban artisans often send newborn babies?

rural wet nurses (USQRG: 5,2,1)

68. In France under the Old Regime, why would urban artisans often send away newborn children?

to allow the mothers of the babies to work, instead of having to nurse the children (USQRG: 5,2,1)

69. In the peasant families of 18th ‐century France, who contributed to the household income?

husbands, wives, and children (USQRG: 5,2,1)

70. In 18th‐century France, what were lettres de cachet? arbitrary arrest warrants (USQRG: 5,2,2)

71. According to Jeremy Popkin, what important non‐economic consideration held together 18th‐century French families?

the family name and honor (USQRG: 5,2,2)

72. Why would heads of families in 18th‐century France often solicit lettres de cachet?

to punish relatives whose behavior threatened their familyʹs honor (USQRG: 5,2,2)

73. In what decade did the Diamond Necklace scandal occur?

the 1780s (USQRG: 5,2,2)

74. How did the Diamond Necklace scandal worsen the reputation of the French royal family?

It involved rumors that Marie Antoinette had committed adultery. (USQRG: 5,2,2)

75. What was the name of Louis XVIʹs wife? Marie Antoinette (USQRG: 5,2,2)

76. Which social classes in 18th‐century France were particularly influenced by the social ideas promoted by Jean‐Jacques Rousseau?

the wealthy bourgeoisie and aristocrats (USQRG: 5,2,3)

77. According to Jeremy Popkin, what behaviors were emphasized in Jean‐Jacques Rousseauʹs model of good family relationships?

affection between husbands and wives and motherly devotion towards raising children (as opposed to working) (USQRG:

5,2,3)

78. True/False: Emotionally close families were fairly common among the wealthy classes.

False; even among the wealthier classes, most families were not characterized by deep emotional ties. (USQRG: 5,2,3)


I Old Regime

79. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the most important consideration for marriages among members of the wealthier classes of 18th‐century France?

to keep a familyʹs wealth together and to maintain its social status (USQRG: 5,2,3)

80. In marriages in 18th‐century France, which partner was favored under French law?

the husband (USQRG: 6,1,0)

81. What was a relatively socially acceptable means for the aristocracy to mitigate loveless marriages in 18th‐century France?

having extramarital affairs (USQRG: 6,1,0)

82. About what percentage of the population of 18th‐century France resided in rural peasant villages?

75% (USQRG: 6,1,1)

83. What was the range of populations of rural peasant villages in 18th‐century France?

500 to 2,000 people (USQRG: 6,1,1)

84. What were the occupations of Jean‐Jacques Rousseau? a philosopher and a writer (USQRG: 6,1, caption)

85. What was the occupation of the curé in 18th‐century French peasant villages?

the village priest (USQRG: 6,1,1)

86. Besides farming, what other trades were sustainable in 18th‐century French peasant villages?

only priesthood; peasants had to walk to the nearest town to find craftsmen, lawyers, doctors, and government officials

(USQRG: 6,1,1)

87. In 18th‐century France, how did farmers decide when to plant crops and when to harvest?

The decision was made by the village as a community. (USQRG: 6,1,2)

88. What was the occupation of Restif de la Bretonne? a writer (USQRG: 6,2,1)

89. What was the center of community life in 18th‐century French peasant villages?

the church (USQRG: 6,1,2)

90. For what functions were communally owned lands used in 18th‐century French peasant villages?

to preserve forests needed for firewood and to pasture livestock (USQRG: 6,1,2)

91. Who tended to dominate the communities formed in 18th ‐century peasant villages?

wealthier peasants (USQRG: 6,2,1)

92. To whom did the term coqs du village refer in 18th‐century France?

the wealthier peasants in a village (USQRG: 6,2,1)

93. To whom did the term seigneur refer in 18th‐century France?

the lord of a feudal estate (USQRG: 6,2,1)

94. To whom would a seigneur often lease his estate? wealthy peasants in a nearby village (USQRG: 6,2,1)

95. In 18th‐century France, how would peasants who did not own their own draft animals plow their fields?

by renting draft animals from wealthier peasants (USQRG: 6,2,1)

96. What was the occupation of Restif de la Bretonneʹs father?

a wealthy peasant farmer (USQRG: 6,2,1)

97. In Restif de la Bretonneʹs family, who was responsible for ʺhumbler tasksʺ such as caring for livestock?

women and hired workers (USQRG: 6,2,1)

98. In Restif de la Bretonneʹs childhood home, who frequently judged village disputes?

Restif de la Bretonneʹs father (USQRG: 6,2,1)

99. In what part of France was Restif de la Bretonne raised? Burgundy (USQRG: 6,2,1)


I Old Regime

100. How were Restif de la Bretonne and his siblings able to escape the ranks of the peasantry?

Restifʹs father financed part of their education. (USQRG: 6,2,1)

101. True/False: In 18th‐century France, most poor peasants had enough property to live at the subsistence level.

False; most poor peasants in 18th‐century France did not have enough property to sustain themselves and were forced to

supplement their income by doing other work. (USQRG: 7,1,1)

102. According to Jeremy Popkin, approximately what fraction of the population of 18th‐century France was homeless during ʺharder timesʺ?

one fifth to one seventh (USQRG: 7,1,1)

103. In 18th‐century France, how did masons from the Limousin region supplement their incomes?

They migrated to Paris for part of the year to work on construction projects. (USQRG: 7,1,1)

104. With what manufacturing tasks did many poor 18th‐century peasants supplement their incomes?

spinning and weaving (USQRG: 7,1,1)

105. How do modern historians evaluate the condition of 18th‐century French peasants as compared with that of other peasants in continental Europe?

Historians recognize that 18th‐century French peasants were better off than peasants elsewhere in Europe at the time.

(USQRG: 7,1,1)

106. Besides doing manufacturing tasks, in what three ways did 18th‐century French peasants supplement the income they earned from their own farms?

by working as day laborers for wealthier peasants, migrating to other regions of the country to do work, or working as share‐croppers for urban property owners (USQRG: 7,1,1)

107. True/False: Peasants in 18th‐century France were relatively satisfied with their living conditions.

False; 18th‐century French peasants were painfully aware of the luxury enjoyed by the clergy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie

at their expense. (USQRG: 7,1,1)

108. About what percentage of the population of 18th‐century France lived in cities?

25% (USQRG: 7,1,2)

109. In 18th‐century France, how were tradesmen organized?

into guilds (USQRG: 7,1,3)

110. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was a common meeting place for women living in 18th‐century French cities?

the marketplace (USQRG: 7,1,2)

111. What was a common meeting place for men living in 18th ‐century French cities?

cabarets, or drinking bars (USQRG: 7,1,2)

112. What was the occupation of Jacques‐Louis Ménétra? a glazier (USQRG: 7,1,3)

113. What did most young Parisian artisans do before entering an apprenticeship?

They underwent some formal education. (USQRG: 7,1,3)

114. According to Jeremy Popkin, why did Jacques‐Louis Ménétra become a glazier?

His father and several relatives were also glaziers. (USQRG: 7,1,3)

115. What did Jacques‐Louis Ménétra do after spending several years as an apprentice glazier in Paris?

He went on a tour of France. (USQRG: 7,1,3)

116. In 18th‐century France, what was a compagnonnage? a journeymanʹs brotherhood (USQRG: 7,1,3)

117. In his years wandering France, how did Jacques‐Louis Ménétra find living accommodations and employment?

Ménétraʹs compagnonnage provided shelter for him in its hostels and integrated him into the local economy. (USQRG:

7,1,3)

118. According to Jeremy Popkin, who composed the privileged echelon of urban working society?

master craftsmen (such as Jacques‐Louis Ménétra) (USQRG: 7,2,1)


I Old Regime

119. Approximately what percentage of the population of 18th‐century Paris was composed of beggars, prostitutes, and criminals?

10% to 20% (USQRG: 7,2,2)

120. What gender were most street vendors in 18th‐century French cities?

female (USQRG: 7,2,2)

121. What three factors limited the number of masters in 18th‐century French guilds?

government regulations, guild rules, and scarce capital (USQRG: 7,2,1)

122. Under what circumstances could the wives of master artisans run a shop in 18th‐century France?

if they survived their husbands (USQRG: 7,2,1)

123. According to Jeremy Popkin, which female professions were organized into guilds in 18th ‐century France?

Only a few female professionals, such as seamstresses, were organized into guilds. (USQRG: 7,2,1)

124. According to post‐mortem inventories, what were the possessions of most members of the urban poor in 18th‐century France?

a few utensils, some furniture, and perhaps a mirror (USQRG: 7,2,2)

125. In addition to helping their husbands with work, what were two common duties of master artisansʹ wives in 18th‐century France?

managing money and providing food and shelter for their own families as well as journeymen and apprentices living

with their husbands (USQRG: 7, 2,1)

126. True/False: Some women traveled through France in a manner similar to that of Jacques‐Louis Ménétra.

False; women never were permitted to go on the journeymanʹs tour de France. (USQRG: 7,2,1)

127. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the eventual fate of most journeymen in 18th‐century France?

a lifetime of service under another master; few journeymen became master craftsmen (USQRG: 7,2,1)

128. In 18th‐century France, what was a rentier? a member of the bourgeoisie who did not have to work but instead was sustained by his property and investments

(USQRG: 7,2,3)

129. According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the occupation of a plurality of the bourgeoisie?

merchants (USQRG: 7,2,4)

130. What two groups of urban workers are often collectively termed the ʺpetty bourgeoisieʺ?

master artisans and merchants (USQRG: 7,2,4)

131. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the numbers of the working poor compare with those of beggars, prostitutes, and criminals in 18th‐century French cities?

There were more of the working poor than there were beggars, prostitutes, and criminals. (USQRG: 7,2,2)

132. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the living conditions of the bourgeoisie differ from that of the urban nobility?

Though the bourgeoisie could accumulate wealth to equal that of the nobility, they lacked a legal guarantee of their lifestyle.

(USQRG: 7,2,3)

133. From what social class were many of the clergy in 18th‐century French cities?

the bourgeoisie (USQRG: 8,1,0)

134. In terms of prestige, how did the doctors of 18th‐century French cities compare with the lawyers?

Lawyers were more prestigious than doctors. (USQRG: 8,1,0)

135. How did the literacy levels of bourgeoisie children compare with that of their noble counterparts?

Bourgeoisie children achieved almost universal literacy slightly before their noble counterparts. (USQRG: 8,1,1)

136. What sorts of living arrangements were common among bourgeoisie families in 18th‐century France?

houses or apartments with several rooms and more furniture (USQRG: 8,1,1)


I Old Regime

137. How did the education of the female children of the bourgeoisie compare with that of the male children?

Both the sons and daughters of the bourgeoisie were literate and educated; however, female children received less

education than their male counterparts. (USQRG: 8,1,2)

138. How did the career prospects of bourgeoisie women compare with that of bourgeoisie men?

Bourgeoisie men could enter educated professions, which were closed to women, but wives of merchants could perform duties similar to those of the wives of artisans. (USQRG: 8,1,2)

139. Why were members of the bourgeoisie class in 18th‐century class interested in the financial state of the monarchy?

Prosperous bourgeoisie invested in royal bonds. (USQRG: 8,1,2)

140. How did some 18th‐century bourgeoisie use their wealth to ascend into the ranks of the nobility?

They bought government offices that eventually gave them titles. (USQRG: 8,1,2)

141. What was the origin of the 18th‐century French nobility?

an ancient warrior class (USQRG: 8,1,3)

142. To what did the term noblesse dʹépée refer in 18th‐century France?

ʺnobles of the sword,ʺ or militarily inclined members of the nobility (USQRG: 8,1,3)

143. In 18th‐century France, what were the origins of most members of the noble class?

prosperous merchant families who had slowly accumulated titles and the requisite hereditary privilege (USQRG: 8,1,3)

144. Prior to the Revolution, what were the parlements? royal courts (USQRG: 8,1,3)

145. To what did the term noblesse de la robe refer under the Old Regime?

Nobles whose privileges were based on their membership in the parlements. (USQRG: 8,1,3)

146. What percentage of the population of 18th‐century France was composed of nobility?

2% (USQRG: 8,2,0)

147. Under the Old Regime, approximately what percentage of Franceʹs land was controlled by the nobility?

25% (USQRG: 8,2,0)

148. According to Jeremy Popkin, what four non‐monetary privileges did the French nobility possess?

the rights to have a weathervane, claim special seating in church, wear a sword, and raise doves and rabbits (USQRG:

8,2,0)

149. To what does the term seigneuries refer? noble estates (USQRG: 8,2,0)

150. According to Jeremy Popkin, to what does the term taille refer?

the basic head tax in 18th‐century France (USQRG: 8,2,0)

151. True/False: Under the Old Regime, nobles were free to pursue careers in trade and manufacturing.

False; nobles were discouraged from engaging in most branches of trade and manufacturing. (USQRG:7,2,0)

152. In 18th‐century French society, what was necessary to ascend to a powerful position in government or the clergy?

noble title (USQRG:8,2,1)

153. In 18th‐century France, in what two areas did the nobility invest their money?

in the same interests as did the bourgeoisie: government bonds and profitable business endeavors (USQRG:8,2,1)

154. What two social classes in France tended to purchase Enlightenment publications?

the nobility and the wealthy bourgeoisie (USQRG:8,2,2)

155. In what three intellectual forums did nobility interact with the wealthy bourgeoisie?

provincial academies, Masonic lodges, and salons, particularly the one in Paris (USQRG:7,2,1)

156. What was the Parisian salon? a gathering place for intellectuals‐artists, writers, and philosophers‐and wealthy patrons (USQRG:7,2,1)


I Old Regime

157. What intellectual forum spread to the small towns of France prior to the Revolution?

Masonic lodges (USQRG:7,2,1)

158. What was often the purpose of intermarriage between nobility and members of the wealthy bourgeoisie?

a means to provide poorer aristocrats with greater wealth (USQRG:8,2,1)

159. According to Jeremy Popkin, what three essential traits did the nobility share with members of the wealthy bourgeoisie?

education, interest in cultural and political happenings, and ownership of property (USQRG:8,2,1)

160. Why were noblewomen less restricted than women of the poorer classes in 18th ‐century France?

Their work was not essential to sustain the family. (USQRG:7,2,2)

161. In 18th‐century France, which group in particular adopted Jean‐Jacques Rousseauʹs ideas regarding families?

noblewomen (USQRG:8,2,3)

162. Approximately how many nuns lived in French convents on the eve of the Revolution?

50,000 (USQRG:8,1,1)

163. With what sort of tasks were 18th‐century nuns chiefly employed?

traditional female occupations, such as nursing the ill and teaching girlsʹ schools (USQRG:9,1,1)

164. What were the two sources of income for the highest echelon of the Church hierarchy in 18th‐century France?

tithes paid to the Church and properties owned by the Church (USQRG:9,1,1)

165. Who composed the greatest part of the ʺworking classʺ of the Church in 18th‐century France?

curés, or village priests (USQRG:9,1,1)

166. In 18th‐century France, how frequently did the members of the higher echelons of the Church hierarchy have to work?

very infrequently, if at all; many bishops never even visited their dioceses (USQRG:9,1,1)

167. For which two groups was becoming a curé a frequent career choice?

younger sons of wealthy peasants and petty bourgeoisie (USQRG:9,1,1)

168. Who kept records of births and deaths in French villages?

the curé (USQRG:8,1,2)

169. To which two events in French villages did the curé contribute?

weddings and funerals (USQRG:8,1,2)

170. Under what circumstances did the curés of French villages frequently come into conflict with their parishioners?

when they tried to enforce Church prohibitions on certain popular festivals or eliminate certain frowned‐upon

superstitions (USQRG:8,1,2)

171. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the rest of the Church hierarchy treat curés?

poorly (USQRG:9,1,2)

172. What was the source of income for curés in French villages?

Church tithes and income from Church properties (USQRG:8,1,2)

173. Who was frequently the most educated person in an 18th‐century French village?

the curé (USQRG:8,1,2)

174. In the diocese of Gap, who were the recipients of most of the income from Church tithes and properties?

absentee clerics (USQRG:9,1,2)

175. According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the living conditions of most curés in Brittany compare to those of their counterparts in other regions of France?

relatively prosperous (USQRG:8,1,2)


I Old Regime

176. According to Marxist scholarly tradition, what social distinction was most important in sparking the French Revolution?

that which separated commoners from the nobility (USQRG:9,1,3)

177. According to many historians of the past two decades, what social distinction was most important in sparking the French Revolution?

that which separated the wealthy from the poor (USQRG:9,1,3)

178. According to Jeremy Popkin, what social distinction was the most important to the French people by the middle of the 19th century?

that which separated the wealthy from the poor, regardless of noble title (USQRG:9,2,0)

179. Who were the authors of ʺFrance on the Eve of 1789: A Society in Crisis?ʺ

Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt (USQRG:9,1,subtitle)

180. With what religion was Jean‐Paul Rabaut Saint‐Etienne associated?

Protestantism (USQRG:10,1,1)

181. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what characteristics of the French Revolution were unprecedented in prior violent social agitations?

the ʺimmoderate, violent, radical, desperate, audacious, almost mad, and nonetheless powerful and effective characterʺ of the French Revolution (USQRG:9,1,1)

182. What did Jean‐Paul Rabaut Saint‐Etienne assert in response to the 1787 Edict of Toleration for Protestants?

ʺThe time has come when it is no longer acceptable for a law to overtly overrule the rights of humanity that are very well

known all over the world.ʺ (USQRG:9,1,1)

183. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what did the writers of the Enlightenment intend?

to use the principles of reason and science (developed in the Scientific Revolution) to improve society (USQRG:10,1,1)

184. In what years was The Encyclopedia published? 1751 and 1752 (USQRG:9,1,1)

185. What were the contents of The Encyclopedia? general information, methods of rational thought, and principles for attacking despotism, intolerance, and

superstition (USQRG:9,1,1)

186. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what three freedoms were the major goals of the Enlightenment?

freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to pursue knowledge without interference from the government

(USQRG:10,1,1)

187. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, after what event did the Enlightenment begin?

Louis XIVʹs 1685 revocation of the rights of French Protestants (USQRG:9,1,2)

188. How did Louis XIVʹs expulsion of French Protestants in 1685 trigger the beginning of the Enlightenment?

Exiled French Protestants published criticisms of the French monarchy far more virulent than any writings that had previously passed the French censors. (USQRG:9,2,0)

189. In what decades did writers begin to criticize the French government from within France?

the 1720s and the 1730s (USQRG:9,2,0)

190. Who was the author of the Persian Letters? Charles‐Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (USQRG:9,2,0)

191. What was the content of the Persian Letters? a satire of French monarchy and society (USQRG:9,2,0)

192. Aside from a writer, what was the occupation of Charles‐Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu?

a judge in a provincial parlement (USQRG:9,2,0)

193. To which three countries did exiled Protestants flee after Louis XIV revoked their rights in 1685?

the Dutch Republic, Prussia, and Great Britain (USQRG:9,2,0)


I Old Regime

194. Approximately how many French Protestants were forced into exile by Louis XIV?

hundreds of thousands (USQRG:9,2,0)

195. To what disciplines did the writers of The Encyclopedia aim to restore liberty?

the arts and sciences (USQRG:10,1,1)

196. Which monarch in particular was satirized in the Persian Letters?

Louis XIV (USQRG:9,2,0)

197. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what greatly increased the prestige of reason and the scientific method in the late 17th and early 18th centuries?

breakthroughs made by Isaac Newton (USQRG:9,2,0)

198. What was the pen name of the man who published Letters Concerning the English Nation?

Voltaire (USQRG:10,2,0)

199. According to Letters Concerning the English Nation, how does Britain compare to France?

Britain is, in many respects, Franceʹs cultural superior. (USQRG:10,2,0)

200. Which social issue is especially emphasized in Letters Concerning the English Nation?

religion (USQRG:10,2,0)

201. True/False: Montesquieu first published the Persian Letters anonymously.

True; he possibly feared repercussions. (USQRG:11,1,0)

202. What was the structure of the Persian Letters? a fictional correspondence between two Persians, one visiting France and the other in Persia (USQRG:10,2,0)

203. In what language did François‐Marie Arouet first publish Letters Concerning the English Nation?

English (USQRG:11,1,0)

204. Whom did the British Bill of Rights grant freedom of speech and practice?

members of all Protestant sects (USQRG:11,1,0)

205. In what year was the British Bill of Rights passed? 1689 (USQRG:11,1,0)

206. How did the rights of Catholics in France compare to the rights of Catholics in Great Britain at the time of Letters Concerning the English Nation?

Catholics in Great Britain had no rights, whereas Catholics in France made up the majority of the population and thus had more rights than those of any other faiths. (USQRG:11,1,0)

207. What religious policy did Voltaire want established in France?

freedom of speech and practice for all Protestants and all Catholics (USQRG:11,1,0)

208. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, in what decade did the Enlightenment peak?

the 1760s (USQRG:11,1,1)

209. What is the term for the leading writers of the Enlightenment?

philosophes (USQRG:11,1,1)

210. In what decade did Voltaire and Rousseau publish their most influential works?

the 1760s (USQRG:11,1,1)

211. In the 1750s, how did the French government react to criticism from intellectuals?

It banned books and imprisoned or exiled their writers. (USQRG:11,1,1)

212. How did the rest of Europe react to the works of the French philosophes?

Monarchs and intellectuals in Franceʹs neighboring countries celebrated the philosophes and their works. (USQRG:11,1,1)

213. Whose authority did French intellectuals most frequently challenge in their works?

that of the French government and the French Catholic Church (USQRG:11,1,1)

214. How many years separated the deaths of Rousseau and Voltaire?

0: both died in 1778. (USQRG:11,1,1)


I Old Regime

215. True/False: Many of the writers of the French Enlightenment overtly supported change in the form of revolution.

False; none of the writers of the French Enlightenment explicitly promoted a revolution. (USQRG:11,1,1)

216. How did the French public react when the French government banned Enlightenment works?

They still read the works, which rendered censorship attempts largely ineffective. (USQRG:11,1,1)

217. In what centuries did Jansenism take hold in the Roman Catholic Church?

the 17th and 18th centuries (USQRG:61,2,7)

218. Who is considered the founder of Jansenism? Cornelius Jansen (USQRG:61,2,7)

219. What is the main theological tenet of Jansenism? All good acts are products of divine will. (USQRG:61,2,7)

220. What beliefs regarding the Enlightenment characterized the kingʹs ministers in the 1770s?

They began to believe and follow Enlightenment ideas. (USQRG:11,1,1)

221. In 1789, what did conservative critics believe was the source of the French Revolution?

Enlightenment ideas (USQRG:11,1,2)

222. With what groups did critics of the Revolution in 1789 associate the ideas of the Enlightenment?

Protestants and Freemasons (USQRG:11,1,2)

223. In what century did Masonic lodges spread from Great Britain to the rest of the continent?

the 18th‐century (USQRG:11,1,2)

224. According to conservative critics of the Revolution in 1789, what were the goals of the freemasons?

to establish an anti‐Christian government (USQRG:11,1,2)

225. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what did Masonic lodges offer in the 18th century?

brotherhood, a forum for intellectual discussion, and charity (USQRG:11,1,2)

226. What sort of hierarchy organized members of 18th‐century Masonic lodges?

all members of a lodge were considered equal (USQRG:11,1,2)

227. According to conservative critics of the Revolution in 1789, what were the goals of French Protestants?

to avenge themselves on Catholics (USQRG:11,1,2)

228. What are the views of contemporary scholars on the idea that there was a plot behind the French Revolution?

Scholars have debunked all conspiracy theories regarding the French Revolution. (USQRG:11,2,0)

229. From which city was Jean‐Jacques Rousseau? Geneva (USQRG:11,2,1)

230. Of what religious faith was Jean‐Jacques Rousseau? Protestantism (USQRG:11,2,1)

231. What types of works did Voltaire write? poetry, plays, novels, and a ʺphilosophical dictionaryʺ (USQRG:11,2,1)

232. For which nation did Jean‐Jacques Rousseau write a constitution?

Poland (USQRG:11,2,1)

233. What sort of dramatic work did Jean‐Jacques Rousseau write?

an opera (USQRG:11,2,1)

234. What idea did Jean‐Jacques Rousseau offer as an alternative to divine right of government legitimacy?

a ʺsocial contractʺ (USQRG:11,2,2)

235. How did French and Genevan governments react to Jean‐Jacques Rousseauʹs writing on a social contract?

They outlawed the book. (USQRG:11,2,2)

236. What was Jean‐Jacques Rousseauʹs view on universal rights?

He believed that all male citizens should be accorded equal rights. (USQRG:11,2,3)


I Old Regime

237. According to Jean‐Jacques Rousseau, why should an individual surrender some individual rights under a social contract?

to enjoy legally guaranteed universal rights (USQRG:11,2,3)

238. Under Rousseauʹs social contract, how did government gain legitimacy?

by protecting universal rights guaranteed under the social contract (USQRG:11,2,3)

239. True/False: Rousseau described a concrete form of government in his social contract.

False; Rousseauʹs argument was abstract and suggested that citizens should choose their form of government.

(USQRG:11,2,3)

240. In what year did Rousseau publish his ideas on a social contract?

1762 (USQRG:11,2,2)

241. What part of Rousseauʹs social contract allowed its revolutionary followers to persecute dissidents?

Rousseauʹs assertion that ʺthe general will is always right and always tends to the public advantageʺ (USQRG:11,2,3)

242. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which Enlightenment thinker was most influential in the French Revolution?

Jean‐Jacques Rousseau (USQRG:11,2,3)

243. On which Enlightenment thinker was the violence and terror of the Revolution frequently blamed?


244. Approximately what percentage of the French population was illiterate in 1700?

71% (USQRG:12,1,1)

245. Approximately what percentage of the French population was illiterate in 1790?

63% (USQRG:12,1,1)

246. Where in France were literacy rates greater than 50% in the late 18th‐century?

Paris and other great cities (USQRG:12,1,1)

247. Approximately how many Masonic lodges existed in Paris in 1789?

100 (USQRG:12,1,1)

248. What fueled the spread of the Enlightenment in 18th‐century France?

the increase in literacy rates, a growing number of cafés, provincial academies, and other intellectual forums

(USQRG:12,1,1)

249. What were the political tendencies of the members of Masonic lodges during the Revolution?

Members of Masonic lodges displayed no specific political tendencies during the upheaval. (USQRG:12,1,1)

250. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what debate initiated many ʺordinary peopleʺ into political discussion in 18th‐century France?

the debate over Jansenism (USQRG:12,1,1)

251. What annual event in Paris provided an additional forum for intellectual discussion prior to the Revolution?

an annual art exhibit (USQRG:12,1,2)

252. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what trend in the 18th‐century created the ʺpublicʺ and the beginning of ʺpublic opinionʺ?

the growth of social institutions and thus intellectual and political discussion (USQRG:12,1,3)

253. What works helped to shape public opinion in 18th‐century France?

philosophesʹ publications, art and theatre publications, newspapers, and ʺgutter publicationsʺ that attacked the court

(USQRG:12,1,3)

254. What is the literal translation of the word salon? living room (USQRG:12,1,3)


I Old Regime

255. In 1787, what percentage of the population of Paris visited an annual art exhibit?

10% (USQRG:12,1,3)

256. Who generally hosted salons in 18th‐century France? wealthy women (USQRG:12,1,3)

257. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which Enlightenment philosophe joined the Masons near the end of his life?


258. In what two ways did many women participate in the Enlightenment?

They hosted salons and set up Masonic lodges. (USQRG:12,2,0)

259. What were the five countries of origin of the intellectuals who participated in 18th‐century Parisian salons?

Scotland, England, France, Germany, and Italy (USQRG:12,2,0)

260. What generally took place at the intellectual salons of 18th‐century France?

Intellectuals and Enlightenment thinkers would meet, read their manuscripts, and discuss ideas. (USQRG:12,2,0)

261. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what events served as a ʺlaunching padʺ for Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau and Voltaire to develop their ideas and influence the public?

salons (USQRG:12,2,0)

262. Where did Voltaire establish his permanent residence? one mile from the Swiss border (in case he had to flee France) (USQRG:12,2,1)

263. What were the two countries of origin of the printers who smuggled banned books into 18th‐century France?

the Dutch Republic and Switzerland (USQRG:12,2,1)

264. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, in what decade did the French government begin to cease banning most Enlightenment texts?

the 1760s (USQRG:12,2,1)

265. In what three ways did the French government begin to modernize Franceʹs economy as Enlightenment ideas took hold?

The French government reformed taxes, tried to lessen the burden of taxes on peasants, and freed some of the countryʹs

markets. (USQRG:12,2,1)

266. What was the name of Louis XVIʹs chief minister from 1774 to 1776?

Anne‐Robert Turgot (USQRG:12,2,2)

267. To which Enlightenment publication did Anne‐Robert Turgot secretly contribute?

the Encyclopedia (USQRG:12,2,2)

268. How did French society react to Voltaireʹs death in 1778?

They celebrated him as a national hero. (USQRG:12,2,2)

269. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what event in the 1770s contributed greatly to the notion of natural rights in France?

the American War of Independence (USQRG:12,2,3)

270. Which traditional government practice did Anne‐Robert Turgot reject?

citing precedent when debating legal issues (USQRG:12,2,3)

271. With which Enlightenment thinker did Anne‐Robert Turgot correspond?


272. What did Anne‐Robert Turgot advocate in lieu of citing precedent to resolve disputes?

considering the ʺrights and interests of menʺ (USQRG:12,2,2)

273. Why was the French public interested in the progress of the American War of Independence?

They believed that the fledgling nation was putting almost pure Enlightenment ideas into practice. (USQRG:12,2,3)


I Old Regime

274. What three types of publications enabled the French to follow the events and progress of Enlightenment ideas in America?

French translations of the Declaration of Independence, the bills of rights drafted by new states, and state constitutions

(USQRG:13,1,0)

275. What Virginian document associated with the American War of Independence proved the most influential in France?

George Masonʹs Declaration of Rights for the state of Virginia (USQRG:13,1,0)

276. What document was modeled after the Declaration of Rights for the state of Virginia?

the August 1789 French Declaration of Rights (USQRG:13,1,0)

277. Which influential American figure was in Paris in 1789?

Thomas Jefferson (USQRG:13,1,0)

278. What religious concession did the French monarchy make in 1787?

It granted freedom of religion to French Calvinists. (USQRG:13,1,1)

279. True/False: After 1787, French Calvinists enjoyed political rights equal to those of French Catholics.

False; though the French monarchy granted freedom of practice to French Calvinists in 1787, Calvinists still had no

political rights. (USQRG:13,1,1)

280. In what French town was the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences?

Metz, in eastern France (USQRG:13,1,1)

281. What was the subject of the essay contests held by the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in 1787 and 1788?

the condition of Jews in France (USQRG:13,1,1)

282. What was the purpose of the royal commission created by the French monarch in 1788 mentioned by Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt?

to consider the issue of Jewish rights (USQRG:13,1,1)

283. What was the name of the abolitionist group created in France in 1788 by Enlightenment thinkers?

the Society of the Friends of Blacks (USQRG:13,2,0)

284. With whom did the French abolitionist group created in 1788 correspond?

abolitionist groups in Great Britain (USQRG:13,2,0)

285. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, why did the French Revolution occur in France but not elsewhere in Europe?

Franceʹs government was oppressive enough to inspire criticism, but not oppressive enough to smother it

successfully. (USQRG:13,2,1)

286. After what 1781 event did Louis XVIʹs popularity dramatically rise in France?

the British defeat at Yorktown in the American War of Independence (USQRG:13,2,1)

287. What three foreign policy setbacks did France endure after 1781?

The British sank a French fleet in the West Indies, the United States and Britain repaired diplomatic ties, and France stood

by as Prussia suppressed an attempt at an American‐style republic in the Netherlands. (USQRG:13,2,3)

288. What three freedoms had been achieved in Great Britain prior to the Revolution, but not in France?

freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and a nationally elected Parliament with a semi‐broad franchise

(USQRG:13,2,2)

289. Prior to 1789, in what year was the last time the Estates General had been summoned?

1614 (USQRG:13,2,4)

290. To whom did Louis XVI first appeal for help as he faced bankruptcy in the late 1780s?

the Assembly of Notables (USQRG:13,2,4)

291. How did the Parlement of Paris react to Louis XVIʹs appeal for help as he faced bankruptcy?

It refused him. (USQRG:13,2,4)


I Old Regime

292. What concession did Louis XVI make to the Third Estate as he called the Estates General?

He doubled the number of deputies to the Third Estate, making them equal in number to the First and Second Estateʹs

deputies combined. (USQRG:14,1,0)

293. What items did French men send with their deputies of the Third Estate to Versailles?

lists of their grievances (USQRG:14,2,0)

294. What event in France particularly influenced the election of deputies to the Estates General in 1789?

rising bread prices (USQRG:14,2,0)

295. Where did the Estates General open on May 5th? Versailles (USQRG:14,2,0)

296. In 1614, how were votes apportioned in the Estates General?

one vote was allotted to each Estate, allowing the clergy and nobility to veto any efforts of the Third Estate (USQRG:13,2,4)

297. Who authored the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? Abbé Sieyès (USQRG:14,2,0)

298. Whom did Louis XVI allow to participate in the election of deputies to the Estates General in 1789?

nearly all adult males (USQRG:14,2,0)

299. What did the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate demand?

that votes in the Estates General should be apportioned by head instead of by Estate (USQRG:14,2,0)

300. Who wrote the article ʺThe French Revolutionʺ? John Merriman (USQRG:15,1, subtitle)

301. On what date did King Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee Paris?

June 20, 1791 (USQRG:15,1,1)

302. According to John Merriman, where was Louis XVI virtually held captive in the first months of 1791?

the Tuileries Palace (USQRG:15,1,1)

303. Whom did Louis XVI secretly try to convince to intervene on his behalf in the first part of 1791?

the Austrian king and other European monarchs (USQRG:15,1,1)

304. How was the royal family disguised as it attempted to flee Paris in 1791?

as a Russian baroness and her family and entourage, riding in a black coach with yellow trim (USQRG:15,1,1)

305. In what town were Louis XVI and his family recognized after they fled Paris in 1791?

Sainte‐Menehould (USQRG:15,1,1)

306. How was the postmaster who recognized the fleeing royal family able to identify the king?

He had previously seen Louis XVIʹs face on a coin. (USQRG:15,1,1)

307. In what town were the king and his family stopped from leaving the country after fleeing Paris in 1791?

Varennes (USQRG:15,1,1)

308. Who stopped the king from leaving the country after he fled Paris in 1791?

National Guardsmen (USQRG:15,1,1)

309. Who brought the king and his family back to Paris after their failed escape attempt?

three members of the National Assembly (USQRG:15,1,1)

310. How did crowds react to Louis XVIʹs return to Paris after he attempted to flee in 1791?

They overtly threatened the king. (USQRG:15,1,1)

311. How did National Guardsmen hold their rifles as Louis XVI returned to Paris after fleeing in 1791?

They stood with their rifles down to show contempt. (USQRG:15,1,1)

312. At what time of day did Louis XVI attempt to flee Paris in 1791?

late at night (USQRG:15,1,1)

313. Why was Louis XVIʹs flight from Paris a turning point in the Revolution?

Before Louis XVI attempted to flee, many people supported the possibility of a constitutional monarchy; after his escape attempt, these people became republicans. (USQRG:63,2,1)


II The Coming of the French Revolution

314. According to John Merriman, what event caused the notions of ʺleftʺ and ʺrightʺ in political life to dominate the political agenda?

the French Revolution (USQRG:15,1,2)

315. According to John Merriman, what was the first effective challenge to absolutist monarchy on behalf of popular sovereignty?

the French Revolution (USQRG:15,1,2)

316. According to John Merriman, how did French revolutionaries attempt to alter the structure of the French state?

They tried to make the state more centralized and efficient. (USQRG:15,2,0)

317. In what way was Napoleon Bonaparte an heir to the French Revolution?

He continued the efforts of the revolutionaries to make the French state more centralized and efficient, and in some

senses more just. (USQRG:15,2,0)

318. True/False: John Merriman believes that the French Revolution was inevitable.

False; John Merriman contends that the French Revolution was not inevitable, but that the sort of change it entailed was made to seem possible in preceding decades. (USQRG:15,2,2)

319. According to John Merriman, how did the French Revolution inspire French nationalism?

Revolutionaries espoused principles such as the sovereignty of nations and the duties of citizenship, and they celebrated

the fact that the Revolution occurred in France. (USQRG:15,2,1)

320. According to John Merriman, how did the French Revolution inspire nationalism in nations other than France?

The French wars with other nations during the Revolution came to be seen as wars of conquest, causing the people of those nations to take pride in their own national identity.

(USQRG:15,2,1)

321. What was the original intent of the wars France began with other European nations during the Revolution?

to free the people of Europe from monarchical and noble domination (USQRG:15,2,1)

322. According to John Merriman, what nations had a strong nationalistic response to the French threat during the Revolution?

Britain, Italy, and Germany (USQRG:15,2,1)

323. According to John Merriman, what two conditions prior to the Revolution made change seem possible and likely?

difficult economic conditions and the prevalence of Enlightenment ideas (USQRG:15,2,2)

324. Of what did critics accuse Louis XV when he exiled the Parlement of Paris in 1771?

despotism (USQRG:15,2,3)

325. With what did Louis XV propose to replace the Parlement of Paris in 1771?

new, more subservient law courts (USQRG:15,2,3)

326. Prior to the Revolution, which of the parlementsʹ rights could interfere with monarchical power?

the right to register royal edicts (USQRG:16,1,0)

327. What did the criticism elicited by Louis XVʹs 1771 banishment of the Parlement of Paris force the king to do?

restore the parlements (USQRG:15,2,3)

328. Why did commoners riot in Paris in 1775? Grain prices rose. (USQRG:16,1,1)

329. What was the intent of the economic program created by Anne‐Robert Turgot in 1774?

to eliminate monopolies and privileges that curbed economic progress (USQRG:16,1,1)



330. How did the nobility react when Anne‐Robert Turgot abolished guilds?

with hostility (USQRG:16,1,1)

331. What happened to Anne‐Robert Turgotʹs 1774 program in 1777?

It ended. (USQRG:16,1,1)

332. How did French writers react to Anne‐Robert Turgotʹs 1774 economic program?

They began to contrast the freedoms Turgot attempted to promote with the corporate privileges that fettered the 18th‐

century French economy. (USQRG:16,1,1)

333. What were two results of Anne‐Robert Turgotʹs attempt to free the grain trade in 1774?

higher grain prices and riots (USQRG:16,1,1)

334. How did the Parlement of Paris react to Anne‐Robert Turgotʹs attempt to abolish guilds?

The Parlement opposed Turgotʹs effort. (USQRG:16,1,1)

335. According to John Merriman, which noble privilege did the French bourgeoisie resent the most?

the noble exemption from taxes (USQRG:16,1,2)

336. Approximately how many families bought their way into the ranks of the French nobility in the 15 years before 1789?

2,500 (USQRG:16,1,2)

337. According to John Merriman, which of the nobility tended to oppose reform the most?

the poorer nobility (USQRG:16,1,3)

338. According to John Merriman, what type of French nobility tended to resent newcomers to the noble class the most?

the older nobility (ʺnobles of the swordʺ) (USQRG:16,2,0)

339. According to John Merriman, which members of the French nobility tended to be poorer than others?

the ʺnobles of the swordʺ (USQRG:16,1,3)

340. True/False: Groups of professionals, such as guilds and tax farmers, tended to be virulently opposed to reform in 18th‐century France.

True; guilds and tax farmers (who bought their offices and kept some of the taxes they collected) opposed change as did

the nobility. (USQRG:16,1,3)

341. According to John Merriman, how had power shifted within the noble class prior to the Revolution?

The newer nobles, ʺnobles of the robe,ʺ had become more powerful and wealthy than the ʺnobles of the sword.ʺ

(USQRG:16,2,0)

342. On what three sources of revenue did the French monarchy depend the most?

the sale of offices, titles, and monopolies (USQRG:16,2,1)

343. Approximately how many government offices existed in France in 1789?

50,000 (USQRG:16,2,1)

344. What two risks did the monarchy assume when it created new offices to sell?

undermining public confidence and devaluing other offices (USQRG:16,2,1)

345. How did economic hardship affect the French monarchy?

It decreased revenue and worsened social tensions. (USQRG:16,2,2)

346. In what year of the 1770s and 1780s did farmers endure the worst harvest?

1775 (USQRG:16,2,2)

347. According to John Merriman, in which two years of the 1780s did the worst harvests strike?

those of 1787 and 1788 (USQRG:16,2,2)

348. True/False: Harvests as bad as those preceding the French Revolution were nearly unprecedented.

False; bad harvests were cyclical in France, and those preceding the French Revolution were no worse than some

previous bad harvests. (USQRG:16,2,2)



349. Until what century did the cycle of bad harvests continue in France?

the middle of the 19th century (USQRG:16,2,2)

350. What contributed to the growing hunger in France during the 1770s and 1780s?

poor harvests and a growing population (USQRG:16,2,2)

351. What did the rights of justice that a lord held over nearby peasants allow the lord to do?

determine guilt and penalties over possible transgressions (USQRG:16,2,3)

352. According to some historians, what caused a ʺseigneurial reactionʺ among some of the nobility in France in the 1770s and 1780s?

Bad harvests decreased the nobilityʹs revenue, while inflation increased its cost of living. (USQRG:16,2,3)

353. How did nobles attempt to maximize income from their lands during the poor harvests of the 1770s and 1780s?

They hired surveyors, estate agents, and lawyers to help them reassert claims over common lands and exploit peasants.

(USQRG:16,2,3)

354. What agreements did nobles impose on peasants in the 1770s and 1780s to increase revenue?

sharecropping agreements (USQRG:16,2,3)

355. In what four ways did 18th‐century nobles extract revenue from peasants?

by imposing sharecropping agreements, charging rent, and collecting seigneurial dues (USQRG:16,2,3)

356. How did peasants respond to the ʺseigneurial reactionʺ of the decades preceding the Revolution?

with mounting resentment (USQRG:16,2,3)

357. What two noble privileges did the seigneurial rights of justice enforce?

the landlordʹs rights over lakes, streams, and forests in the area, and his exclusive right to hunt and fish in the

surrounding lands (USQRG:16,2,3)

358. According to John Merriman, what was the short‐term cause of the French Revolution?

the financial crisis of the monarchy in the 1780s (USQRG:16,2,4)

359. According to John Merriman, what were the three long‐term causes of the French Revolution?

Enlightenment ideas, growing literacy, and social tensions generated by the hard times of preceding decades

(USQRG:15,2,4)

360. From which three wars had the monarchy accumulated the debt that contributed to its financial crisis just prior to the Revolution?

the American War of Independence, the War of Austrian Succession, and the Seven Yearsʹ War (USQRG:17,1,0)

361. In the 1780s, what portion of state expenses funded the army and navy and paid off war debts?

three‐fourths (USQRG:16,2,4)

362. Who was the finance minister who replaced Anne‐Robert Turgot?

Jacques Necker (USQRG:16,2,4)

363. What was the country of origin of the finance minister who replaced Turgot?

Switzerland (USQRG:16,2,4)

364. From which taxes were the French clergy exempt? all taxes (USQRG:17,1,1)

365. Approximately how old was Louis XVI when he assumed the monarchy?

in his 20s (USQRG:17,1,3)

366. Who arranged the loans that the French government used to help finance the American War of Independence?

Jacques Necker (USQRG:16,2,4)

367. What financial institution in Britain allowed the government to borrow money?

the Bank of England (USQRG:17,1,2)



368. True/False: Prior to the Revolution, France had a central bank.

False; France had no central bank prior to the Revolution, which made the monarchyʹs revenue collection far more

disorganized and inefficient than that of Britain. (USQRG:17,1,2)

369. How many times during his reign did Louis XVI travel outside of Paris and Versailles?

once (USQRG:17,1,3)

370. How did Franceʹs public debt in the 18th century compare with that of Britain in the 19th century?

It was far higher. (USQRG:17,1,2)

371. From what social class was the monarchy forced to extract the most funding?

peasants (USQRG:17,1,1)

372. Why was the French monarchy unable to resolve its financial crisis in the 1780s by raising taxes?

Peasants were already heavily burdened with taxes, and the clergy and nobility refused to give up their tax‐exempt status.

(USQRG:17,1,1)

373. How does John Merriman describe the personality of Louis XVI during his reign?

ʺhesitant and naïveʺ (USQRG:17,1,3)

374. What was the country of origin of Marie Antoinetteʹs mother?

Austria (USQRG:17,2,0)

375. According to John Merriman, what were Louis XVIʹs hobbies?

hunting, puttering about the palace, and taking apart clocks and watches (USQRG:17,2,0)

376. What was the name of Marie Antoinetteʹs mother? Maria Theresa (USQRG:17,2,0)

377. How does John Merriman describe Marie Antoinette? elegant and haughty (USQRG:17,2,0)

378. Why did Louis XVI marry Marie Antoinette? to strengthen French dynastic ties to Austria (USQRG:17,2,0)

379. What was the French publicʹs opinion of Marie Antoinette?

They disliked her, so they lacked confidence in the monarchy. (USQRG:17,2,0)

380. What was Marie Antoinetteʹs attitude toward France and her marriage to Louis XVI?

She was happy with neither France nor her marriage, so she lived very extravagantly. (USQRG:17,2,0)

381. Why did a cardinal give Marie Antoinette an extravagant diamond necklace in 1785?

to curry favor with her (USQRG:17,2,0)

382. What was the former occupation of the cardinal who gave Marie Antoinette a diamond necklace in 1785?

a French ambassador to the Habsburg court (USQRG:17,2,0)

383. What happened to the diamond necklace given to Marie Antoinette in 1785?

It was stolen by mysterious thieves. (USQRG:17,2,0)

384. At one point during the ʺdiamond necklace affair,ʺ who was discovered posing as the queen?

a prostitute (USQRG:17,2,0)

385. What nickname was given to Marie Antoinette by her critics?

ʺAustrian whoreʺ (USQRG:17,2,0)

386. How did Marie Antoinetteʹs indiscretions affect Louis XVIʹs reputation?

The French public increasingly saw Louis XVI as a weak man and cuckold. (USQRG:17,2,0)

387. In what city was the Habsburg court during the French Revolution?

Vienna (USQRG:17,2,0)

388. In what year was Louis XVI convinced to fire Jacques Necker?

1781 (USQRG:18,1,1)

389. Who convinced Louis XVI to dismiss Jacques Necker? his other ministers and some nobles (USQRG:18,1,1)



390. What did Jacques Necker attempt to demonstrate with his account of royal finances in 1782?

state revenue exceeded expenditures (USQRG:18,1,1)

391. How did French bankers react to Neckerʹs account of royal finances in 1782?

They did not believe his numbers. (USQRG:18,1,1)

392. Why did Jacques Necker create his account of royal finances in 1782?

to persuade creditors that no change to the system was necessary (USQRG:18,1,1)

393. Who replaced Jacques Necker as finance minister? Charles Alexandre de Calonne (USQRG:18,1,1)

394. What did Louis XVIʹs finance minister demonstrate regarding Jacques Neckerʹs account of royal finances?

His numbers were far‐fetched and inaccurate. (USQRG:18,1,1)

395. Compared to his predecessor, how much money did Charles Alexandre de Calonne spend?

Charles Alexandre de Calonne, Louis XVIʹs finance minister after 1781, spent even more money than his predecessor,

Jacques Necker. (USQRG:18,1,1)

396. From what source did Charles Alexandre de Calonne obtain funding to pay off royal creditors?

corrupt officeholders (USQRG:18,2,0)

397. Why did the parlements at the time of Charles Alexandre de Calonne oppose fiscal reform?

They believed that such reforms would increase taxes. (USQRG:18,2,1)

398. With what problems was Charles Alexandre de Calonne commonly identified during his time as finance minister?

fiscal irresponsibility and governmental arrogance (USQRG:18,2,1)

399. Who asked Louis XVI to convene the Assembly of Notables in 1787?

his finance minister, Charles Alexandre de Calonne (USQRG:18,2,1)

400. What reaction did Louis XVI expect from the Assembly of Notables regarding his 1787 reform proposals?

agreement (USQRG:18,2,2)

401. Who composed the Assembly of Notables? handpicked members of each of the Estates in the Estates General (USQRG:18,2,2)

402. Who would be affected by the new land taxes included in the financial reform proposals shown to the Assembly of Notables in 1787?

nobles and commoners (USQRG:18,2,2)

403. On what three factors did Charles Alexandre de Calonne blame the financial crisis of the French monarchy?

ineffective administrative organization, different tax systems across the nation, and the monarchyʹs practice of selling rights

to ʺfarmʺ taxes (USQRG:18,2,2)

404. What was the basic intent of the financial reform proposal aired by Charles Alexandre de Calonne in 1787?

overhaul of the entire financial system (USQRG:18,2,3)

405. Why did the high clergy of the First Estate oppose Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs reform proposal?

They feared that if the nobles lost their exemption from taxes, the clergy would be next. (USQRG:18,2,3)

406. Who convinced Louis XVI to sack Charles Alexandre de Calonne?

nobles (USQRG:18,2,4)

407. On what date did Louis XVI sack Charles Alexandre de Calonne?

April 8, 1788 (USQRG:18,2,4)

408. Who succeeded Charles Alexandre de Calonne as finance minister?

Étienne‐Charles de Loménie de Brienne (USQRG:18,2,4)



409. What was the occupation of Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs successor prior to 1788?

archbishop of Toulouse (USQRG:18,2,4)

410. What did Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs successor ask of French parlements upon assuming office?

to register (approve) several financial reform edicts (USQRG:18,2,4)

411. How did French parlements respond to the demands of Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs successor?

They rejected some of Charles Alexandre de Calonneʹs reform edicts. (USQRG:18,2,4)

412. What two new taxes were included in the reform proposals presented to the Parlement of Paris in the late 1780s?

a land tax and a stamp tax (USQRG:18,2,4)

413. What did the new taxes in the reform proposals of the late 1780s resemble?

the stamp tax that helped spark the American War of Independence (USQRG:18,2,4)

414. What did some of the members of the Assembly of Notables demand in exchange for their acceptance of new taxes?

institutional reforms to guarantee their privileges in the future (USQRG:19,1,1)

415. To what city was the Parlement of Paris exiled in 1787? Troyes (USQRG:19,1,2)

416. Why was the Parlement of Paris exiled in 1787? It refused to approve proposed land and stamp taxes. (USQRG:19,1,2)

417. Why was Louis XVI hesitant to tax the noble classes without their approval?

He feared accusations of tyranny. (USQRG:19,1,1)

418. How did the clergy respond when Louis XVI exiled the Parlement of Paris in 1787?

vigorous dissent (USQRG:19,2,2)

419. What did the Assembly of Notables demand regarding the Estates General in the late 1780s?

They wanted the king to summon the Estates General regularly. (USQRG:19,1,1)

420. Why was the king hesitant to capitulate to the demands of the nobles in exchange for their acceptance of fiscal reform proposals?

He did not want to appear as if he ruled solely by the consent of his nation. (USQRG:19,1,1)

421. According to John Merriman, what is the significance of the ʺnoble revoltʺ following the exile of the Parlement of Paris?

It began the French Revolution. (USQRG:19,1,2)

422. How did the provincial parlements react to the exile of the Parlement of Paris?

They supported the Parlement of Paris. (USQRG:19,1,2)

423. Which parlement convoked provincial estates (assemblies of local nobles) without the permission of the monarch after the exile of the Parlement of Paris?

the Parlement of Grenoble (USQRG:19,1,2)

424. Against what was the ʺnoble revoltʺ directed? the despotism of the monarchy, as opposed to the institution of the monarchy itself (USQRG:19,2,0)

425. Of what event was the ʺnoble revoltʺ reminiscent? the Fronde (USQRG:19,2,0)

426. Under which French monarch did the Fronde occur? Louis XIV (USQRG:19,2,0)

427. In the middle of what century did the Fronde occur? the 17th century (USQRG:19,2,0)

428. Where in France is the town of Troyes? east of Paris (USQRG:19,1,2)



429. How did Étienne‐Charles de Loménie de Brienne compromise with the nobles during the ʺnoble revoltʺ over taxes?

He agreed to withdraw proposals for a land and stamp tax so long as nobles agreed to continue paying an income tax.

(USQRG:19,2,1)

430. During which war did nobles and others of the privileged classes begin paying an income tax?

the Seven Yearsʹ War (USQRG:19,2,1)

431. What was the vingtième? an income tax levied on the privileged classes in 1750 (USQRG:19,2,1)

432. In which month of 1787 did Louis XVI recall the Parlement of Paris?

November (USQRG:19,2,1)

433. Which important figures did Louis XVI arrest in May 1788?

two radical members of the Parlement of Paris (USQRG:19,2,2)

434. After recalling the Parlement of Paris, what illegal action did Louis XVI take regarding loan edicts?

He ordered them registered without allowing the Parlement to be heard. (USQRG; 19,2,1)

435. How did Louis XVI respond when his cousin remarked on the illegal nature of his actions regarding loan edicts?

ʺThat is of no importance to me. It is legal because I will it.ʺ (USQRG:19,2,1)

436. What legal action did Louis XVI take after ordering the arrests of May 1788?

He suspended the French parlements. (USQRG:19,2,2)

437. How did crowds in Grenoble demonstrate their support for parlements?

by pelting soldiers with rocks and roof tiles (USQRG:19,2,2)

438. With what did Louis XVI attempt to replace the French parlements in 1788?

new provincial courts (USQRG:19,2,2)

439. What did Louis XVI attempt to create in the summer of 1788 to register royal edicts?

a new plenary court (USQRG:19,2,2)

440. What was the reaction of the Assembly of Clergy to Louis XVIʹs suspension of French parlements?

vehement protest (USQRG:19,2,2)

441. Why had the Assembly of Clergy been summoned at the time of Louis XVIʹs suspension of parlements?

to decide their annual gift to the king (USQRG:19,2,2)

442. What were Louis XVIʹs hopes regarding the Estates General?

It would agree to new taxes and save him from bankruptcy. (USQRG:19,2,2)

443. On what date did Louis XVI announce that he was going to assemble the Estates General in May 1789?

August 8, 1788 (USQRG:19,2,2)

444. When did Louis XVI reappoint Jacques Necker as his finance minister?

two weeks after announcing his intention to summon the Estates General (USQRG:19,2,2)

445. Why did Louis XVI reappoint Jacques Necker as his finance minister?

He hoped to appease nobles and other investors, who had approved of Necker. (USQRG:19,2,2)

446. How did the convocation of the Estates General affect French public opinion of the monarchy?

It consolidated anti‐monarchial public opinion. (USQRG:19,2,2)

447. According to John Merriman, what was the first act of the French Revolution?

the noblesʹ forcing the king to convoke the Estates General (USQRG:20,1,0)

448. True/False: Most of France trusted the parlements more than they did the Estates General.

False; many French people believed the Estates General would represent their interests more accurately than did the

parlements. (USQRG:20,1,0)



449. What percentage of the French population belonged to the Third Estate prior to the Revolution?

95% (USQRG:20,2,1)

450. To what social groups did most liberal reformers belong prior to the French Revolution?

the nobility and the bourgeoisie (USQRG:20,1,1)

451. What well‐known French general belonged to the Society of Thirty?

the Marquis de Lafayette (USQRG:20,1,caption)

452. What chief issue did the Society of Thirty address? how votes should be apportioned among the Estates in the Estates General (USQRG:20,1,caption)

453. What did the Parlement de Paris believe regarding the apportionment of votes in the Estates General?

The Parlement of Paris contended that each Estate should be given one vote, as had been done in 1614. (USQRG:20,1,2)

454. What would have been the likely outcome of any attempt at reform had votes been apportioned by Estate in the Estates General?

The First and Second Estates would outvote the Third Estate and thus smother any opportunities for reform.

(USQRG:20,1,1)

455. On what date did the Parlement of Paris make its opinions heard regarding vote allotment in the Estates General?

September 25, 1788 (USQRG:20,1,2)

456. How did the Society of Thirty believe votes should be apportioned in the Estates General?

They believed that the number of delegates to the Third Estate should be doubled, and that votes in the Estates General should be apportioned by head. (USQRG:20,1,caption)

457. How did the French public view the parlements after the Parlement of Paris voiced its opinion on voting in the Estates General?

The public considered parlements as defenders of privilege against the will of the Third Estate. (USQRG:20,1,2)

458. Who composed the ʺpatriot partyʺ in France in 1788? liberal nobles and bourgeoisie (USQRG:20,2,1)

459. What was the reaction of popular writers to the debate over vote apportionment in the Estates General?

They promoted the Third Estate as the true representatives of liberty and the nation. (USQRG:20,2,1)

460. With which policies did the ʺpatriot partyʺ contrast the policies of the French monarchy?

policies of the ʺnationʺ (USQRG:20,2,1)

461. What was the occupation of Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès?

a priest (USQRG:20,2,2)

462. Which Estate did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès believe should dominate political life?

the Third Estate (USQRG:20,2,2)

463. Approximately what portion of the men elected to the Estates General in the late 1780s had some training in law?

two thirds (USQRG:20,2,3)

464. Approximately what portion of those elected to the First Estate in the late 1780s were parish priests?


465. What sort of institutional reforms were desired by the younger nobles elected to the Second Estate in the late 1780s?

those that would give them some power over the king, similar to that of the British Parliament over the British monarch

(USQRG:20,2,3)

466. What concession did Louis XVI make to the Third Estate in December of 1788?

He doubled the number of representatives to the Third Estate. (USQRG:20,2,3)

467. Of what class was the Marquis de Lafayette? the nobility (USQRG:20,2,1)



468. From what sort of noble families were the noble members of the Society of Thirty?

the very old noble families (USQRG:20,2,1)

469. How does John Merriman characterize Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyèsʹ opinion regarding the Third Estate?

radical (USQRG:20,2,2)

470. What was Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyèsʹ first question regarding the Third Estate?

ʺWhat is the Third Estate?ʺ (USQRG:20,2,2)

471. What was Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyèsʹ second question regarding the Third Estate?

ʺWhat has it been heretofore in the political order?ʺ (USQRG:20,2,2)

472. What was Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyèsʹ third question regarding the Third Estate?

ʺWhat does it demand?ʺ (USQRG:20,2,2)

473. How did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès answer the first question he posed regarding the Third Estate?

ʺEverything.ʺ (USQRG:20,2,2)

474. How did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès answer the second question he posed regarding the Third Estate?

ʺNothing.ʺ (USQRG:20,2,2)

475. How did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès answer the third question he posed regarding the Third Estate?

ʺTo become something therein.ʺ (USQRG:20,2,2)

476. What sorts of regions were the origins of most of the people elected to the Estates General in the late 1780s?

cities and towns (USQRG:20,2,3)

477. What were the cahiers de doléances? lists of grievances (USQRG:20,2,4)

478. Who created the cahiers de doléances? local electoral assemblies and the first two estates (USQRG:20,2,4)

479. Who demanded the creation of the cahiers de doléances? Louis XVI (USQRG:20,2,4)

480. What example does John Merriman give of one of the more trivial items in the cahiers de doléances?

the complaint that pastures in Lorraine were in danger of being ruined by the foul breath of grazing sheep

(USQRG:20,2,4)

481. What opinions of the king were generally aired in the cahiers de doléances?

Many of the cahiers decried monarchical absolutism, but some reflected respect for the monarch, and blamed the greed and

mistakes of his ministers and advisers. (USQRG:21,1,0)

482. What governmental reform did many of the cahiers de doléances propose?

the creation of a new national representative body (USQRG:21,1,0)

483. True/False: Most cahiers de doléances were never seen by Louis XVI.

True; however, many contained relevant criticisms of his regime or his ministers. (USQRG:21,1,0)

484. What abuse of royal power did the cahiers de doléances particularly denounce?

arbitrary arrest warrants, or the lettres de cachet (USQRG:21,1,0)

485. Approximately how many people composed the Estates General in May 1789?

1,200 (USQRG:21,1,1)

486. How was the Third Estate received by the king on May 5, 1789?

It was kept waiting for two hours while the king greeted the First and Second Estates. (USQRG:21,1,1)

487. How did members of the Third Estate violate protocol on May 5, 1789 after the king had finished his speech?

They put their hats back on. (USQRG:21,1,1)



488. How did the Third Estate react to learning that votes in the Estates General would be apportioned by estate and not by head?

They insisted that all delegates be registered together, which stalled proceedings for weeks. (USQRG:21,1,1)

489. What motion did Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès air on June 17, 1789?

He moved that the Third Estate be declared the National Assembly and the true representative of national sovereignty.

(USQRG:21,1,1)

490. How did the Third Estate react to Sieyèsʹ motion on June 17, 1789?

They overwhelmingly approved it. (USQRG:21,1,1)

491. After June 17, 1789, what degree of power did the Third Estate claim?

power equal to or greater than that of the monarch (USQRG:21,1,1)

492. On what date was the Tennis Court Oath? June 20, 1789 (USQRG:21,2,1)

493. Who was the president of the National Assembly created in June 1789?

Jean‐Sylvain Bailly (USQRG:21,2,1)

494. What was the occupation of Jean‐Sylvain Bailly? an astronomer (USQRG:21,2,1)

495. Why was the meeting hall of the Estates General locked on June 20, 1789?

Ostensibly, it was closed for repairs‐‐it was probably closed, however, because the monarch disapproved of the actions of

the Third Estate. (USQRG:21,2,1)

496. How did the newly created National Assembly react to their locked meeting hall in June 1789?

They assembled in a nearby tennis court instead. (USQRG; 21,2,1)

497. What did the delegates to the National Assembly swear to do in the Tennis Court Oath?

ʺnot to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon solid foundationsʺ (USQRG:21,2,1)

498. How did the king of France react to the deliberations of the Third Estate in June 1789?

He declared them invalid. (USQRG; 21,2,2)

499. What three economic reforms did Louis XVI announce on June 23, 1789?

elimination of the taille, the corvée, and internal tariffs that interfered with trade (USQRG; 21,2,2)

500. In 18th‐century France, what was the corvée? a tax on labor (USQRG:21,2,2)

501. What two political reforms did Louis XVI announce on June 23, 1789?

regular convocation of the Estates General and the elimination of lettres de cachet (USQRG:21,2,2)

502. On June 23, 1789, how did Louis XVI agree to apportion votes in the Estates General?

Voting would occur by head in the Estates General, but only regarding issues that were not ʺthe ancient and constitutional

rights of the three orders.ʺ (USQRG:21,2,2)

503. What was the reaction of the Third Estate to the reforms Louis XVI announced on June 23, 1789?

dissatisfaction (USQRG:21,2,2)

504. True/False: Jean‐Sylvain Bailly perished during the French Revolution.

True; Jean‐Sylvain Bailly died in 1793. (USQRG:21,2,3)

505. What was the reaction of the people of Paris to the news that Louis XVI had again dismissed Jacques Necker on June 22, 1789?

They stormed the Tuileries Palace to demand Neckerʹs reinstatement. (USQRG:21,2,3)

506. How did Louis XVI react to the demands of the Parisian crowd regarding Jacques Necker?

He agreed to reinstate Jacques Necker. (USQRG:21,2,3)



507. According to John Merriman, what did most of the clergy and nobles of the First and Second Estates do in June 1789?

They joined the Third Estate. (USQRG:21,2,3)

508. What did Louis XVI order the First and Second Estates to do on June 27, 1789?

He ordered those who had not joined the Third Estate to do so. (USQRG:22,1,0)

509. What was the name of the new representative body formed in France on June 27, 1789?

the National Constituent Assembly (USQRG:22,1,0)

510. In the middle of 1789, what was the popular belief regarding food shortages and high bread prices?

They were the products of a conspiracy by nobles and hoarders. (USQRG:22,1,1)

511. What fueled Parisian rumors that the National Constituent Assembly would be quashed in the summer of 1789?

an increase in royal troops around Paris and Versailles (USQRG:22,1,1)

512. What was the reaction of the Parisian crowd to Louis XVIʹs dismissal of Jacques Necker in 1789?

They rioted, tearing down tollbooths at customs barriers along the gates of Paris. (USQRG:22,1,1)

513. How many times during Louis XVIʹs reign did he dismiss Jacques Necker?

three (USQRG:22,1,1)

514. What were the occupations of most of the members of the crowd that stormed the Bastille in 1789?

artisans, wage earners, and tradesmen (USQRG:22,1,1)

515. What was the approximate size of the crowd that stormed the Bastille in 1789?

80,000 people (USQRG:22,1,2)

516. From where did the crowd that stormed the Bastille in 1789 obtain weaponry?

the Invalides, a large veteransʹ hospital (USQRG:22,1,2)

517. At what time of day did the Parisian crowd storm the Bastille?

early afternoon (USQRG:22,1,2)

518. In what part of Paris was the Bastille? the eastern part (USQRG:22,1,2)

519. What did the Parisian crowd believe was stored in the Bastille?

gunpowder and ammunition (USQRG:22,1,2)

520. Why had the Bastille become a symbol of royal despotism in 18th‐century France?

Some prisoners had been sent there by lettres de cachet without trial. (USQRG:22,1,2)

521. How many prisoners were in the Bastille on July 14, 1789?

seven (USQRG:22,1,2)

522. Who defended the Bastille in July 1789? a small garrison of royal troops (USQRG:22,1,2)

523. How many members of the Parisian crowd were killed or wounded while storming the Bastille?

200 (USQRG:22,1,2)

524. What were the delusions of the demented Irishman residing in the Bastille in summer 1789?

He alternately believed he was Joan of Arc, Saint Louis, and God. (USQRG:22,1,2)

525. Why was the nobleman residing in the Bastille in summer 1789 incarcerated?

His family had requested it. (USQRG:22,1,2)

526. Who decapitated the commander of the defenders of the Bastille in the summer 1789?

a butcher (USQRG:22,1,2)

527. What did the Parisian crowd do with the severed head of the man who commanded the defenders of the Bastille in summer 1789?

They put it on a pike and paraded it around town. (USQRG:22,1,2)



528. What was Louis XVIʹs diary entry on the evening of July 14, 1789?

ʺnothing newʺ (USQRG:22,1,2)

529. According to John Merriman, what was the significance of the storming of the Bastille to the political events of summer 1789?

It prevented Louis XVI from dissolving the National Constituent Assembly. (USQRG:22,1,2)

530. Why did Louis XVI send away some of the troops he had gathered at Paris and Versailles after the storming of the Bastille?

He was unsure of their loyalty. (USQRG:22,2,0)

531. Who was elected mayor of Paris in 1789? Jean‐Sylvain Bailly (USQRG:22,2,0)

532. What was Louis XVIʹs reaction to the municipal government of Paris elected in 1789?

acceptance (USQRG:22,2,0)

533. Who commanded the defense force of the municipal government of Paris elected in 1789?

the Marquis de Lafayette (USQRG:22,2,0)

534. How did Louis XVI surrender to popular demand regarding his personnel after the storming of the Bastille?

He reinstated Jacques Necker. (USQRG:22,2,0)

535. What do the colors red and blue symbolize on the French tricolor?

the city of Paris (USQRG:22,2,0)

536. What does the color white symbolize on the French tricolor?

the Bourbons (the royal family from which Louis XVI was descended) (USQRG:22,2,0)

537. What emblem did Louis XVI wear before the municipal council at the town hall of Paris on July 17, 1789?

the tricolor (USQRG:22,2,0)

538. What was the reaction of rural peasants to the news of the fall of the Bastille and the gathering of the Estates General?

They attacked châteaux and sometimes burned records of their obligations to their landlords. (USQRG:22,2,2)

539. What caused the Great Fear? panic generated by peasant revolts in late summer 1789 (USQRG:22,2,2)

540. What was the National Constituent Assemblyʹs reaction to the news of peasant violence in late summer 1789?

It formally ended the ʺfeudal regimeʺ and seigneurial rights. (USQRG:22,2,3)

541. What rumor fueled the Great Fear? The aristocracy was plotting to starve or burn out the population. (USQRG:22,2,2)

542. How did the National Constituent Assembly subsequently modify its proclamation of August 4, 1789?

Peasants would pay their debtors and owners of seigneurial dues in some form. (USQRG:22,2,3)

543. According to John Merriman, what was the fundamental organizing principle of the Old Regime?

privilege (USQRG:22,2,3)

544. What was the ruling of the National Constituent Assembly regarding the practice of nobles extracting personal labor servitude from peasants without compensation?

It abolished the practice. (USQRG:22,2,3)

545. What ruling did the National Constituent Assembly make regarding religion in late summer 1789?

It instituted freedom of practice. (USQRG:22,2,3)

546. Why did peasants mobilize during the Great Fear? to defend their harvests against rumored brigands (USQRG:22,2,2)



547. What was the effect of the new National Guard units and local governments established during the Great Fear?

They brought new men who had previously been excluded from political life into positions of influence. (USQRG:22,2,2)

548. What source of royal revenue did the National Constituent Assembly abolish in late summer 1789?

It ended the sale of government offices. (USQRG:22,2,3)

549. What exclusive seigneurial privilege involving land use was abolished by the National Constituent Assembly in the weeks following August 4, 1789?

the sole right to hunt and fish on rural lands (USQRG:22,2,3)

550. What form of government did the National Constituent Assembly set out to create in late summer 1789?

a constitutional monarchy (USQRG:23,1,3)

551. How did the National Constituent Assembly change the authority behind the Catholic Church in France?

It made the Catholic Church into a national church. (USQRG:23,1,2)

552. How did the National Constituent Assembly deal with the property of the Catholic Church in France in its reforms of 1789?

It made Church property national property. (USQRG:23,1,2)

553. What did the National Constituent Assembly require of the French clergy in its reforms of 1789?

to swear allegiance to the nation (in lieu of the Pope) (USQRG:23,1,2)

554. How did the National Constituent Assembly begin establishing a new regime?

It created and broadcast the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. (USQRG:23,1,1)

555. True/False: The National Constituent Assembly proposed to use the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as the constitution of its new regime.

False; it began to create the constitution of the new regime after creating the Declaration of the Rights of Man and

Citizen. (USQRG:23,1,1)

556. What did Marie Antoinette call revolutionaries? monsters (USQRG:23,1,2)

557. What was the reaction of the kingʹs advisors to the efforts of the National Constituent Assembly in late summer 1789?

They refused to accept that the kingʹs power was weakening. (USQRG:23,1,2)

558. What is declared in Article One of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

ʺMen are born free and equal in rights.ʺ (USQRG:23,2,0)

559. What did the Parisian crowd do to the royal family in October 1789?

They marched to Versailles and brought the king and his family back to Paris so that they could not escape.

(USQRG:23,1,2)

560. How did many nobles react to increasing radicalism in France in late 1789?

They fled France. (USQRG:23,1,2)

561. On what date did the National Constituent Assembly begin to promulgate the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

August 26, 1789 (USQRG:23,1,2)

562. What was the intent of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

to set forth the principles of the new regime and to educate French citizens about liberty (USQRG:23,2,0)

563. What ruling did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen put forth regarding privilege?

All men are ʺequally eligible to all honors, places, and employments without any other distinction than that created

by their virtues and talentsʺ. (USQRG:23,2,0)

564. According to John Merriman, which 18th‐century document was reflected in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

the American Declaration of Independence (USQRG:23,2,0)



565. What themes of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen did Enlightenment ideas most obviously influence?

those of individual freedom, equality, and the struggle against unjust privilege and despotism (USQRG:23,2,0)

566. What rights were enshrined in the English Bill of Rights of the 17th century?

those of accused criminals to the rule of law, and those of property owners to self‐government (USQRG:23,2,1)

567. What was the preamble of the new constitution created by the National Constituent Assembly?

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (USQRG:23,2,0)

568. How did the English Bill of Rights become law? It was passed by Parliament. (USQRG:23,2,1)

569. How many years before the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen did the English Bill of Rights become law?

100 (USQRG:23,2,1)

570. According to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, from where would citizenship rights originate?

membership in the nation (USQRG:24,1,0)

571. How did French men and women begin to greet one another after the spread of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

ʺcitizenʺ (USQRG:24,1,1)

572. Under the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what was to be the source of law?

the ʺgeneral willʺ (USQRG:24,1,0)

573. Which Enlightenment thinkerʹs ideas are clearly reflected in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

Jean‐Jacques Rousseau (USQRG:24,1,0, USQRG:11,2,3)

574. How did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen deal with preexisting discrepancies of education and wealth in French society?

It did not interfere with them. (USQRG:24,1,0)

575. According to John Merriman, what was the foundation of the political order in France after the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

wealth (USQRG:24,1,0)

576. What was the view of the authors of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen regarding womenʹs rights?

They did not anticipate nor press for equality of the sexes. (USQRG:24,1,1)

577. True/False: Revolutionaries began to call for equality of the sexes and womenʹs rights at the beginning of the Revolution.

True; however, these calls went largely unheeded by the National Constituent Assembly. (USQRG:24,1,1)

578. In what year did the French begin to use the term ʺOld Regimeʺ to describe France before the National Constituent Assembly?

1790 (USQRG:24,1,2)

579. Who composed the ʺcourt partyʺ during the reforms of the National Constituent Assembly?

the kingʹs closest advisors (USQRG:24,1,3)

580. What provision did the kingʹs closest advisers want to see added to the constitutional arrangements of the National Constituent Assembly?

absolute veto for the king (USQRG:24,1,3)

581. Of what party was Abbé Sieyès? the patriot party (USQRG:24,1,3)



582. What did Abbé Sieyès remark regarding the demands of the kingʹs advisors for an absolute veto?

An absolute veto for the king would be the equivalent of a ʺlettre de cachet against the general will.ʺ (USQRG:24,1,3)

583. What was the approximate population of France on the eve of the Revolution?

25 million people (USQRG:24,1,3)

584. What was the National Constituent Assemblyʹs ruling on a motion that would create an upper chamber of the representative body similar to the British House of Lords?

It rejected the motion. (USQRG:24,1,3)

585. What concession did the National Constituent Assembly offer to the king on September 11, 1789?

the power to suspend legislation for up to four years‐a ʺsuspending vetoʺ (USQRG:24,1,3)

586. What was the reaction of Louis XVI to the concession offered to him by the National Constituent Assembly on September 11, 1789?

He rejected it because he still wanted an absolute veto. (USQRG:24,1,4)

587. Who was the publisher of the new newspaper in 1789, The Friend of the People?

Jean‐Paul Marat (USQRG:24,1,4)

588. What was the reaction of Louis XVI to the reforms the National Constituent Assembly passed on August 4, 1789?

He rejected them. (USQRG:24,1,4)

589. What were the professions of Jean‐Paul Marat? a physician and a journalist (USQRG:24,1,4)

590. What was Voltaireʹs opinion of writers like Jean‐Paul Marat?

He considered them ʺhacks.ʺ (USQRG:24,1,4)

591. How did newspapers and pamphlet‐publishers react to Louis XVIʹs dealings with the National Constituent Assembly in the fall of 1789?

They attacked his refusal to compromise. (USQRG:24,1,4)

592. In what sort of language was The Friend of the People written?

the vernacular (including the slang) of ordinary Parisians (USQRG:24,1,4)

593. What were the origins of the demand that the king and his family reside in Paris?

the cahiers de doléances and French ʺpatriotsʺ (USQRG:24,2,1)

594. What event sparked the ʺmarch to Versaillesʺ? a minor insult to the tricolor emblem by members of the Flanders Regiment (USQRG:24,2,1)

595. Where did the event that began the ʺmarch to Versaillesʺ occur?

at a reception held in honor of the Flanders Regiment (USQRG:24,2,1)

596. On what date was Louis XVI convinced to accept the August 4 reforms of the National Constituent Assembly?

October 5, 1789 (USQRG:24,2,1)

597. True/False: Bread riots were common in the Old Regime.

True; poor harvests and high prices were also common. (USQRG:24,2,2)

598. From which neighborhoods were the women who began the Womenʹs March to Versailles on October 5, 1789?

neighborhoods around the Bastille (USQRG:24,2,2)

599. Approximately how many women marched on Versailles on October 5, 1789?

10,000 (USQRG:24,2,2)

600. Where did the women who marched on Versailles in October of 1789 gather to begin their march?

the town hall (USQRG:24,2,2)



601. Why did women of Paris march on Versailles in October of 1789?

a bread shortage (USQRG:24,2,2)

602. What did the women who marched on Versailles in October 1789 demand of Louis XVI?

bread (USQRG:24,2,2)

603. What role did the Marquis de Lafayette play in the march on Versailles in October 1789?

He led the force of National Guardsmen that arrived at Versailles later in the day. (USQRG:24,2,2)

604. What did the Marquis de Lafayette convince Louis XVI to do on October 5, 1789?

return with the National Guardsmen to Paris (USQRG:24,2,2)

605. How did Louis XVI greet the women who appeared in Versailles on October 5, 1789?

cordially, promising them bread (USQRG:24,2,2)

606. How did royal guards react to the crowd that tried to force its way into the kingʹs château in Versailles at dawn on October 6, 1789?

They shot and killed a man in the crowd. (USQRG:24,2,3)

607. What did the crowd that tried to force its way into the kingʹs château following the march on Versailles do to two royal guards?

It decapitated them and put their heads on pikes. (USQRG:24,2,3)

608. What were the demands of the crowd that tried to force its way into the kingʹs château in Versailles on October 6, 1789?

that the king and the royal family return with them on the road to Paris (USQRG:24,2,3)

609. What did some women sing as they marched from Versailles back to Paris?

They were returning with ʺThe Baker, the Bakerʹs Wife, and the Bakerʹs Little Boy.ʺ (USQRG:24,2,3)

610. What did the National Constituent Assembly do after the king moved from Versailles to Paris on October 6, 1789?

It, too, moved to Paris. (USQRG:24,2,3)

611. What idea was reflected in the song some women sang as they marched from Versailles back to Paris with the royal family?

The king was responsible for providing his people with bread. (USQRG:24,2,3)

612. According to John Merriman, how did the womenʹs march on Versailles change the course of the French Revolution?

It placed the king and the Assembly under the pressure of popular will. (USQRG:24,2,3)

613. How did the National Constituent Assembly change the title of Louis XVI to reflect his responsibility to the general will?

They changed it from ʺthe king of Franceʺ to ʺthe king of the French.ʺ (USQRG:24,2,3)

614. What was the title of Louis XVIʹs brother? the count of Artois (USQRG:25,1,0)

615. Approximately how many people went into exile after the October Days?

20,000 (USQRG:25,1,0)

616. Who composed most of the people who left France after the October Days?

nobles, clergymen, and wealthy people (USQRG:25,1,0)

617. Why did the count of Artois leave France after the October Days?

He feared the current of change towards popular sovereignty promoted by the National Constituent Assembly.

(USQRG:25,1,0)

618. What was the occupation of Charles‐Maurice de Talleyrand?

bishop of Autun in Burgundy (USQRG:25,1,0)



619. How did the August decrees of the National Constituent Assembly affect Church income?

Church income decreased because the August decrees ended Church tithes. (USQRG:25,1,1)

620. What did Charles‐Maurice de Talleyrand propose to the National Constituent Assembly on October 10, 1789?

to make Church property national property (USQRG:25,1,1)

621. To what source did the National Constituent Assembly turn for funding in late fall 1789?

the sale of Church property (USQRG:25,1,1)

622. What was the value of the property that went up for auction in November 1789?

400 million francs (USQRG:25,1,1)

623. Approximately what percentage of the land in France went up for auction in November 1789?

10% (USQRG:25,1,1)

624. Who were the main purchasers of the land that went up for auction in November 1789?

urban bourgeoisie and wealthy peasants (USQRG:25,1,1)

625. By what sort of margin did the National Constituent Assembly pass Charles‐Maurice de Talleyrandʹs proposition on November 2, 1789?

a narrow margin (USQRG:25,1,1)

626. What were assignats? a form of paper money issued by the National Constituent Assembly (USQRG:25,1,2)

627. What backed assignats? Church lands (USQRG:25,1,2)

628. What was a significant agricultural consequence of the sale of Church lands in late 1789?

Peasants cultivated more land. (USQRG:25,1,2)

629. What law was made regarding assignats? They had to be accepted in payment of debt. (USQRG:25,1,2)

630. What ultimately happened to the value of the assignats? It fell dramatically. (USQRG:25,1,2)

631. What undermined the value of the assignats? a lack of public confidence (USQRG:25,1,2)

632. What ultimately happened to the land of some of the nobles who left France after the October Days?

transferred to French peasants (USQRG:25,1,2)

633. How did the sale of Church lands strain the environment?

Those who purchased the land cleared forested areas for cultivation. (USQRG:25,1,2)

634. What decree did the National Constituent Assembly make regarding religious orders (monasteries, etcetera) on February 13, 1790?

It abolished all Church orders. (USQRG:25,1,3)

635. How did reformers of the National Constituent Assembly regard religious orders?

as useless and politically suspect (USQRG:25,1,3)

636. What document did the National Constituent Assembly pass on July 12, 1790?

the Civic Constitution of the Clergy (USQRG:25,1,3)

637. What provision did the Civic Constitution of the Clergy make to choose bishops?

Bishops were to be elected by the electoral assembly. (USQRG:25,1,3)

638. Under the Civic Constitution of the Clergy, what was necessary for bishops to publish pronouncements?

government authorization (USQRG:25,1,3)

639. What was the reaction of Louis XVI to the measures in the Civic Constitution of the Clergy?

He reluctantly accepted them. (USQRG:25,1,3)

640. Under the Civic Constitution of the Clergy, what three Church expenses would be paid by the state?

clerical salaries, poor relief, and expenses of worship (USQRG:25,1,4)



641. What was Pope Pius VIʹs reaction to the Civic Constitution of the Clergy?

He denounced it in April 1791. (USQRG:25,1,4)

642. What was Pope Pius VIʹs reaction to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

He denounced it in March 1791. (USQRG:25,1,4)

643. According to John Merriman, how did the Civic Constitution of the Clergy alter the course of the Revolution?

It was widely resisted, and thus contributed to the counterrevolution. (USQRG:25,2,0)

644. Approximately what proportion of parish priests in France refused to swear allegiance to the Revolution?

one half to one third (USQRG:25,2,0)

645. What was the National Constituent Assemblyʹs reaction to the priests who refused to swear allegiance to the Civic Constitution of the Clergy?

It forbade them to administer sacrament. (USQRG:25,2,0)

646. In what four parts of France did the clergy generally refuse to swear allegiance to the Revolution?

western France, especially Brittany, northern France, Alsace, and parts of southern of France (USQRG:25,2,0)

647. What was the reaction of the French public to priests who refused to swear allegiance to the Revolution?

either violence or support (USQRG:25,2,0)

648. What was the reaction of many Catholics, including Louis XVI, to taking sacrament from non‐juring priests?

They felt obligated not to accept sacrament from such priests. (USQRG:25,2,0)

649. How did the Constitution of 1791 formalize Franceʹs break with the Old Regime?

It created a constitutional monarchy to replace the absolute monarchy. (USQRG:25,2,1)

650. Under the Constitution of 1791, what sort of veto could Louis XVI exercise?

a suspending veto (USQRG:25,2,1)

651. What two powers did the Constitution of 1791 give to the monarch?

command over the army and foreign policy (USQRG:25,2,1)

652. What sort of foreign policy acts required the approval of the National Constituent Assembly under the Constitution of 1791?

declarations of war and peace (USQRG:25,2,1)

653. How did the Constitution of 1791define ʺactive citizensʺ?

men who paid the equivalent of three daysʹ wages in direct taxes (USQRG:25,2,2)

654. In 18th‐century Britain, what religions were not allowed elect their members to public office?

English Dissenters and Catholics (USQRG:25,2,3)

655. True/False: Under the Constitution of 1791, active and passive citizens had different legal privileges.

False; all citizens were equal before the law under the Constitution of 1791. (USQRG:25,2,2)

656. For whom were ʺactive citizensʺ allowed to vote? wealthier electors (USQRG:25,2,2)

657. Who selected legislators for the National Assembly under the Constitution of 1791?

wealthy electors selected by active citizens (USQRG:25,2,2)

658. What was the opinion of George‐Jacques Danton on the Constitution of 1791?

He believed it had simply one privileged caste with another. (USQRG:25,2,2)

659. What sort of citizen would Rousseau have been under the Constitution of 1791?

a ʺpassive citizenʺ (USQRG:25,2,2)

660. Who was George‐Jacques Danton? a popular orator in 18th‐century France (USQRG:25,2,2)



661. Under the Constitution of 1791, what was the term given citizens who werenʹt allowed to vote?

ʺpassive citizensʺ (USQRG:25,2,2)

662. What provisions did the National Constituent Assembly make regarding Protestants and Jews in 1790 and 1791?

It gave them citizenship and civil rights equal to that of Catholics. (USQRG:25,2,4)

663. What were the conditions of Jews in Europe prior to the French Revolution?

They faced persecution throughout Europe as well as violence in eastern Europe and the Ukraine. (USQRG:25,2,3)

664. What law did the National Assembly pass regarding labor on June 14, 1791?

the Le Chapelier law (USQRG:25,2,4)

665. What did the National Assemblyʹs labor law of June 1791 forbid?

workers organizing to refuse to work for a master (essentially, proto‐unions) (USQRG:26,1,0)

666. What three laws regarding marriage did the National Assembly pass in 1791?

establishment of civil (secular) marriage, decrease of the age of consent, and legalization of divorce (USQRG:26,1,0)

667. For whom was the Le Chapelier law a victory? those in favor of free trade (USQRG:26,1,0)

668. What laws regarding inheritance were passed by the National Assembly?

Inheritance must be divided equally between children. (USQRG:26,1,0)

669. What provisions did the National Constituent Assembly make regarding French slavery?

It abolished slavery in France but not in Franceʹs colonies. (USQRG:26,1,0)

670. In what month and year did the National Convention replace the National Assembly?

September 1792 (USQRG:26,1,0)

671. What provision did the National Convention make regarding French slavery in 1794?

They freed the slaves in French colonies. (USQRG:26,1,0)

672. What was the reaction of slaves in the French colony of Hispaniola to the provisions of the National Constituent Assembly regarding slavery?

They started a rebellion in October 1790 against French plantation owners. (USQRG:26,1,0)

673. What were the hopes of the National Convention when it considered the issue of French slavery in 1794?

It hoped freed slaves in the colonies would fight against the British. (USQRG:26,1,0)

674. Who was Toussaint LʹOuverture? a former slave who had fought in the French army (USQRG:26,1,0)

675. According to the official curriculum, what was the first free black nation?

Haiti (USQRG:26,1,0)

676. Of what social class were most French plantation owners in the Caribbean?

the nobility (USQRG:26,1,0)

677. Who led the rebellion that freed half of Hispaniola? Toussaint LʹOuverture (USQRG:26,1,0)

678. In what decade was there a second rebellion against French plantation owners in Hispaniola?

the 1790s (USQRG:26,1,0)

679. What was the occupation of Olympe de Gougesʹ father?

a butcher (USQRG:26,1,1)

680. What is the title of the work Olympe de Gouges published in 1791?

The Rights of Women (USQRG:26,1,1)

681. What did Olympe de Gouges contend in The Rights of Women?

The law, as an expression of general will, must be influenced by the opinions of all women as well as those of all men.

(USQRG:26,1,1)



682. What sort of rights did Olympe de Gouges demand for women from the National Assembly?

their rights to education, to control property within a marriage, and to initiate divorce proceedings (USQRG:26,2,0)

683. How did Olympe de Gouges define the nation? ʺthe union of Woman and Manʺ (USQRG:26,2,0)

684. What concept emerged regarding womenʹs rights after the publication of the work of Olympe de Gouges?

ʺrepublican motherhoodʺ (USQRG:26,2,0)

685. What were many nobles doing in southern France as early as July 1790?

organizing resistance to the Revolution (USQRG:26,2,1)

686. What was the opinion of most French Protestants regarding the Revolution?

They supported it. (USQRG:26,2,1)

687. What religious violence occurred in France in July 1790?

Catholics attacked Protestant supporters of the Revolution. (USQRG:26,2,1)

688. In what three regions in France had overt resistance to the Revolution begun to occur by summer 1791?

southern and western France, as well as Alsace (USQRG:26,2,1)

689. How did Paris celebrate the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille?

with the Festival of General Federation in the Champ de Mars (USQRG:26,2,1)

690. What was the revolutionariesʹ reaction to resistance and counterrevolution in parts of France?

They began to consider even more radical changes. (USQRG:26,2,2)

691. According to John Merriman, what was the origin of the tendency towards democracy promoted by many revolutionaries?

democratic and semi‐democratic procedures within the corporate groups of the Old Regime (USQRG:26,2,2)

692. According to John Merriman, who established the first clubs during the French Revolution?

political factions in the National Assembly (USQRG:26,2,3)

693. Who composed the Jacobins? the most radical members of the National Assembly (USQRG:26,2,3)

694. From what source did the Jacobins derive their name? the religious order in whose house they met. (USQRG:26,2,3)

695. What was the name of the club that comprised the radicals of Paris?

the Cordeliers Club (USQRG:26,2,3)

696. Who composed the Club of Feuillants? constitutional monarchists who split with the Jacobins (USQRG:26,2,3)

697. Approximately how many clubs were in France in 1793?

5,000 (USQRG:26,2,3)

698. In what two ways did women participate in the political clubs of France early in the Revolution?

They formed their own political clubs, such as the Club of Knitters, or joined political clubs open to both sexes.

(USQRG:26,2,3)

699. What is the name of a French political club open to both sexes during the early years of the Revolution?

the Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes (USQRG:26,2,3)

700. What term emerged for Parisian revolutionaries in the early years of the Revolution?

sans‐culottes (USQRG:26,2,5)

701. With what social class were culottes associated? the aristocracy (USQRG:26,2,5)

702. What is the literal meaning of the name sans‐culotte? ʺwithout knee‐britchesʺ (USQRG:26,2,5)

703. What demands did Parisian revolutionaries make regarding bread prices?

They wanted to set a price ceiling. (USQRG:27,1,0)



704. What symbol identified sans‐culottes? a Phrygian cap (USQRG:27,1,0)

705. True/False: Aristocrats could sometimes be considered sans‐culottes.

True; aristocrats who supported the Revolution were considered sans‐culottes. (USQRG:27,1,0)

706. Approximately what portion of the earnings of an average French working family went towards purchasing bread?

more than one‐half (USQRG:27,1,0)

707. From what source did revolutionaries draw the Phrygian cap?

the Roman Republic (USQRG:27,1,0)

708. What did a Phrygian cap look like? It was tight, red, and decorated by a tricolor. (USQRG:27,1,0)

709. What characterized the language of the sans‐culottes? They addressed everyone using the familiar pronoun, tu, and they called one another ʺcitizens.ʺ (USQRG:27,1,0)

710. What sort of hat was worn by high‐class city dwellers prior to the Revolution?

a three‐cornered hat (USQRG:27,1,0)

711. What sort of political system did the sans‐culottes favor? direct democracy (USQRG:27,1,0)

712. What two things did Louis XVI intend to do after fleeing France in June 1791?

support foreign enemies of the Revolution and return to France to dismantle his previous concessions (USQRG:27,2,1)

713. What was the reaction of the Cordeliers Club to Louis XVIʹs attempt to flee France?

It called for the formation of a republic. (USQRG:27,2,2)

714. Why was the National Assembly hesitant to try to establish a republic after Louis XVIʹs flight?

It feared civil war. (USQRG:27,2,2)

715. Why did Parisians gather at the Champ de Mars on July 17, 1791?

to sign a petition resting on the ʺAltar of the Fatherlandʺ (USQRG:27,2,2)

716. What was the reaction of the National Guard to the gathering of Parisians at the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791?

They fired on the crowd. (USQRG:27,2,2)

717. Who declared martial law in Paris on July 17, 1791? Jean‐Sylvain Bailly and the Marquis de Lafayette (USQRG:27,2,2)

718. What was the content of the petition Parisians created as a response to Louis XVIʹs escape attempt?

It demanded the king be replaced ʺby all constitutional means.ʺ (USQRG:27,2,2)

719. Who went into temporary hiding after July 17, 1791? Jean‐Paul Marat and Georges‐Jacques Danton (USQRG:27,2,2)

720. What action did Louis XVI take regarding national government on September 14, 1791?

He formally accepted the Constitution. (USQRG:27,2,2)

721. To what club did the leaders of Paris belong after Louis XVIʹs attempt to flee the country?

the Jacobins (USQRG:27,2,3)

722. Who were the three leaders of Paris after Louis XVIʹs attempt to flee the country?

Danton, Marat, and Robespierre (USQRG:27,2,3)

723. What replaced the Constituent Assembly in October 1791?

the Legislative Assembly (USQRG:27,2,3)

724. Why was the Constituent Assembly dissolved in September 1791?

It had fulfilled its purpose of creating a constitution. (USQRG:27,2,3)

725. Where in the assembly hall were Republicans of the Legislative Assembly seated?

the left (USQRG:27,2,3)



726. At which foreign courts did French counterrevolutionaries attempt to garner support for foreign intervention in the Revolution?

the Austrian court and the Prussian court (USQRG:27,2,4)

727. According to John Merriman, what event led to the Second Revolution and the formation of a republic in France?

the French declaration of war against Austria (USQRG:27,2,4)

728. Who led the faction in the Legislative Assembly that became the Girondins?

Jacques‐Pierre Brissot (USQRG:27,2,4)

729. What were the former occupations of the early leader of the Girondins?

a police spy and a radical pamphleteer (USQRG:27,2,4)

730. What did the early leader of the Girondins propose regarding French foreign affairs?

a war to free the rest of Europe from systems similar to the Old Regime (USQRG:27,2,4)

731. From what source did the Girondins derive their name?

Gironde, a district in France where many of the followers of Jacques‐Pierre Brissot lived (USQRG:27,2,4)

732. How did Girondin leadership influence the proclamations of the Legislative Assembly?

It promoted a more aggressive, radical tone in the proclamations. (USQRG:27,2,4)

733. What political goal did French counterrevolutionaries seek to achieve when they asked foreign courts to intervene in the Revolution?

to restore Louis XVI to power as an absolute monarch (USQRG:27,2,4)

734. From what three nations were the educated people who tended to support the early work of the French National Assembly?

Britain, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany and Italy (USQRG:28,1,1)

735. What had been the purpose of the wars Louis XIV had fought with various European powers during his reign?

enlargement of French territory (USQRG:28,1,1)

736. What characterized Franceʹs relationship with other European powers in the century before the Revolution?

war (USQRG:28,1,1)

737. What was the Prussian governmentʹs initial reaction to the French Revolution?

It tried to sabotage the alliance between Austria and France, and to undermine Austrian government in Belgium.

(USQRG:28,1,2)

738. What two alliances were formed in Europe as a result of the French Revolution?

an alliance between Britain and Russia, and an alliance between Austria and Prussia (USQRG:28,1,1)

739. With what issue was Leopold II of the Habsburg Empire heavily involved at the start of the French Revolution?

demands of the Hungarian nobility for more power (USQRG:28,1,2)

740. What was the reaction of Whigs in London to the fall of the Bastille?

enthusiasm (USQRG:28,2,1)

741. What work did Edmund Burke publish in 1790? Reflections on the Revolution in France (USQRG:28,2,1)

742. What were Edmund Burkeʹs opinions regarding the French Revolution?

He believed that the ʺabstract rationalism of the Enlightenmentʺ marred the evolution of a nation by

undermining the monarchy and the church. (USQRG:28,2,1)

743. What occurred in 1789 in the Southern Netherlands? A rebellion drove Austrian forces out of the nation, and established a temporary republic. (USQRG:28,2,2)

744. Who wrote The Rights of Man? Thomas Paine (USQRG:28,2,2)



745. What was the subject of The Rights of Man? a defense of the French Revolution against the criticisms of Edmund Burke (USQRG:28,2,2)

746. Who mainly composed the political societies in Britain that supported the French Revolution?

artisans (USQRG:28,2,2)

747. What were the occupations of Mary Wollenstonecraft? a teacher and a writer (USQRG:28,2,3)

748. What was Mary Wollenstonecraftʹs opinion regarding the French Revolution?

She supported it, hoping it would lead to a republic with equality between the sexes. (USQRG:28,2,3)

749. To where did Mary Wollenstonecraft travel during the French Revolution?

France (USQRG:28,2,3)

750. Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women? Mary Wollenstonecraft (USQRG:29,1,0)

751. According to John Merriman, what prompted the writing of A Vindication of the Rights of Women?

the French National Assemblyʹs limiting of the right of education to men (USQRG:29,1,0)

752. What rights were demanded for women in A Vindication of the Rights of Women?

the right to vote and hold office (USQRG:29,1,0)

753. True/False: A Vindication of the Rights of Women was the first book published in Britain that demanded full political participation of women.

True; it began the struggle for womenʹs equality in Britain. (USQRG:29,1,0)

754. In which four European states were Jacobin supporters suppressed by the government?

Prussia, Austria, Naples, and Piedmont (USQRG; 29,1,1)

755. How did the British public react to the Revolution as it progressed?

with increased support for the monarchy and nobility, as well as anti‐French and anti‐Catholic sentiment (USQRG:29,1,1)

756. Who was the Prime Minister of Britain while the French Revolution unfolded?

Pitt the Younger (USQRG:29,1,1)

757. What three actions did the British government take in response to the development of popular politics in Britain?

It suspended freedom of association, the press, and assembly, and the writ of habeas corpus. (USQRG:29,2,0)

758. What were the ʺCoercion Actsʺ in Britain at the time of the French Revolution?

acts that allowed the arrest of those advocating parliamentary reform (USQRG:29,2,0)

759. Who was the brother of Marie Antoinette? Emperor Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire (USQRG:29,2,1)

760. Who was the king of Prussia during the French Revolution?

Frederick William II (USQRG:29,2,1)

761. Who put forth the Declaration of Pilnitz? Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II (USQRG:29,2,1)

762. What was the content of the Declaration of Pilnitz? It expressed concern for the French monarchy and it stated the interest of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire to see order

restored in France. (USQRG:29,2,1)

763. Who was Franceʹs minister of foreign affairs in 1792? General Charles François Dumouriez (USQRG:29,2,1)

764. Before the Revolution, what portion of the French army was composed of nobility?

85% (USQRG:29,2,1)

765. What was the opinion of Maximilien Robespierre in early 1792 regarding whether or not France should wage war on its neighboring countries?

He believed France should deal with domestic enemies before waging war on other nations. (USQRG:29,2,1)

766. Who encouraged the National Assembly to initiate war abroad in 1792?

General Charles François Dumouriez (USQRG:29,2,1)



767. What declaration did the French National Assembly make in April 1792?

It declared war on Austria. (USQRG:29,2,1)

768. What reason did the French National Assembly give for the foreign policy action it took in April 1792?

It feared Austria would attack France from the Southern Netherlands, which had recently been re‐invaded.

(USQRG:29,2,1)

769. What had devastated the French army before it initiated war abroad during the Revolution?

the desertion of two‐thirds of its officers (USQRG:29,2,1)

770. What was Prussiaʹs reaction to Franceʹs foreign policy action in April 1792?

It joined Austria in war against France. (USQRG:29,2,1)

771. How did the French fare against the Austrians and Prussians in 1792?

They suffered many defeats. (USQRG:29,2,1)

772. How did French foreign wars in 1792 affect bread prices?

They caused bread prices to rise. (USQRG:29,2,2)

773. According to John Merriman, how did foreign war affect the French monarchy?

It precipitated its doom. (USQRG:29,2,2)

774. What was the reaction of the French public to the progress of foreign wars in 1792?

It began to display greater animosity towards the monarchy and aristocracy. (USQRG:29,2,2)

775. What was the demand of the Parisian women who marched through the streets in April 1792?

the right to bear arms (USQRG:29,2,3)

776. What happened to the Tuileries palace on June 20, 1792?

It was stormed by a crowd of Parisians yelling, ʺTremble, tyrants! Here come the sans‐culottes!ʺ (USQRG:29,2,3)

777. What proclamation did the National Assembly issue on July 11, 1792?

The patrie, (homeland) was endangered, and all citizens should rally against enemies of liberty. (USQRG:29,2,3)

778. Who wrote ʺThe Marseillaiseʺ? Rouget de Lisle (USQRG:29,2,3)

779. For what army was ʺThe Marseillaiseʺ written? the Army of the Rhine (USQRG:29,2,3)

780. What action did the National Assembly take regarding ʺpassive citizensʺ in July 1792?

It encouraged voting sections to admit those who had been excluded because of tax requirements. (USQRG:29,2,3)

781. What song was the anthem of the French Revolution? ʺThe Marseillaiseʺ (USQRG:29,2,3)

782. What nations issued the Brunswick Manifesto? Austria and Prussia (USQRG:29,2,4)

783. What was the content of the Brunswick Manifesto? It threatened severe repercussions should the French royal family be harmed. (USQRG:29,2,4)

784. What was the reaction of the royal family to the events in the Tuileries Palace on August 10, 1792?

It took shelter in the Legislative Assembly after fleeing the palace. (USQRG:30,1,caption)

785. What was the Parisian response to the Brunswick Manifesto?

47 of its 48 sections demanded Louis XVI and his family be immediately deposed. (USQRG:30,1,0)

786. Who was named the commander of the National Guard on August 9, 1792?

Antoine‐Joseph Santierre (USQRG:30,1,0)

787. Approximately how many Swiss guards were killed on August 10, 1792?

600 (USQRG:30,1,0)

788. What happened to the Paris city council on August 9, 1792?

It was overthrown by radicals. (USQRG:30,1,0)



789. What was the reaction of the Legislative Assembly to the events of August 10, 1792?

It suspended the French monarchy and imprisoned the royal family. (USQRG:30,1,0)

790. What authority replaced the Paris city council on August 9, 1792?

the Commune of Paris (USQRG:30,1,0)

791. What was the occupation of Antoine‐Joseph Santierre prior to August 1792?

a brewer (USQRG:30,1,0)

792. Approximately how many people were killed during the September Massacres?

1,200 (USQRG:30,1,1)

793. Approximately how many priests were killed during the September Massacres?

225 (USQRG:30,1,1)

794. What French fortress was captured on September 2, 1792?

Verdun (USQRG:30,1,1)

795. What was the reaction of the sans‐culottes to the events of September 2, 1792?

They imprisoned many they suspected of plotting against the Revolution. (USQRG:30,1,1)

796. What sparked the September Massacres? rumors that prisoners were planning to break out of prison and attack the army from the rear (USQRG:30,1,1)

797. Who composed the army that stopped Austria and Prussiaʹs advance on September 20, 1792?

sans‐culottes and regular soldiers (USQRG:30,1,2)

798. Near what landmark were the Austrian and Prussian armies stopped on September 20, 1792?

the windmill of Valmy east of Châlons‐sur‐Marne (USQRG:30,1,2)

799. What did the French use to stop Austria and Prussiaʹs advance on September 20, 1792?

artillery barrages (USQRG:30,1,2)

800. What was Johann Wolfgang von Goetheʹs reaction to the events of September 20, 1792?

He wrote ʺFrom this time and place a new epoch is beginning.ʺ (USQRG:30,2,0)

801. How did an officer trained under the Old Regime describe the warfare of French revolutionary armies?

a ʺhellish tactic,ʺ with ʺfifty thousand savage beasts foaming at the mouth like cannibals, hurling themselves at top speed

upon soldiers whose courage has been excited by no passionʺ (USQRG:30,2,0)

802. What was the name of the new national assembly created in September 1792?

the National Convention (USQRG:30,2,1)

803. What franchise was permitted to select delegates to the new national assembly created in September 1792?

all men, regardless of property holdings (USQRG:30,2,1)

804. What was a possible reason for the low voter turnout in France in September 1792?

scare tactics used by radicals against royalists and moderates (USQRG:30,2,1)

805. What party dominated the 1792 elections in France? the Jacobins (USQRG:30,2,1)

806. What was the first act of the national assembly created in September 1792?

to unanimously abolish the monarchy and proclaim a republic (USQRG:30,2,1)

807. How did the French revolutionary armies fare against Prussia in October 1792?

They pushed Prussia back across the Rhine and entered Mainz on October 21. (USQRG:30,2,2)

808. Who led the French revolutionary army against the Austrians?


809. Where is Jemappes? in the Austrian Netherlands, north of Mons (USQRG:30,2,2)



810. Of what quality were the armaments possessed by the French revolutionary army?

poor (USQRG:30,2,2)

811. What event happened in the Austrian Netherlands on November 6, 1792?

the French Revolutionary army defeated the Austrians at Jemappes (USQRG:30,2,2)

812. What was the result of the events in the Austrian Netherlands on November 6, 1792?

The French quickly controlled all of the Austrian Netherlands. (USQRG:30,2,2)

813. What promise did the National Convention make on November 19, 1792?

to assist all people in Europe trying to ʺrecover their libertyʺ (USQRG:30,2,3)

814. What German city was captured by French troops in late 1792?

Frankfurt (USQRG:30,2,3)

815. What alpine province did the National Convention annex in late 1792?

Savoy (USQRG:30,2,3)

816. What action did the National Convention take on December 15, 1792?

It abolished all feudal dues and tithes in captured territories. (USQRG:30,2,3)

817. What Mediterranean city did French troops capture in September 1792?

Nice (USQRG:30,2,3)

818. To what kingdom did Savoy belong prior to the French Revolution?

Sardinia (USQRG:30,2,3)

819. How did the citizens of the Austrian Netherlands react to French occupation?

with little support, despite their previous uprisings against Austria (USQRG:30,2,3)

820. What reason did the National Convention give for the annexations it made in 1792?

It declared that the annexed lands were within the Franceʹs ʺnatural borders.ʺ (USQRG:30,2,3)

821. According to John Merriman, what was contradictory about the annexation decrees made by the National Convention in 1792?

They espoused self‐determination and national sovereignty while annexing parts of other nations. (USQRG:30,2,3)

822. How did the French begin to reorganize the Austrian Netherlands after invading them?

They established the French administrative structure and Jacobin clubs. (USQRG:30,2,3)

823. How did the governments of Britain and the Dutch Republic view the French occupation of the Austrian Netherlands?

They perceived it as threatening their interests. (USQRG:30,2,4)

824. What foreign policy action did the French National Convention take on February 1, 1793?

It declared war on Britain and the Dutch Republic. (USQRG:30,2,4)

825. What three nations joined the British and the Dutch Republic against the French in 1793?

Spain, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Kingdom of Naples (USQRG:30,2,4)

826. What was the name given the alliance of Britain, the Dutch Republic, Austria, and Prussia during the French Revolution?

the First Coalition (USQRG:30,2,4)

827. What discovery precipitated the trial of Louis XVI in 1793?

his correspondence with the Austrian government (USQRG:30,2,5)

828. For what offense was Louis XVI tried in 1793? treason (USQRG:30,2,5)

829. According to John Merriman, how did Louis XVI conduct himself during his trial?

with ʺgrace and dignityʺ (USQRG:30,2,5)



830. What request did Louis XVI make of the National Convention during his trial?

to take care of his family as he had tried to take care of France (USQRG:30,2,5)

831. True/False: The National Convention condemned Louis XVI to death by a very narrow margin.

True; but the majority ruled that ʺone cannot reign innocently.ʺ (USQRG:30,2,5)

832. Where was Louis XVI guillotined? the Place de la Révolution (now called the Place de la Concorde) (USQRG:31,1,0)

833. What was the reaction of the crowd that witnessed the death of Louis XVI?

a roar of approval (USQRG:31,1,0)

834. What power struggle divided France shortly after Louis XVIʹs execution?

that between the National Convention and the Paris Commune (USQRG:31,1,1)

835. On what date was Louis XVI guillotined? January 21, 1792 (USQRG:31,1,0)

836. What parties began to quarrel in France after Louis XVIʹs execution?

the Girondins and the Jacobins (USQRG:31,1,1)

837. With what cities in France were the Girondins associated?

port cities (USQRG:31,1,1)

838. With what economic policy were the Girondins associated?

economic liberalism (USQRG:31,1,1)

839. With what foreign policy were the Girondins associated?

aggressive expansion of foreign war and the Revolution (USQRG:31,1,1)

840. What power structure was favored by the Girondins? decentralized power, with less control in Paris (USQRG:31,1,1)

841. Where did the National Convention meet? in the Tuileries Hall (USQRG:31,1,1)

842. Where in the meeting hall of the National Convention did the Jacobins and their followers sit?

on the raised left side of the Hall (USQRG:31,1,1)

843. What nickname was given the far left at the time of the Jacobinsʹ quarrel with the Girondins?

ʺthe Mountainʺ (USQRG:31,1,1)

844. What nickname was given the followers of the Jacobins at the time of their quarrel with the Girondins?

Montagnards (USQRG:31,1,1)

845. Which political party gained the favor of the Parisian sans‐culottes after Louis XVIʹs execution?


846. What reason did the Jacobins give for insisting on a centralized power structure?

Centralized power was necessary to save the Revolution from internal treason and foreign defeat. (USQRG:31,1,1)

847. What did the Girondins believe regarding the progress of the Revolution in 1793?

It had gone far enough. (USQRG:31,1,1)

848. Of what did the Jacobins accuse the Girondins? secretly supporting monarchy (USQRG:31,2,0)

849. What was the Jacobinsʹ reaction to the progress of Franceʹs foreign while they were quarreling with the Girondins?

increased insecurity and paranoia (USQRG:31,2,1)

850. What happened in the Austrian Netherlands during March 1793?

The First Coalition defeated the French. (USQRG:31,2,1)

851. Who betrayed the French revolution after the battles of March 1793?




852. What caused General Charles François Dumouriez to flee in 1793?

Dumouriezʹs army refused to accompany him to Paris when he decided to betray the Revolution. (USQRG:31,2,1)

853. What were General Charles François Dumouriezʹs intentions regarding Louis XVIʹs son?

to have him crowned as King Louis XVII (USQRG:31,2,1)

854. Whom did General Charles François Dumouriez join after fleeing France?

French émigrés and the Austrians (USQRG:31,2,1)

855. What characterized the regions in which the French Counter‐Revolution began?

strong clerical influence despite the Civic Constitution of the Clergy (USQRG:31,2,2)

856. What territory did the First Coalition invade soon after the events in the Austrian Netherlands of March 1793?

the left bank of the Rhine River (USQRG:31,2,1)

857. In what month and year did the full‐scale Counter‐Revolution begin?

March 1793 (USQRG:31,2,2)

858. Where in France did the full‐scale Counter‐Revolution begin?

western France (USQRG:31,2,2)

859. In what month and year did the revolutionary government initiate the levée en masse?

August 1793 (USQRG:31,2,2)

860. What was the levée en masse? a mass conscription of the French (USQRG:31,2,2)

861. What was the name of the insurrection against the French Revolution in early 1793?

the Vendée (USQRG:31,2,2)

862. From what source did the insurrection of 1793 take its name?

the name of one of the more rebellious districts of France (USQRG:31,2,2)

863. What were the duties of young men during the levée en masse?

to go to battle (USQRG:31,2,2)

864. What duties were married men expected to assume during the levée en masse?

to create arms and transport supplies (USQRG:31,2,2)

865. What were the duties of old men during the levée en masse?

to be carried into public squares to ʺinspire the courage of warriors, and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the

Republicʺ (USQRG:32,1,0)

866. What fed the brutality of the struggle between the revolutionaries and counter‐revolutionaries in France during 1793?

mass executions and systematic pillage (USQRG:32,1,0)

867. What war resembled the struggle between revolutionaries and counter‐revolutionaries during the French Revolution?

the Thirty Yearsʹ War (USQRG:32,1,0)

868. How did the levée en masse affect the Counter‐Revolution?

It fueled the Counter‐Revolution because military conscription was unpopular. (USQRG:32,1,0)

869. Where in Europe was the Thirty Yearsʹ War fought? Central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire (USQRG:32,1,0)

870. What is bocage? hedgerow country (USQRG:32,1,1)

871. From what sort of regions were the counter‐revolutionaries south of the Loire River?

bocage (USQRG:32,1,1)

872. How did the tax burden of Brittany compare with that of the rest of France during the Old Regime?

It was lighter than that of the rest of France. (USQRG:32,1,1)



873. Why did the people of Brittany often detest the revolutionary government?

It had increased their taxes. (USQRG:32,1,1)

874. How much of an effect did the expansion of the market economy have on the elites of southern France?

very little effect (USQRG:32,1,1)

875. What three political structures did the ʺTerrorʺ use to achieve its ends?

special courts, prosecution of the disloyal, and laws that reduced the rights of the accused (USQRG:32,1,2)

876. Who established the ʺTerrorʺ? the National Convention (USQRG:32,1,2)

877. What judicial policy did the National Convention make on March 19, 1793?

It allowed armed insurgents to be immediately tried without a jury. (USQRG:32,1,2)

878. What economic policy did the National Convention establish in May 1793?

a price cap on grain (USQRG:32,1,2)

879. How many members were originally on the Committee of Public Safety?

9 (USQRG:32,1,2)

880. How did the National Convention begin to raise more funds for the war in early 1793?

It enacted a war tax with a special levy on the wealthy. (USQRG:32,1,2)

881. How many people were eventually on the Committee of Public Safety?

12 (USQRG:32,1,2)

882. What were the original intentions of the National Convention regarding the Constitution of 1791?

They wanted to replace it with the Constitution of 1793. (USQRG:32,1,2)

883. What was the result of the National Conventionʹs political and economic policies of early 1793?

They caused the Girondins to permanently break with the Jacobins. (USQRG:32,1,2)

884. What group oversaw the ʺTerrorʺ? the Committee of Public Safety (USQRG:32,1,2)

885. What did the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women demand?

laws against hoarding and citizenship for women (USQRG:32,1,3)

886. What exacerbated food shortages in summer 1793? military food requisitioning (USQRG:32,1,3)

887. What did the enragés demand? that bakers be punished for charging above the price cap for bread (USQRG:32,1,3)

888. What is the meaning of the term enragé? ʺenragedʺ (USQRG:32,1,3)

889. What happened in French provinces during the food hardships of 1793?

formation of more Jacobin clubs (USQRG:32,1,3)

890. What caused poor people to riot in 1793? high grain prices (USQRG:32,1,3)

891. What did the Parisian crowd cause the National Convention to do in June of 1793?

expel 29 Girondins (USQRG:32,1,4)

892. What reason was given for the actions of the National Convention toward certain Girondins in 1793?

The Girondins supposedly supported hoarders. (USQRG:32,1,4)

893. What did insurgents in Toulon do with a French fleet during summer 1793?

They turned over half of the fleet to the British. (USQRG:32,1,4)

894. From which social class was Charlotte Corday? the nobility (USQRG:32,1,4)

895. What happened to Jean‐Paul Marat in July 1793? He was stabbed to death in his bathtub. (USQRG:32,1,4)

896. What happened to tax revenue and French foreign trade in summer 1793?

Both fell by half. (USQRG:32,1,4)



897. How does John Merriman describe Louis Antoine Saint‐Just?

precocious and icy (USQRG:32,2,1)

898. Of which political group was Louis Antoine Saint‐Just? the Jacobins (USQRG:32,2,1)

899. Which two men assumed control of the ʺTerrorʺ as it progressed?

Maximilian Robespierre and Louis Antoine Saint‐Just (USQRG:32,2,1)

900. Why did Louis Antoine Saint‐Justʹs mother have him incarcerated?

He ran off with the family silver. (USQRG:32,2,1)

901. What were Louis Antoine Saint‐Justʹs words regarding lukewarm revolutionaries?

ʺThose who make revolutions by halves dig their own graves.ʺ (USQRG:32,2,1)

902. According to some historians, of what 20th‐century ideology was Maximilien Robespierre a precursor?

totalitarianism (USQRG:32,2,2)

903. What organization did Maximilien Robespierre lead? the Committee on Public Safety (USQRG:32,2,2)

904. What did Maximilien Robespierre believe regarding the popular movement behind the Revolution?

It threatened the orderly transformation of political life during the Revolution. (USQRG:32,2,2)

905. From whom did the Mountain derive much of its support?

the sans‐culottes (USQRG:32,2,2)

906. From what town was Maximilien Robespierreʹs family? Arras (USQRG:32,2,2)

907. Why did Maximilien Robespierre depend on scholarships for his education?

His father abandoned the family when Maximilien was young. (USQRG:32,2,2)

908. What was the occupation of Maximilien Robespierreʹs father?

a lawyer (USQRG:32,2,2)

909. For what honor was Maximilien Robespierre selected at age 11?

to read an address to the royal family in Latin at his school in Paris (USQRG:32,2,2)

910. What nickname did Parisian sans‐culottes give Maximilien Robespierre?

ʺthe Incorruptibleʺ (USQRG:33,1,1)

911. Of what profession was Maximilien Robespierre? a lawyer (USQRG:33,1,1)

912. How did the royal family offend Maximilien Robespierre in his early years?

They decided not to stay for Maximilien Robespierreʹs address at his school and ordered their carriage onward, splashing

Robespierre with mud. (USQRG:33,1,0)

913. For what sort of clients did Maximilien Robespierre frequently work?

poor clients (USQRG:33,1,1)

914. How did Parisians describe Maximilien Robespierreʹs speeches?

well‐organized, thoughtful, and colorless (USQRG:33,1,1)

915. What features of Maximilien Robespierreʹs appearance gave him an air of ʺprissinessʺ?

his immaculate clothing, small stature, pale skin, and powdered hair (USQRG:33,1,1)

916. What did Maximilien Robespierre believe could save the Revolution in 1793?

a ʺsingle willʺ of the nation (USQRG:33,1,1)

917. How did merchants and lawyers outside of Paris tend to view the radicalization of the Revolution?

They saw it as threatening their control over their political lives. (USQRG:33,1,2)

918. What was Franceʹs second‐largest city at the time of the Revolution?

Lyon (USQRG:33,1,2)



919. In what four places in France did the 1793 federalist revolts take place?

Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, and Caen (USQRG:33,1,2)

920. What happened to Lyon on October 9, 1793? It fell to Jacobin troops. (USQRG:33,1,2)

921. Which professions boasted members who were likely to engage in the federalist revolts of 1793?

merchants and lawyers (USQRG:33,1,2)

922. What did the ʺLaw of Suspectsʺ do to the accused? deprived them of their remaining rights (USQRG:33,1,3)

923. What sort of clubs did the National Convention specifically ban around the time of the ʺLaw of Suspectsʺ?

womenʹs clubs and organizations (USQRG:33,1,3)

924. Which political group did Olympe de Gouges support? the Girondins (USQRG:33,1,3)

925. Which two women were guillotined around the time of the ʺLaw of Suspectsʺ?

Olympe de Gouges and Marie Antoinette (USQRG:33,1,3)

926. What date was ʺday one, year oneʺ of the new revolutionary calendar?

September 22, 1792 (USQRG:33,1,4)

927. What is the meaning of the word ʺventôseʺ? ʺwindyʺ (USQRG:33,1,4)

928. How many days made up a week in the new revolutionary calendar?

10 (USQRG:33,1,4)

929. What is the meaning of the word ʺgerminalʺ? ʺthe buddingʺ (USQRG:33,1,4)

930. What religious campaign did the Jacobins begin in September 1793?

de‐Christianization (USQRG:33,1,6)

931. What did the Jacobins choose as the revolutionary symbol for liberty?

a woman (USQRG:33,1,5)

932. Why is the Jacobin symbol for liberty ironic? The Jacobins symbolized liberty with the image of a woman yet limited womenʹs rights. (USQRG:33,1,5)

933. What were the duties of the ʺrevolutionary armiesʺ of artisans and day laborers?

to guard food requisitioned by the military and melt down church bells for military use (USQRG:33,2,1)

934. Approximately how many people were killed during the ʺTerrorʺ?

11,000 to 18,000 (USQRG:33,2,2)

935. How did the Jacobins attempt to enact their religious campaign in September 1793?

They closed churches and removed public crosses. (USQRG:33,2,0)

936. What was the ultimate result of the Jacobinʹs religious campaign of September 1793?

It failed, even among those who supported the Revolution, and alienated the clergy that had sworn to the Civic

Constitution of the Clergy. (USQRG:33,2,0)

937. Who was responsible for maintaining order on behalf of the Convention outside of Paris?

ʺrepresentatives on missionʺ (USQRG:33,2,1)

938. How did the number of deaths from the Thirty Yearsʹ War compare with the number of deaths caused by the Committee of Public Safety?

Far more deaths resulted from the Thirty Yearsʹ War than from the Committee of Public Safety. (USQRG:33,2,2)

939. What percentage of the people killed during the Terror were nobles or clergymen?

15% (USQRG:33,2,2)

940. In what three parts of France were the majority of the people killed during the Terror arrested?

northern and eastern parts of France that had previously been occupied by other nations as well as western counter‐

revolutionary areas (USQRG:33,2,2)



941. Approximately how many ʺenemies of the Revolutionʺ were imprisoned during the Terror?

300,000 (USQRG:33,2,2)

942. What was done to several thousand prisoners during the winter of 1793 to 1794?

They were put in boats with holes in them and drowned in the Loire River. (USQRG:33,2,2)

943. How did French armies fare against Franceʹs neighbors in late 1793 and 1794?

They began to experience significant victories. (USQRG:33,2,3)

944. What two groups of people were killed in the largest numbers during the Terror?

artisans and peasants (USQRG:33,2,2)

945. Who was responsible for executing prisoners from Vendée in winter 1793?

a cruel official (USQRG:33,2,2)

946. What happened in the Austrian Netherlands in June 1794?

French armies forced the Austrians out of Belgium. (USQRG:34,2,3)

947. How did the progress of French foreign wars in 1794 affect the legitimacy of the Terror?

Victories undermined the claim that it was necessary to defend France from immediate external dangers.

(USQRG:34,1,0)

948. What progress did French armies make in Germany in 1794?

They reached the Rhine River and captured Mainz. (USQRG:34,1,0)

949. Who was the Marquis de Condorcet? a philosophe of the late Enlightenment (USQRG:34,2,caption)

950. What did Notre Dame become during the reign of the Terror?

a ʺtemple of reasonʺ (USQRG:34,1,2)

951. What happened to Savoy in 1794? A French army recaptured it from Sardinia. (USQRG:34,1,0)

952. From where was the Spanish army forced to retreat in 1794?

the Pyrenees (USQRG:34,1,0)

953. What did the enragés demand immediately before March 1794?

more economic controls and an intensification of the ʺde‐Christianizationʺ campaign (USQRG:34,1,1)

954. What happened to the enragés in March 1794? They were brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined. (USQRG:34,1,1)

955. Why were Danton and his followers labeled ʺthe Indulgentsʺ?

They believed the Terror was no longer necessary. (USQRG:34,1,1)

956. What did the Committee on Public Safety do to the Indulgents?

It guillotined them. (USQRG:34,1,1)

957. What happened to Maximilien Robespierre in May 1794?

He survived an assassination attempt. (USQRG:34,1,1)

958. What did Maximilien Robespierre establish as a ʺconstant reminder of justiceʺ to the republic?

the ʺCult of the Supreme Beingʺ (USQRG:34,1,2)

959. What name did Maximilien Robespierre give the republic he created during the Terror?

the ʺRepublic of Virtueʺ (USQRG:34,1,2)

960. What festival was celebrated in Paris in June 1794? the Festival of Reason (USQRG:34,1,2)

961. Who constructed the statues of Atheism and Anarchy for the festival in Paris during June 1794?

a painter, Jacques‐Louis David (USQRG:34,1,2)

962. What happened to the statues of Atheism and Anarchy during the festival in Paris in June 1794?

They were burnt to the ground. (USQRG:34,1,2)



963. Out of what material were the statues of Atheism and Anarchy at the June 1794 Parisian festival constructed?

pasteboard (USQRG:34,1,2)

964. What statue rose out of ashes during the Parisian festival in June 1794?

Wisdom (USQRG:34,1,2)

965. How was Liberty dressed at the Parisian festival in June 1794?

in a Phrygian cap, holding a pike (USQRG:34,1,2)

966. Who played Liberty at the Parisian festival in June 1794?

a popular female opera singer (USQRG:34,1,2)

967. What did Louis Antoine Saint‐Just remark about punishing traitors in 1794?

ʺWe must punish not merely traitors, but also the indifferent.ʺ (USQRG:34,1,2)

968. What did Liberty do at the Parisian festival in June 1794?

bowed to the flame of reason (USQRG:34,1,2)

969. For what reason was the Marquis de Condorcet arrested?

alleged counter‐revolutionary activity (USQRG:34,1,3)

970. In what year was Condorcet elected to the National Assembly?

1791 (USQRG:34,2,0)

971. What are the two possible causes of death of the Marquis de Condorcet?

apoplexy or suicide (USQRG:34,2,0)

972. What did the Marquis de Condorcet believe regarding womenʹs participation in the political process?

He considered women fully capable of participating in politics. (USQRG:34,2,0)

973. Against what two political practices did the Marquis de Condorcet campaign?

slavery and the death penalty (USQRG:34,2,0)

974. What sentences did the Marquis de Condorcet receive after he was arrested?

death (USQRG:34,1,3)

975. According to the preamble of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what three circumstances cause public calamities?

ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man (USQRG:34,2,1)

976. According to Article 2 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what are the natural and imprescriptible rights of man?

liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression (USQRG:35,1,2)

977. According to Article 2 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is the aim of all political association?

to preserve the natural rights of man (USQRG:35,1,2)

978. According to Article 3 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, where does the principle of all sovereignty reside?

in the nation (USQRG:35,1,3)

979. According to Article 4 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is liberty?

the freedom to do everything which injures no one else (USQRG:35,1,4)

980. According to Article 5 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what actions can law prohibit?

those that injure society (USQRG:35,1,5)

981. According to Article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, who has the right to participate in the founding of the law?

everyone (USQRG:35,1,6)



982. According to Article 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what shall happen to anyone soliciting, transmitting, or executing an arbitrary order?

He will be punished. (USQRG:35,1,7)

983. According to Article 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what must any citizen ʺsummoned or arrested in virtue of the lawʺ do?

comply without resistance (USQRG:35,2,0)

984. What provisions does Article 8 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen make regarding punishments?

The law shall provide only for punishments that are strictly and obviously necessary. (USQRG:35,2,1)

985. According to Article 8 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, under what sort of laws may citizens not be punished for committing offenses?

laws against their offenses made previous to their committing the offenses (USQRG:35,2,1)

986. What provisions does Article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen make regarding the treatment of the accused?

The accused shall not be treated with unnecessary harshness and are assumed innocent until proven guilty. (USQRG:35,2,2)

987. What does Article 10 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen prohibit?

persecution for an individualʹs opinions (USQRG:35,2,3)

988. According to Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is one of the most precious rights of man?

the ʺfree communication of ideas and opinionsʺ (USQRG:35,2,4)

989. According to Article 12 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, why are public military forces necessary?

to secure the rights of man and citizen (USQRG:35,2,5)

990. According to Article 12 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, for what end are public military forces NOT intended?

the personal advantage of their commanders (USQRG:35,2,5)

991. According to Article 13 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is necessary for public administration?

a ʺcommon contributionʺ (USQRG:35,2,6)

992. According to Article 13 the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, how should citizens be taxed?

proportionally to their income (USQRG:35,2,6)

993. What rights does Article 14 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen mandate regarding taxes?

All citizens must be able to have input on the necessity of taxes, the proportion by which people are taxed, the mode in

which taxes are collected, and the use of taxes. (USQRG:35,2,7)

994. According to Article 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what can society require of every public agent?

ʺan account of his administrationʺ (USQRG:35,2,8)

995. According to Article 16 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what sort of society has no constitution at all?

one ʺin which the observance of law is not assured, nor the separation of powers definedʺ (USQRG:35,2,9)

996. According to Article 17 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is an inviolable and sacred right?

property (USQRG:35,2,10)

997. According to Article 17 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, under what conditions may a citizen be deprived of his property?

if legally determined public necessity requires it (USQRG:35,2,10)



998. Who wrote Defining the Nation: The Abbé Gregoire and the Problem of Diversity in the French Revolution?

Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwell (USQRG:36,1,subtitle)

999. According to Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwell, for whom is the French Revolution a model?

revolutionaries worldwide (USQRG:36,1,1)

1000. During which years of the Revolution did a constitutional monarchy govern France?

1789 to 1792 (USQRG:36,1,1)

1001. During which years of the Revolution did a radical republic govern France?

1792 to 1794 (USQRG:36,1,1)

1002. How did Napoleon Bonaparte view his regime in relation to Enlightenment ideas?

He believed he embodied ideals such as liberty, equality, and fraternity. (USQRG:36,1,1)

1003. What modern political ideologies have origins in Napoleon Bonaparteʹs campaigns?

nationalism and liberalism (USQRG:36,1,1)

1004. According to Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwell, what concept did Abbé Gregoire use to understand how to unite the French people?

ʺregenerationʺ (USQRG:36,1,3)

1005. According to Sepinwell, what was one of the most important shifts that characterized the transition from monarchical to democratic governments in Europe?

the shift from people being subjects of a king to citizens of a nation (USQRG:36,2,1)

1006. What was the occupation of Henri Gregoire? a priest (USQRG:36,2,2)

1007. According to Sepinwell, what was the greatest challenge facing the French Revolutionaries in creating a nation?

reconciling diverse races, religions, and interests into one nation (USQRG:36,2,1)

1008. What sort of countryside surrounds Emberménil? rolling hills (USQRG:36,2,2)

1009. In what town was Henri Gregoire born? Vého (USQRG:36,2,2)

1010. What was the parish seat of the area in which Henri Gregoire was born?

Emberménil (USQRG:36,2,2)

1011. What was the name of Henri Gregoireʹs father? Bastien Gregoire (USQRG:36,2,2)

1012. What was the occupation of Henri Gregoireʹs parents? They were artisans. (USQRG:36,2,2)

1013. What enabled Henri Gregoire to pursue an education past the age of eight?

He was a good student and received a scholarship from the clergy. (USQRG:36,2,2)

1014. In what year was Henri Gregoire ordinated as a priest? 1775 (USQRG:36,2,2)

1015. What was Henri Gregoireʹs occupation at the time of his ordination?

teacher of humanities at the seminary (USQRG:36,2,2)

1016. What was Henri Gregoireʹs occupation directly after his ordination?

a vicaire, or parish priest who served several communities (USQRG:36,2,3)

1017. In what district did Henri Gregoire work right after his ordination?

Chateau‐Salins (USQRG:36,2,3)

1018. How did Henri Gregoireʹs first job after his ordination affect his political views?

It crystallized his distaste for the oppression of peasants under the Old Regime. (USQRG:36,2,3)

1019. What was the gabelle? a salt tax (USQRG:36,2,3)



1020. What happened to a poor 84‐year‐old while Henri Gregoire was serving in Chateau‐Salins?

The man was imprisoned for trying to dry his own salt. (USQRG:36,2,3)

1021. How did Henri Gregoire interact with the poor 84‐year‐old in Chateau‐Salins prior to the manʹs death?

He gave the man his last rites. (USQRG:36,2,3)

1022. What were Henri Gregoireʹs ambitions outside of the priesthood?

to become a famous intellectual (USQRG:36,2,4)

1023. With whom did Henri Gregoire associate while in the seminary?

Lorraine aristocrats (USQRG:36,2,4)

1024. What was the subject of the contest held by the Academy Nancy in 1773?

the importance of poetry (USQRG:36,2,4)

1025. Who won the contest held by the Academy Nancy in 1773?

Henri Gregoire (USQRG:36,2,4)

1026. What caused Henri Gregoire to take interest in the status of Jews?

He joined a philanthropic society in Strasbourg. (USQRG:36,2,4)

1027. Whom did Henri Gregoire befriend during his time at the seminary in Alsace?

influential Protestants (USQRG:36,2,4)

1028. What position did Henri Gregoire express regarding Jews in an essay contest in 1778?

limited toleration (USQRG:37,1,0)

1029. Why are scholars unsure of Henri Gregoireʹs position regarding Jews in 1778?

His essay on the subject has been lost. (USQRG:37,1,0)

1030. What did Henri Gregoire assert regarding the funding of the clergy in an anonymous essay in 1778?

A poor clergy would be just as effective as a rich one. (USQRG:37,1,2)

1031. What position did Henri Gregoire achieve in 1782? the curé of Emberménil (USQRG:37,1,1)

1032. What effort did Henri Gregoire make to improve the parish of Emberménil?

He established a library. (USQRG:37,1,1)

1033. Why were public libraries controversial among Catholic priests in the 18th‐century?

Priests believed that only the clergy should be allowed to read the Bible and that other books were a waste of time.

(USQRG:37,1,1)

1034. Who was Henri Gregoireʹs predecessor in Emberménil? Gregoireʹs teacher (USQRG:37,1,1)

1035. How did conservative clerics react to Henri Gregoireʹs efforts to improve Emberménil?

Most complained about his innovations. (USQRG:37,1,2)

1036. What was the topic of the essay contest Henri Gregoire entered in 1787?

ʺAre there ways of making the Jews more useful and happier in France?ʺ (USQRG:37,1,3)

1037. What academy sponsored the essay contest Henri Gregoire entered in 1787?

the Academy of Metz (USQRG:37,1,3)

1038. What did Henri Gregoire believe had corrupted the Jews?

Gentile persecution and the teachings of the rabbis (USQRG:37,1,3)

1039. What was the title of the essay Henri Gregoire submitted to a contest in 1787?

Essai sur la régeneration physique, morale et politique des juifs (USQRG:37,1,3)

1040. Prior to the middle of the 18th‐century, what was the medical meaning of the word ʺregenerationʺ?

repair of injured body parts (USQRG:37,1,4)

1041. What did the term ʺregenerationʺ mean during the French Revolution?

making people anew through moral, political, and physical changes (USQRG:37,1,4)



1042. What were the theological meanings of the word ʺregenerationʺ?

baptism and resurrection (USQRG:37,1,4)

1043. What science secularized the word ʺregenerationʺ? natural history (USQRG:37,1,4)

1044. What scientist developed the notion of the ʺdegenerationʺ of a species?

Comte Georges‐Louis Leclerc de Buffon (USQRG:37,1,4)

1045. What was the political effect of the notion of the ʺdegenerationʺ of species?

It sparked discussion of the ʺdegenerationʺ of French society. (USQRG:37,1,4)

1046. How did Henri Gregoireʹs prize‐winning 1787 essay affect his reputation?

He became known as ʺthe friend of the Jews.ʺ (USQRG:37,1,5)

1047. According to Henri Gregoire, what would happen to Catholics born into the same circumstances as Jews?

They would become ʺjust like [Jews].ʺ (USQRG:37,2,0)

1048. How did Henri Gregoire describe the teachings of the Talmud?

ʺridiculousʺ (USQRG:37,2,0)

1049. With whom did Henri Gregoire share first prize for a 1787 essay contest?

Claude‐Antoine Thiéry and Zalkind Hourwitz (USQRG:38,1,1)

1050. Of what did Henri Gregoire warn his readers in a 1787 essay?

the speed at which Jews were ʺmultiplyingʺ (USQRG:37,2,0)

1051. What did Henri Gregoire hope would happen if Jews were treated humanely?

They would convert to Christianity. (USQRG:37,2,0)

1052. According to Henri Gregoire, what effect did Jews have on peasants?

They drove peasants to immorality. (USQRG:37,2,0)

1053. For Henri Gregoire, what was the goal of ʺtoleratingʺ a group?

to encourage a group to lose its own culture and conform (USQRG:38,1,0)

1054. In what way was Henri Gregoireʹs model of regeneration ʺinclusive and liberatingʺ?

It implied all people belonged to the same family and no one was inherently defective. (USQRG:38,1,0)

1055. What was the occupation of Claude‐Antoine Thiéry? a lawyer (USQRG:38,1,1)

1056. What was the occupation of Zalkind Hourwitz? a writer ()

1057. How did Zalkind Hourwitz respond to the topic of the 1787 essay contest for which Henri Gregoire wrote Essai sur la régeneration physique, morale et politique des juifs?

He argued that Christians who persecuted Jews needed regeneration rather than Jews themselves. (USQRG:38,1,1)

1058. Of what religious faith was Claude‐Antoine Thiéry? Protestantism (USQRG:38,1,1)

1059. What happened to Henri Gregoire at the beginning of the French Revolution?

He was elected to the Estates General. (USQRG:38,1,1)

1060. Of what religious faith was Zalkind Hourwitz? Judaism (USQRG:38,1,1)

1061. What two meteorological disasters destroyed the French grain crop of 1788?

drought and hailstorms (USQRG:38,1,2)

1062. What did Henri Gregoire persuade the lower clergy in the Estates General to do?

join the Third Estate (USQRG:38,1,4)

1063. What characteristics of Henri Gregoire garnered him a following in the Estates General?

his youthfulness and talent as an orator (USQRG:38,1,4)



1064. What sort of social gatherings did Henri Gregoire enjoy while he was a deputy to the Estates General?

dining out, classes, lectures, plays, and parties (USQRG:38,2,0)

1065. To what positions was Henri Gregoire elected in the National Constituent Assembly?

secretary and president (USQRG:38,2,0)

1066. With what political group in the National Assembly was Henri Gregoire affiliated?


1067. True/False: Gregoireʹs participation in the Estates General initially garnered him fame and admiration.

True; he became a popular person at parties. (USQRG:38,2,0)

1068. According to recent study, what characterized the atmosphere in which the political choices of 1789 were made?

hot political contest rather than thoughtful reflection (USQRG:38,2,1)

1069. How does older scholarship view the political choices made in France in 1789?

as a preplanned effort to implement Enlightenment ideas (USQRG:38,2,1)

1070. According to recent scholarship, why did the framers of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen use universalistic language?

to ensure their own legal equality and eliminate the privileges of the Old Regime (USQRG:38,2,2)

1071. How did many minorities in France react to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

They petitioned for equal rights under the Declaration. (USQRG:38,2,3)

1072. What sort of minority groups responded to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

peasants, actors, Jews‐‐almost all (USQRG:38,2,3)

1073. In what sort of language were the petitions sent to the National Assembly in 1789 framed?

the language of the assembly (USQRG:38,2,3)

1074. Whom did Henri Gregoire meet in Paris that influenced his opinion on abolition?

abolitionists and mixed‐race Haitian property owners (USQRG:39,1,1)

1075. What were the two primary agricultural products of the French colonial system?

coffee and sugar (USQRG:39,1,1)

1076. Approximately how many slaves toiled on Saint‐Domingue at the time of the French Revolution?

500,000 (USQRG:39,1,1)

1077. Of what slavery conditions did Henri Gregoire learn in Paris?

the nasty conditions of the Middle Passage and slavery in Saint‐Domingue (USQRG:39,1,1)

1078. Of what abolitionist society was Henri Gregoire a member?

the Society of the Friends of the Blacks (USQRG:39,2,caption)

1079. In 1789, which revolutionaries objected to the concept of passive citizenship?

Maximilien Robespierre and Henri Gregoire (USQRG:39,1,3)

1080. To whom did the term ʺgens de couleurʺ refer? people of mixed race (USQRG:39,1,2)

1081. According to Henri Gregoire, what is the ʺcrucial ingredientʺ of citizenship?

patriotism (USQRG:39,1,3)

1082. What decision did Henri Gregoire make regarding French colonies in fall 1789?

They needed regeneration as much as the mainland. (USQRG:39,1,2)

1083. How did Henri Gregoire propose to revitalize the French colonies?

by instituting racial equality (USQRG:39,1,2)

1084. How did Henri Gregoire react to the complaints of mixed‐race property owners about their disenfranchisement?

He condemned the ʺaristocracy of color.ʺ (USQRG:39,1,2)



1085. How did the majority of the National Assembly view Henri Gregoireʹs ideas regarding racial equality?

They viewed his ideas as too radical. (USQRG:39,1,2)

1086. True/False: Henri Gregoire was heavily involved in the effort towards full citizenship for Jews.

False; he turned his efforts elsewhere after 1789 and was not very outspoken regarding their plight. (USQRG:39,2,0)

1087. What are Ashkenazi Jews? Jews of eastern European origin (USQRG:39,2,0)

1088. What do Henri Gregoireʹs actions as a member of the National Assembly suggest about his commitment to Jewish equality?

It was only part of a larger platform. (USQRG:39,2,0)

1089. According to Henri Gregoire, who was responsible for the situation of Ashkenazi Jews?

the Ashkenazi Jews themselves (USQRG:39,2,0)

1090. How did Henri Gregoire view the multicultural citizenship favored by the Ashkenazi Jews?

He thought it was absurd. (USQRG:40,1,0)

1091. What did Henri Gregoire view as key to the ʺregenerationʺ of people of other races?

interracial marriage (USQRG:40,1,1)

1092. How had interracial marriage been made degenerate during the Old Regime?

Colonists had forced themselves on slaves. (USQRG:40,1,1)

1093. What laws were made regarding interracial marriage in the Old Regime?

Men were punished for marrying women of other races, but not for having affairs with them. (USQRG:40,1,1)

1094. According to Henri Gregoire, who benefited from interracial marriage?

people of non‐European descent (USQRG:40,1,1)

1095. What were Henri Gregoireʹs early views regarding granting citizenship to slaves?

He opposed extending citizenship rights to slaves. (USQRG:40,1,2)

1096. During his time at the National Assembly, what did Henri Gregoire believe was necessary to incorporate former slaves into the nation?

a ʺlong period of moral regenerationʺ (USQRG:40,1,2)

1097. What were Henri Gregoireʹs views regarding country dwellers?

They needed ʺregeneration.ʺ (USQRG:40,1,4)

1098. What were patois? regional dialects in France (USQRG:40,1,4)

1099. How did Henri Gregoire propose to eliminate racial prejudice?

by blending races (USQRG:40,1,1)

1100. What did Henri Gregoire ask in his 1790 questionnaires?

how to eliminate patois (USQRG:40,1,3)

1101. To what did Henri Gregoire attribute the riots in southwestern France in 1790?

ʺlanguage confusionʺ (USQRG:40,1,3)

1102. With what did Henri Gregoire want to provide the French peasantry?

learning from the cities (USQRG:40,1,3)

1103. How did Henri Gregoireʹs views on the implementation of universal rights differ from those of his colleagues at the National Assembly?

He wanted universal rights to be granted immediately to almost every man. (USQRG:40,1,4)

1104. What was Henri Gregoireʹs vision of a ʺperfectly regeneratedʺ French citizen?

ʺFrench speaking, enlightened, Christian, and light‐skinnedʺ (USQRG:40,2,0)

1105. Which individuals did Henri Gregoire believe could never become full French citizens?

women (USQRG:40,2,1)



1106. How did Henri Gregoire justify his beliefs regarding womenʹs citizenship rights?

He emphasized the ʺnatural differencesʺ between men and women. (USQRG:40,2,1)

1107. Whom did Henri Gregoire consider his ʺadopted motherʺ?

Mme Dubois (USQRG:40,2,2)

1108. Who was Henri Gregoireʹs closest friend? Mme Dubois (USQRG:40,2,2)

1109. When did Henri Gregoire first meet his ʺadopted motherʺ?

during the first year of the Revolution (USQRG:40,2,2)

1110. True/False: Mme Dubois was married when she met Henri Gregoire.

True; Henri Gregoire lived with Dubois and her family. (USQRG:40,2,2)

1111. Who found Henri Gregoire a place in the Dubois home?

his mother (USQRG:40,2,2)

1112. Who accompanied Henri Gregoire to Paris when he was elected to the Estates General?

his mother (USQRG:40,2,2)

1113. Why was Henri Gregoire close to his adopted mother? He was an only child who was not close with his extended family. (USQRG:40,2,2)

1114. How did Henri Gregoire describe Mme Dubois? as ʺone of the most virtuous peopleʺ he knew (USQRG:40,2,2)

1115. How did Henri Gregoire view most women? as frivolous and immoral (USQRG:40,2,3)

1116. How did Henri Gregoire describe white women from French cities and French colonies?

ʺshameless, brazen, and cynicalʺ (USQRG:40,2,4)

1117. In what way did Henri Gregoireʹs contemporaries believe women were superior to men?

They believed women had superior moral qualities. (USQRG:40,2,3)

1118. What qualities did Henri Gregoireʹs contemporaries believe women lacked?

intellectual capabilities equal to those of men (USQRG:40,2,3)

1119. For what did Henri Gregoire blame women in 1792? the ʺmoral degradation of childrenʺ (USQRG:40,2,4)

1120. How did Henri Gregoireʹs ideas differ from those who promoted ʺseparate spheresʺ for women and men?

He was far more antifeminist than his contemporaries and did not believe women had good moral quality. (USQRG:40,2,3)

1121. What duties did Henri Gregoire assign to women in order to further the Revolution?

rediscovering their mothering instincts and making their children good revolutionaries (USQRG:40,2,4)

1122. Whom did Henri Gregoire believe were using gullible women to subvert the Revolution?

Catholic counterrevolutionaries (USQRG:40,2,4)

1123. On what did the revolutionary idea of universalism depend?

homogenization (USQRG:41,1,0)

1124. How did Julien Raimond respond to Henri Gregoireʹs idea of regeneration?

He argued that people of different races deserved the same immediate rights as everyone else and did not need

regeneration. (USQRG:41,1,1)

1125. Of what descent was Julien Raimond? African (USQRG:41,1,1)

1126. How did the Jews of Bordeaux respond to Henri Gregoireʹs idea of regeneration?

Their regeneration should not differ from that of the ʺentire Kingdom.ʺ (USQRG:41,1,1)

1127. How did patois speakers respond to Henri Gregoireʹs idea of regeneration?

They maintained that they did not need to change their language to join the nation. (USQRG:41,1,1)

1128. What does Article I of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman state?

ʺWoman is born and lives equal to man in her rights.ʺ (USQRG:41,1,1)



1129. To whom did the National Assembly offer citizenship rights in December 1789?

Protestants and actors (USQRG:41,1,2)

1130. How did National Assembly respond to Henri Gregoireʹs idea of regeneration?

The National assembly adopted it in its model for granting citizenship rights to minority groups. (USQRG:41,1,1)

1131. To whom did the National Assembly grant rights in January 1790?

assimilated Jews in southwest France (USQRG:41,1,2)

1132. How many years did the National Assembly take to offer citizenship rights to all Jews?

two (USQRG:41,1,2)

1133. In what month and year did the National Assembly begin to extend citizenship rights to free gens de couleur?

May 1791 (USQRG:41,1,2)

1134. What criterion was initially necessary for French citizenship among the gens de couleur?

Their parents had to be free. (USQRG:41,2,0)

1135. To whom did the National Assembly extend citizenship rights in April 1792?

all free blacks and people of mixed race (USQRG:41,2,0)

1136. Until what year did the National Assembly sustain the category of ʺpassive citizensʺ?

1792 (USQRG:41,2,0)

1137. How did Henri Gregoireʹs colleagues react to his views on patios‐speakers?

Many agreed with him. (USQRG:41,2,0)

1138. Whom did Camille Desmoulins quote while describing regeneration in 1789?

St. Paul (USQRG:41,2,1)

1139. True/False: The National Assembly eventually extended citizenship rights to women.

False; most of the National Assembly agreed with Henri Gregoire that women would never be eligible for citizenship.

(USQRG:41,2,0)

1140. To what action did Camille Desmoulins compare regeneration in 1789?

baptism (USQRG:41,2,1)

1141. Who wrote ʺSlavery and the Haitian Revolutionʺ? Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt (USQRG:41,1,3,subtitle)

1142. Approximately how many Caucasians lived in Saint‐Domingue prior to the French Revolution?

32,000 (USQRG:41,1,3)

1143. Approximately many free people of African descent lived in Saint‐Domingue prior to the French Revolution?

28,000 (USQRG:41,1,3)

1144. What portion of the plantation property of Saint‐Domingue belonged to free Africans?

one third (USQRG:41,1,3)

1145. What portion of the slaves in Saint‐Domingue belonged to free Africans?

one fourth (USQRG:41,1,3)

1146. What code prescribed punishments for slaves who resisted their masters in Saint‐Domingue?

the Code noir (USQRG:41,2,4)

1147. What composed the Code noir? a series of royal edicts (USQRG:41,2,4)

1148. In what year was the most important edict of the Code noir created?

1685 (USQRG:41,2,4)

1149. What were Maroons? runaway slaves (USQRG:41,2,3)



1150. Who could practice medicine and hold public office in Saint Domingue?

only people of European descent (USQRG:41,2,4)

1151. Who created the most important edict of the Code noir? Louis XIV (USQRG:41,2,4)

1152. Why were French slaveholders interested in learning more about their slavesʹ backgrounds?

to protect their investments in their plantations (USQRG:41,2,4)

1153. Who published a two‐volume work on life in Saint Domingue in the 1780s?

Médéric‐Louis‐Elie Moreau de Saint‐Méry (USQRG:41,2,4)

1154. What features of slave life were particularly worrisome to French slaveholders?

voodoo, the many people of mixed race, runaway slaves, and the threat of being poisoned by their slaves (USQRG:41,2,4)

1155. Why did planters look back on pre‐1789 conditions during the French Revolution?

to understand how slavery could have been better organized (USQRG:41,2,4)

1156. How did the white residents of Saint Domingue respond to the creation of a National Assembly in France?

They sent delegates to France and demanded representation. (USQRG:42,1,1)

1157. How did the people of mixed race in Saint Domingue respond to the creation of a National Assembly in France?

They sent delegates to France and demanded representation. (USQRG:42,1,1)

1158. How did radical journalists in Paris react to the National Assemblyʹs proposals for abolition?

They adopted the cause and pushed for abolition and positive views of people of African descent. (USQRG:42,1,1)

1159. What feminist playwright promoted abolition? Olympe de Gouges (USQRG:42,1,1)

1160. How did some white planters in Saint Domingue react to the increasing expectations of people of African descent in the colony?

They mounted a counterattack to abolitionist propositions and contemplated secession. (USQRG:42,1,2)

1161. What report did the royal governor of Saint Domingue make regarding the colonyʹs slaves in October 1789?

They adopted the revolutionary cockade and seemed to intend to demand liberty and equality. (USQRG:42,1,2)

1162. What proposition did the National Assembly make in March 1790 to quiet unrest in Saint Domingue?

to exempt the colonies from the Constitution (USQRG:42,1,4)

1163. What did the March 1790 decree of the National Assembly say regarding the rights of free blacks?

Nothing‐‐it neglected to give them rights. (USQRG:42,1,4)

1164. Which nationʹs views on slavery provided political ammunition for slaveholders in Saint Domingue?

the United States (USQRG:42,1,3)

1165. How many people of mixed race rebelled in Saint Domingue in October 1790?

350 (USQRG:42,2,0)

1166. Who quelled the rebellion in Saint Domingue in October 1790?

French troops and planter militia (USQRG:42,2,0)

1167. What was James Ogéʹs role in the rebellion in Saint Domingue in October 1790?

a leader (USQRG:42,2,0)

1168. What happened to the leaders of the rebellion in Saint Domingue in February 1791?

They were executed. (USQRG:42,2,0)

1169. Who pressured the National Assembly to grant rights to free people of mixed race on May 15, 1791?

the abbé Gregoire (USQRG:42,2,0)

1170. How did white colonists react to the decree of the National Assembly on May 15, 1791?

They angrily refused to allow the law to be applied. (USQRG:42,2,0)



1171. Approximately how many free blacks were affected by the decree of the National Assembly on May 15, 1791?

a few hundred (USQRG:42,2,0)

1172. On what date did the slaves of Saint Domingue first rebel?

August 22, 1791 (USQRG:42,2,1)

1173. How did the National Assembly react to the slave rebellion in Saint Domingue?

It rescinded the rights it had granted to free blacks and people of mixed race on September 24, 1791. (USQRG:42,1,1)

1174. What manufacturing industry in France depended on the slave trade?

shipbuilding (USQRG:41,1,3)

1175. In what four ways did most of the slaves of Saint Domingue respond to the decree of the National Assembly on September 24, 1791?

They took up arms, burned down plantations, attacked towns, and killed white slave owners. (USQRG:42,2,1)

1176. What did the Legislative Assembly do regarding the rights of people of African descent on March 28, 1792?

It reinstated the political rights of free blacks and people of mixed race, but did nothing about slavery. (USQRG:42,2,1)

1177. Whom did the Legislative Assembly send to Saint Domingue in the fall of 1792?

two agents who took charge of putting down the slave revolt (USQRG:42,2,2)

1178. With which countries did rebel slaves in Saint Domingue make agreements in order to gain freedom?

England and Spain (USQRG:42,2,2)

1179. What did the British and Spanish promise colonial slaves who joined the army?

freedom (USQRG:42,2,2)

1180. True/False: The British and the Spanish supported abolition during the French Revolution.

False; however, they disliked the French. (USQRG:42,2,2)

1181. What was the reaction of the French colonial government of Saint Domingue to the threat of rebel slaves in 1793?

It abolished slavery in fall 1793. (USQRG:43,1,0)

1182. How did the National Convention view the actions of the colonial government of Saint Domingue in fall 1793?

It denounced the colonial abolition of slavery in Saint Domingue as a conspiracy to help the British. (USQRG:43,1,0)

1183. What was the reaction of many people of mixed race to the decree of the National Convention on February 4, 1794?

They opposed the decree because they themselves owned slaves. (USQRG:43,2,0)

1184. What happened to the economy of Saint Domingue from 1792 to 1794?

It collapsed. (USQRG:43,2,0)

1185. Approximately how many Caucasians fled Saint Domingue for France or the United States early in the Revolution?

a few thousand (USQRG:43,2,0)

1186. How did many local authorities react to the National Conventionʹs decree of February 4, 1794?

They either disregarded it or renamed slavery ʺforced laborʺ. (USQRG:43,2,1)

1187. Who took control of plantations in the zones occupied by Toussaint LʹOuverture?

army officers (USQRG:43,2,1)

1188. True/False: Toussaint LʹOuverture was illiterate. False; though a slave, he learned to read and write. (USQRG:43,2,1)

1189. What action did Napoleon Bonaparte take regarding slavery in 1802?

He reestablished slavery and the slave trade in the remaining French colonies. (USQRG:43,2,1)



1190. What happened to slaves on the large estates in zones controlled by Toussaint LʹOuverture?

They were forced to continue working under military discipline. (USQRG:43,2,1)

1191. What fraction of 1789 output levels did plantations in Saint Domingue produce in 1800?

one fifth (USQRG:43,2,1)

1192. How did Napoleon Bonaparte attempt to enforce his will in Saint Domingue?

He sent many French soldiers to the colony. (USQRG:43,2,1)

1193. Where did Toussaint LʹOuverture die? in a French prison (USQRG:43,2,1)

1194. What happened to the slave revolt on Saint Domingue after Toussaint LʹOuverture was captured?

It continued and was successful. (USQRG:43,2,1)

1195. In what year was Haiti established? 1804 (USQRG:43,2,1)

1196. What were the main causes of death for French soldiers in Saint Domingue?

disease and fighting (USQRG:43,2,1)

1197. Approximately how many French soldiers were killed during the slave revolt on Saint Domingue?

a few thousand (USQRG:43,2,1)

1198. How did Americans react to the slave revolt on Saint Domingue?

with much concern (USQRG:43,2,2)

1199. Who wrote, ʺWhat was Revolutionary about the French Revolutionʺ?

Robert Darnton (USQRG:43,1,subtitle)

1200. What did Alfred Coban call the French Revolution? a ʺmythʺ (USQRG:43,2,4)

1201. What was the nationality of Alfred Coban? British (USQRG:43,2,4)

1202. How do many historians view the abolition of feudalism in the French Revolution?

Feudalism had ended long before it was formally abolished. (USQRG:43,2,4)

1203. According to Robert Darnton, why did the French build the Eiffel Tower?

to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Revolution (USQRG:43,2,5)

1204. How does Robert Darnton respond to Alfred Cobanʹs dismissal of the Revolution?

ʺMyths can move mountains.ʺ (USQRG:43,2,5)

1205. How does Robert Danton characterize the spirit of the French Revolution?

the energy to rebuild a new world from the ruins of 1789 (USQRG:44,1,1)

1206. To whom was November 25 dedicated prior to the French Revolution?

Saint Catherine (USQRG:44,2,2)

1207. What two examples does Robert Darnton give of significant upheavals in France prior to the Revolution?

the bubonic plague and 16th‐century religious wars (USQRG:44,1,4)

1208. According to Robert Darnton, what was the standard definition of the word ʺrevolutionʺ in the 18th‐century?

ʺthe return of a planet or star to the point from which it startedʺ (USQRG:44,1,4)

1209. According to Robert Darnton, why did the French lack a political vocabulary before 1789?

politics took place at Versailles (USQRG:44,1,5)

1210. Under the Revolutionary calendar, how many weeks were in a month?

3 (USQRG:44,2,1)

1211. Under the Revolutionary calendar, how many months were in a year?

12 (USQRG:44,2,1)

1212. What were jours sans‐culottides? national holidays made from the days left over in the year (USQRG:44,2,1)



1213. What were the names of the five jours sans‐culottides? Virtue, Genius, Labor, Opinion, and Rewards (USQRG:44,2,1)

1214. To whom was November 22 devoted before the French Revolution?

Saint Cecilia (USQRG:44,2,2)

1215. True/False: Robert Darnton believes that few people are truly able to assimilate and understand the change entailed by the French Revolution.

True; he asserts that most of us can only accept that sort of change in the abstract. (USQRG:44,1,2)

1216. What examples does Robert Darnton give of times when ʺthings fall apartʺ in the lives of most people?

divorce, death, or the ʺsudden obliteration of something that seemed immutable, like the roof over our headsʺ

(USQRG:44,1,2)

1217. Until what year did the French use the Revolutionary calendar?

1805 (USQRG:44,1,6)

1218. What example does Robert Darnton give of ways in which the French Revolution affected everyone in France?

the Revolutionary calendar (USQRG:44,1,6)

1219. What replaced saintsʹ days in the Revolutionary calendar?

days devoted to aspects of rural life (USQRG:44,2,2)

1220. Under the French Revolutionary calendar, to what was November 22 devoted?

turnips (USQRG:44,2,2)

1221. Under the French Revolutionary calendar, to what was November 25 devoted?

pigs (USQRG:44,2,2)

1222. What was the first day of the week under the French Revolutionary calendar?

primidi (USQRG:44,2,2)

1223. What name was given the 10th day of the week under the French Revolutionary calendar?

décadi (USQRG:44,2,2)

1224. Prior to the French Revolution, to whom was November 30 dedicated?

Saint Andrew (USQRG:44,2,2)

1225. Under the French Revolutionary calendar, to what object was November 30 dedicated?

the pick (USQRG:44,2,2)

1226. From what two sources did the months of the French Revolutionary calendar derive their names?

the weather and the seasons (USQRG:44,2,2)

1227. What month preceded Nivôse in the French Revolutionary calendar?

Brumaire (USQRG:44,2,2)

1228. What month followed Nivôse in the French Revolutionary calendar?

Pluviôse (USQRG:44,2,2)

1229. What does ʺNivôseʺ mean? the ʺmonth of snowʺ (USQRG:44,2,2)

1230. What does ʺFrimaireʺ mean? the ʺmonth of coldʺ (USQRG:44,2,2)

1231. What month preceded the month of fog in the French Revolutionary calendar?

Frimaire (USQRG:44,2,2)

1232. What system of measurement was adopted during the French Revolution?

the metric system (USQRG:44,2,3)

1233. How did the French define a meter in 1795? one ten‐millionth of the arc between the North Pole and the Equator (USQRG:44,2,3)



1234. Why did French citizens dislike the new calendar? They rested one day in ten instead of one day in seven. (USQRG:45,1,0)

1235. True/False: French citizens quickly adopted the new system of measurement.

False; many French citizens could not make sense of the new system of measurement. (USQRG:44,2,3)

1236. Approximately how many streets in Paris received new names because of the Revolution?

1,400 (USQRG:45,1,1)

1237. Why were streets in Paris renamed during the Revolution?

Their original names honored kings, queens, or saints. (USQRG:45,1,1)

1238. What did the French rename the Place Louis XV during the Revolution?

Place de la Révolution (USQRG:45,1,1)

1239. What did the French rename the Church of Saint‐Laurent during the Revolution?

the Temple of Marriage and Fidelity (USQRG:45,1,1)

1240. What did the French rename Montmartre during the Revolution?

Mont Marat (USQRG:45,1,1)

1241. Approximately how many towns changed their names during the French Revolution?

6,000 (USQRG:45,1,1)

1242. What did the French rename Coulanges during the Revolution?

Cou Sans‐Culottes (USQRG:45,1,1)

1243. How many towns took the name Marat during the French Revolution?

30 (USQRG:45,1,1)

1244. What did the foreign minister Pierre‐Henri Lebrun name his daughter?

Civilisation‐Jémappes‐République (USQRG:45,1,2)

1245. What last names in France frequently changed during the Revolution?

Le Roy and Lévêque (USQRG:45,1,2)

1246. What names replaced ʺLouisʺ during the French Revolution?

Brutus or Spartacus (USQRG:45,1,2)

1247. According to Robert Darnton, what natural names did children often receive during the French Revolution?

Pissenlit, Dandelion, and Rhubarb (USQRG:45,1,2)

1248. According to Robert Danton, what names pertaining to current events did children often receive during the French Revolution?

Fructidor, Constitution, the Tenth of August, and Marat‐Couthon‐Pique (USQRG:45,1,2)

1249. What did the French rename the queen bee during the Revolution?

abeille pondeuse, or ʺlaying beeʺ (USQRG:45,1,3)

1250. What did the French rename kings in decks of playing cards during the Revolution?

ʺlibertiesʺ (USQRG:45,1,3)

1251. True/False: The French Revolution successfully eliminated regional dialects.

False; despite propaganda efforts, many French people spoke mutually incomprehensible dialects. (USQRG:45,1,5)

1252. What revolutionary committee attempted to eliminate the patois in France?

the Committee on Public Instruction (USQRG:45,1,5)

1253. What were the sources of the names of new French departments?

nearby rivers and mountains (USQRG:45,1,3)

1254. How did the revolutionary government decide on the size of each French department?

It made them all the same size. (USQRG:45,1,3)



1255. For what relationships was the pronoun tu reserved in France under the Old Regime?

intensely personal or asymmetric relationships (USQRG:45,2,1)

1256. With what pronoun did French children address their parents in France during the Old Regime?

vous (USQRG:45,2,1)

1257. With what pronoun did French parents address their children in France during the Old Regime?

tu (USQRG:45,2,1)

1258. Why do French mountain climbers use the pronoun tu after they reach a certain altitude?

All men become equal before the vastness of nature. (USQRG:45,2,1)

1259. Where is Tarn located in France? in the mountains of southern France (USQRG:45,2,2)

1260. Who petitioned the National Convention to abolish vous in 1794?

a delegation of sans‐culottes (USQRG:46,1,1)

1261. What resolution did Tarn pass regarding the pronoun vous?

It was to be eliminated in its singular sense only. (USQRG:45,2,2)

1262. How did revolutionaries end their letters? ʹsalut et fraternitéʹ (USQRG:46,1,2)

1263. How did the French usually end their letters under the Old Regime?

ʹyour most humble and obedient servantʹ (USQRG:46,1,2)

1264. What titles replaced ʺMonsieurʺ and ʺMadameʺ during the French Revolution?

Citizen and Citizeness (USQRG:46,1,2)

1265. Of what occupation were the people who generally wore trousers in 18th‐century France?

sailors (USQRG:46,1,3)

1266. What was the name of the jacket worn by the model revolutionary from 1793 onward?

a carmagnole (USQRG:46,1,3)

1267. During which century did most Parisian workers adopt trousers in place of culottes?

the 19th century (USQRG:46,1,3)

1268. What did Maximilien Robespierre generally wear? clothing of the Old Regime: a powdered wig, a waistcoat, and culottes (USQRG:46,1,3)

1269. Where did images of the ʺmodel revolutionaryʺ appear in France from 1793 onward?

broadsides, posters, and crockery (USQRG:46,1,3)

1270. What characterized the fashion of aristocratic women on the eve of the French revolution?

low necklines, basket skirts, and elaborate hairstyles (USQRG:46,1,4)

1271. To what sort of hairstyle does en hérrison refer? hair that rose at least 2 feet above the head and was elaborately decorated (USQRG:46,1,4)

1272. What does en hérrison mean? ʺhedgehog styleʺ (USQRG:46,1,4)

1273. What sort of props did aristocratic women use to decorate their hair on the eve of the Revolution?

those reminiscent of fruit bowls, zoos, and flotillas, among other things (USQRG:46,1,4)

1274. What extinguished the Republic of Virtue? the Thermidorian Reaction (USQRG:46,1,5)

1275. What characterized womenʹs fashion during the French Revolution?

flatter hair, narrower skirts, and lower heels (USQRG:46,1,5)

1276. How did revolutionaries define ʺvirtueʺ? a willingness to fight for the fatherland and liberty, equality, and fraternity (USQRG:46,1,6)

1277. How did the French revolutionaries view bachelors? unpatriotic (USQRG:46,2,0)



1278. Who was the most extreme ideologist on the Committee of Public Safety?

Saint‐Just (USQRG:46,2,1)

1279. According to Saint‐Just, after what age do children belong to the Republic?

5 (USQRG:46,2,1)

1280. According to Saint‐Just, what condition must be met for a child to belong to his mother in his first years?

He must be breast‐fed. (USQRG:46,2,1)

1281. What provisions did revolutionaries make regarding illegitimate children?

They accorded them legal status equal to that of other children. (USQRG:46,2,2)

1282. How many wigs did Mme Tallien own? 30 (USQRG:46,1,5)

1283. What was a merveilleuse? fashionable lady (USQRG:46,1,5)

1284. How did female fashion change after the Thermidorian Reaction?

Wigs, low‐cut gowns, and see‐through clothing were revived. (USQRG:46,1,5)

1285. Of which 20th‐century political figure are Saint‐Justʹs statements regarding family reminiscent?

Adolf Hitler (USQRG:46,2,2)

1286. What was the subject of the Ventôse Decrees? the appropriation of counterrevolutionariesʹ property (USQRG:46,2,3)

1287. What is primogeniture? the family tradition of leaving all inheritance to the first‐born son (USQRG:46,2,2)

1288. Who reversed many of the National Conventionʹs democratic provisions on family rights?

Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG:47,1,0)

1289. What did the National Convention substitute for the Church as the ultimate authority in private life?

the state (USQRG:47,1,0)

1290. What is the literal meaning of the word ʺprivilegeʺ? ʺprivate lawʺ (USQRG:47,1,1)

1291. Under the Old Regime, what disease did the kingʹs touch supposedly cure?

scrofula (USQRG:47,1,1)

1292. From what street were the pamphleteers who criticized the Crown in the 18th‐century?

Grub Street (USQRG:47,1,2)

1293. What was a mirse patibulaire? a face that looked like one of the severed heads displayed by public executioners (USQRG:47,1,3)

1294. According to Robert Darnton, what was necessary to smash the mental frames of the Old Regime?

violence (USQRG:47,1,2)

1295. What did Parisians regularly see while walking past the Seine in the 18th‐century?

bodies that had been fished out of the river and hung by their feet nearby (USQRG:47,1,3)

1296. What happened to the shoes of Parisians who walked through the center of the city in the 18th century?

They became covered with blood. (USQRG:47,1,3)

1297. Who wrote the description of the Parisian butcheries included in the article by Robert Darnton?

Louis‐Sébastien Mercier (USQRG:47,1,4)

1298. According to Robert Darnton, how does the violence to which 18th‐century Parisians were exposed compare with that of his readers?

Compared with 18th‐century Paris, the world of his readers is devoid of violence. (USQRG:47,1,2)

1299. According to Louis‐Sébastien Mercier, where did Parisian butchers work?

the center of town (USQRG:47,1,4)



1300. What animal does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe being killed?

a young steer (USQRG:47,1,4)

1301. How does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe the prostitutes near the scene of the butchery?

ʺhuge, fat, monstrous objects sitting in the streetsʺ (USQRG:47,2,0)

1302. According to Louis‐Sébastien Mercier, what do butchers do when an animal being butchered escapes?

The butchers run after it with clubs. (USQRG:47,1,4)

1303. How does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe the butchers of Paris?

as dangerous as the animals they kill (USQRG:47,1,4)

1304. How does Louis‐Sébastien Mercier describe the odor of the streets near the butcheries?

ʺcadaverousʺ (USQRG:47,2,0)

1305. According to Louis‐Sébastien Mercier, what effect does the blood of the dead animals have on butchers?

It inflames their faces and temperaments. (USQRG:47,2,0)

1306. What rumor caused a serious riot in Paris in 1750? Police were kidnapping children to provide a bloodbath for the prince. (USQRG:47,2,1)

1307. What words referred to riots that broke out in Paris in 1750?

ʺpopular emotionsʺ (USQRG:47,2,2)

1308. What was the name of the man lynched by the Parisian crowd a week after the storming of the Bastille?

Foulon (USQRG:47,2,3)

1309. What was the occupation of the man the Parisian crowd lynched a week after the storming of the Bastille?

an official in the war ministry (USQRG:47,2,3)

1310. What sparked riots in Paris a week after the storming of the Bastille?

high bread prices and rumors about plots to starve the poor (USQRG:47,2,3)

1311. What did the Parisian crowd do with the head of the man they lynched a week after the storming of the Bastille?

They stuffed its mouth with hay and paraded it through Paris on a pike. (USQRG:47,2,3)

1312. Who was Bertier de Sauvigny? the intendant of Paris and the son‐in‐law of the man killed by the Parisian crowd a week after the storming of the Bastille

(USQRG:47,2,3)

1313. What did the Parisian crowd do to Bertier de Sauvigny before killing him?

They marched him through the streets with his father‐in‐lawʹs head. (USQRG:47,2,3)

1314. Where did the Parisian crowd kill Bertier de Sauvigny? in front of the Hôtel de Ville (USQRG:47,2,3)

1315. What did the Parisian crowd do with Bertier de Sauvignyʹs heart?

They threw it in the direction of the municipal government. (USQRG:47,2,3)

1316. Who was Gracchus Babeuf? a leftist conspirator (USQRG:47,2,4)

1317. What was Gracchus Babeufʹs reaction to the death of Bertier de Sauvigny?

He approved of the justice but was disgusted by the cruelty. (USQRG:47,2,4)

1318. How did many Parisians react when they saw severed heads on pikes paraded through the streets a week after the storming of the Bastille?

applause (USQRG:47,2,4)

1319. What was the caption on an engraving of the violence in Paris a week after the storming of the Bastille?

ʺThat is how traitors are punishedʺ (USQRG:47,2,3)



1320. According to Gracchus Babeuf, what effect did punishment have on Parisian morals?

The violence of punishment such as hanging, drawing and quartering seriously damaged Parisian morals.

(USQRG:47,2,4)

1321. By 20th‐century standards, how devastating was the Terror?

not very devastating, at least statistically (USQRG:48,1,1)

1322. How many departments in France did not witness executions during the Terror?

six (USQRG:48,1,1)

1323. In what portion of French departments did less than 25 executions take place during the Terror?

one half (USQRG:48,1,1)

1324. What portion of those executed during the Terror were armed rebels?

three quarters (USQRG:48,1,1)

1325. Approximately what percentage of the executions during the Terror took place in districts plagued by civil war?

71% (USQRG:48,1,1)

1326. According to Robert Darnton, what was the Terror in relation to modern history?

the ʺtrauma that scarred modern history at birthʺ (USQRG:48,1,2)

1327. How does Robert Darnton describe the condemnation of people based on ideological categories such as ʺaristocratʺ and ʺbourgeoisieʺ during the Terror?

intrinsically inhuman (USQRG:48,1,2)

1328. What happened in the last month of the ʹGreat Terrorʹ? Killing increased even though the threat of invasion decreased. (USQRG:48,1,3)

1329. What part of the Terror do most historians have trouble explaining?

the last month (USQRG:48,1,3)

1330. What factors do historians use to explain most of the events of the Terror?

the circumstances of 1793 and 1794: the counterrevolutionaries, the soaring bread prices, the civil war in Vendée, the rebellions in Lyons, Bordeaux, and Marseilles,

and the divided National Convention (USQRG:48,1,3)

1331. Approximately how many people were killed during the September Massacres of 1792?

1,000 (USQRG:48,1,4)

1332. Who were many of the victims of the September Massacres?

prostitutes and common criminals in Parisian prisons (USQRG:48,1,4)

1333. Why are historians unsure of the cause of the September Massacres in Paris in 1792?

The bombardment of the Paris Commune destroyed evidence. (USQRG:48,1,5)

1334. How does Pierre Caron characterize the violence of the September Massacres?

ʺritualistic, apocalyptic mass murderʺ (USQRG:48,1,5)

1335. According to Pierre Caron, why did sans‐culottes storm prisons during the September Massacres?

to stop a rumored counterrevolutionary plot (USQRG:48,1,5)

1336. Where did sans‐culottes improvise a court during the September Massacres?

in the prison of Abbaye (USQRG:48,1,5)

1337. What was considered a sign of innocence during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?

fortitude (USQRG:48,1,5)

1338. Who was the prosecutor during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?

Stanislaus Maillard (USQRG:48,1,5)



1339. What was done to those found innocent during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?

They were hugged and carried triumphantly through the streets of Paris. (USQRG:48,2,0)

1340. How were prisoners judged during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?

They were evaluated based on their demeanor. (USQRG:48,1,5)

1341. What was done to those found guilty during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?

They were cut to pieces, stripped of their valuables, and paraded through Paris on pikes. (USQRG:48,2,0)

1342. How does Robert Darnton describe the French attempt to purge the earth of a counterrevolution?

a ʹsecular version of the Last Judgmentʹ (USQRG:48,2,1)

1343. What was considered a sign of guilt during the ʺtrialsʺ of the September Massacres?

faltering (USQRG:48,1,5)

1344. How does Robert Darnton assess historiansʹ chances of understanding the violence behind much of the French Revolution?

He believes that historians may never understand much of the violence. (USQRG:48,2,1)

1345. What were the revolutionary ʺdaysʺ? August 10, 1792; May 31, 1793; 9 Thermidor Year II; 12 Germinal Year III; 1‐4 Prarial Year III (USQRG:48,2,1:

USQRG:49,1,0)

1346. True/False: Robert Darnton believes the September Massacres are easily explained by the circumstances in Paris.

False; he believes the circumstances of the time do not explain the September Massacres. (USQRG:49,1,1)

1347. What ʺmetahistoricalʺ explanations does Robert Darnton mention as possible reasons for some of the violence of the French Revolution?

ʹoriginal sin, unleashed libido, or the cunning of a dialecticʹ (USQRG:49,1,1)

1348. What was the bright side of popular emotions during the French Revolution?

the sense of possibility (USQRG:49,1,1)

1349. According to A.A. Lamourette, what was the source of all the troubles of the National Assembly?

factionalism and a lack of fraternity (USQRG:49,1,3)

1350. From what district was A.A. Lamourette? Rhône‐et‐Loire (USQRG:49,1,3)

1351. What was the reaction of the National Assembly to A.A. Lamouretteʹs declaration on July 2, 1792?

They started hugging and kissing one another. (USQRG:49,1,3)

1352. What happened three days after the ʺkiss of Lamouretteʺ?

a bloody uprising (USQRG:49,1,4)

1353. Why does Robert Darnton caution against scorning the people of the National Assembly?

We cannot imagine the events of the time, as we have never had the structure of our lives taken away from us.

(USQRG:49,1,5)

1354. According to Robert Darnton, what three events shook the convictions of modern readers in a way similar to those that shook the French during the Revolution?

the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King (USQRG:49,2,3)

1355. According to Robert Darnton, how did most people react to the state of ʺepistemological exhilarationʺ that characterized the French Revolution?

with anxiety and a need to enforce borders (USQRG:49,2,1)

1356. According to Robert Darnton, what do ʺgreat eventsʺ make possible?

ʺthe social reconstruction of realityʺ (USQRG:50,1,2)

1357. What does Robert Darnton call French revolutionariesʹ feeling of possibility?

ʺpossibilismʺ (USQRG:49,1,3)



1358. According to Robert Darnton, what forces were pitted against one another during the Revolutionary decade?

ʺpossibilismʺ and ʺthe givenness of thingsʺ (USQRG:50,1,3)

1359. According to Robert Darnton, on what conviction were all the conflicts of the French Revolution based?

that the human condition is changeable (USQRG:50,2,0)

1360. What modern ideology did the Wordsworthian movement precede?

totalitarianism (USQRG:50,2,1)

1361. According to Robert Darnton, what three things was the French Revolution ultimately about?

liberty, equality, and fraternity (USQRG:50,2,2)

1362. Why does Robert Darnton caution against hindsight regarding the events of the French Revolution?

It can distort proper perception of the events. (USQRG:50,2,2)

1363. How does Robert Darnton describe the French revolutionaries at the end of his article?

unexceptional people in exceptional circumstances (USQRG:50,2,2)

1364. Who wrote, ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ

a Parisian sans‐culotte (USQRG:51,1,subtitle)

1365. When was ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ written?

April 1793 (USQRG:51,1,title)

1366. What three things unified the sans‐culottes? devotion to the Revolution, dislike of the wealthy, and desire for direct democracy (USQRG:50,1,4)

1367. Which of the extreme measures of the Terror originated in the demands of the sans‐culottes?

the General Maximum, the Levée en Masse, and the Law of Suspect (USQRG:50,1,4)

1368. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, where does a sans‐culotte live?

on the fourth or fifth floor (USQRG:51,1,1)

1369. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, with whom does a sans‐culotte live?

his wife and children (USQRG:51,1,1)

1370. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, how does a sans‐culotte get around?

on foot (USQRG:51,1,1)

1371. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, why is a sans‐culotte useful?

He can plow a field, forge, saw, file, roof a building, make shoes, and die for the Revolution. (USQRG:51,1,1)

1372. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, where do sans‐culottes never go?

the Caffé de Chartres, gambling establishments, Theater of the Nation, Vaude Theater, or reading rooms (USQRG:51,2,0)

1373. How much did it cost to enter the ʺreading roomsʺ discussed in ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ?

2 sous (USQRG:51,2,0)

1374. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, why do sans‐culottes carry sharp sabers?

to split the ears of ʺevildoersʺ (USQRG:51,2,2)

1375. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, how does a sans‐culotte react to the first sound of a drum?

He marches for the Vendée or joins an army. (USQRG:51,2,2)



1376. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, what does a sans‐culotte lack?

millions, a castle, and valets (USQRG:51,1,1)

1377. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, what reading materials could be found in the reading rooms popular in 18th‐century France?

Gorsas, the Chronique, and the patriote français (USQRG:51,2,0)

1378. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, where did sans‐culottes go in the evening?

to their sections, to support ʺgood motionsʺ and ʺpulverizeʺ the wealthy (USQRG:51,2,1)

1379. Who ended the Terror? moderate Jacobins and others in the Convention (USQRG:52,1,1)

1380. What government was established at the end of the Terror?

the Directory (USQRG:52,1,1)

1381. What two revolutionary figures led the overthrow of the Directory?

the Abbé Sieyès and Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG:52,1,1)

1382. In what month in 1794 was the Revolutionary Tribunal given new powers?

June (USQRG:52,1,2)

1383. Why did moderates in the National Convention begin to plot against Robespierre?

They were afraid that they would be killed. (USQRG:52,1,2)

1384. Who led the plot against Robespierre in the National Convention?

Paul Barras and Joseph Fouché (USQRG:52,1,2)

1385. What did the Revolutionary Tribunal do with its new powers?

It killed approximately 1,300 people in 6 weeks. (USQRG:52,1,2)

1386. Whom did Paul Barras follow? Danton (USQRG:52,1,2)

1387. What did Robespierre ask of the National Convention on July 27, 1794?

one more purge (USQRG:52,1,2)

1388. What did Robespierre mutter at the end of his address to the National Convention on July 27, 1794?

ʺI ask for death.ʺ (USQRG:52,1,2)

1389. With which two people was Robespierre arrested on July 27, 1794?

his brother Augustine and Saint‐Just (USQRG:52,1,2)

1390. What was the result of Robespierreʹs attempted suicide on July 27, 1794?

He shattered his jaw but did not die. (USQRG:52,1,2)

1391. Why did Robespierre attempt suicide on July 27, 1794? He wanted a stoic, heroic death. (USQRG:52,1,2)

1392. True/False: Robespierre was tried and convicted for treason before his execution.

False; Robespierre was executed in the style of the Terror, without a trial. (USQRG:52,1,3)

1393. Approximately how many people were executed alongside Robespierre?

100 (USQRG:52,2,0)

1394. Why did Lazare Carnot survive the execution of Robespierre and his cohorts?

He opposed Robespierre and the French needed Carnotʹs talents to wage wars. (USQRG:52,2,0)

1395. To what revolutionary organization did Lazare Carnot belong?

the Committee on Public Safety (USQRG:52,2,0)

1396. What were Lazare Carnotʹs talents? military engineering and administration (USQRG:52,2,0)


IV The Aftermath of the Revolution

1397. What did the victors of Thermidor dismantle just before setting up the Directory?

the Paris Commune (USQRG:52,2,1)

1398. What did the victors of Thermidor do on July 31, 1794? They limited the powers of the Committee on Public Safety. (USQRG:52,2,1)

1399. How does the author of ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ address his readers?

ʺyou stuck‐up bastardsʺ (USQRG:51,1,1)

1400. According to ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ, why did sans‐culottes avoid much of the typical evening entertainment of 18th‐century Frenchmen?

They had to work. (USQRG:51,1,2)

1401. Where was the play ʺlʹAmi des loisʺ performed in 18th ‐century Paris?

the Theater of the Nation (USQRG:51,2,0)

1402. Where was the play ʺla Chaste Susanneʺ performed in 18th ‐century Paris?

the Vaude Theater (USQRG:51,2,0)

1403. How does the author of ʺAn Answer to the Impertinent Question: But What Is a Sans‐Culotte?ʺ describe the writing of Gorsas?

ʺgarbageʺ (USQRG:51,2,0)

1404. How many years after the French Revolution did Robert Darnton write ʺWhat was Revolutionary about the French Revolutionʺ?

200 (USQRG:43,1,2)

1405. What was Maximilien Robespierreʹs attitude towards Joseph Fouché?

distrust (USQRG:52,1,2)

1406. What were Joseph Fouchéʹs feelings towards the French Revolution?

great enthusiasm‐‐he was an ultra‐revolutionary (USQRG:52,1,2)

1407. What day was July 27, 1794 by the new revolutionary calendar?

the 9th of Thermidor (USQRG:52,1,2)

1408. What characterized the time of the Directory? instability, war, and economic hardship (USQRG:52,1,1)

1409. What two groups tried to shape the policies of the Directory?

staunch Jacobins and monarchists (USQRG:52,1,1)

1410. How did the Directory affect the gains of the Revolution?

It consolidated some of them and reversed others. (USQRG:52,1,1)

1411. What happened in the provinces of France at the time of Robespierreʹs execution?

brutal revenge against the Jacobins (USQRG:52,2,0)

1412. From where did the Thermidorians take their name? the month in which Robespierreʹs leadership ended (USQRG:52,2,0)

1413. What did the Thermidorians do to Jacobin clubs in November 1794?

They banned Jacobin clubs. (USQRG:52,2,1)

1414. In what year did the Thermidorians create their own Constitution?

1795 (USQRG:52,2,2)

1415. How many directors composed the executive branch of the Thermidorian government?

five (USQRG:52,2,2)



1416. How many chambers were in the legislative branch of the Thermidorian government?

two (USQRG:52,2,2)

1417. How many members were in the Council of Ancients? 250 (USQRG:52,2,2)

1418. What was the function of the Council of Five Hundred? to propose legislation (USQRG:52,2,2)

1419. Who elected the executive branch of the Thermidorian government?

the two legislative councils (USQRG:52,2,2)

1420. How was Robespierre executed? He was guillotined. (USQRG:53,1,caption)

1421. On what date was Robespierre executed? July 28, 1794 (USQRG:53,1,caption)

1422. What portion of the members of the legislative branch of the Thermidorian government was formerly a part of the National Convention?


1423. What was the name of the executive authority of the Thermidorian government?

the Directorate (USQRG:52,2,2)

1424. In what year did the Thermidorian government begin to replace members of its legislature and executive branch?

1797 (USQRG:52,2,2)

1425. What portion of the legislature was replaced in each election once the Thermidorian government began to replace its legislature?

one third (USQRG:52,2,2)

1426. What portion of the executive branch was replaced in each election once the Thermidorian government began to replace its executive?

one fifth (USQRG:52,2,2)

1427. What group of people benefited from the Thermidorian reaction?

property owners (USQRG:52,2,3)

1428. Who was allowed to vote under the Thermidorian Constitution?

all male taxpayers (USQRG:52,2,3)

1429. Approximately how many people could vote in indirect elections under the Thermidorian Constitution?

2 million (USQRG:52,2,3)

1430. Whom did voters elect in indirect elections under the Thermidorian Constitution?

electors who in turn chose the legislature (USQRG:52,2,3)

1431. Approximately how many people were eligible to be electors under the Thermidorian Constitution?

30,000 (USQRG:52,2,3)

1432. How many men were of voting age in France at the time of the Thermidorian Constitution?


1433. How often were elections held per year under the Thermidorian Constitution?

once (USQRG:52,2,2)

1434. Under the Thermidorian Constitution, who was favored to serve in the legislature?

the wealthy (USQRG:52,2,3)

1435. How does the term jeunesse dorée translate into English? ʺgilded youthʺ (USQRG:53,1,1)

1436. From which social classes were the jeunesse dorée? the old nobility and bourgeoisie (USQRG:53,1,1)



1437. Who had the greatest influence on the social and cultural tone of the Thermidorian government?

the jeunesse dorée (USQRG:53,1,1)

1438. True/False: During the Thermidorian reaction, many sans‐culottes still wore the Phrygian cap.

False; the Phrygian cap and other red symbols of the sans‐culottes quickly fell out of use. (USQRG:53,1,1)

1439. With which pronoun did most people address one another during the Thermidorian reaction?

vous (USQRG:53,1,1)

1440. What did wealthy women tend to wear during the Thermidorian reaction?

long white robes with low necklines (USQRG:53,1,1)

1441. What was the prerequisite for admission to the ʺDance of the Victimsʺ during the Thermidorian reaction?

being related to someone who was killed during the Terror (USQRG:53,1,1)

1442. Who was responsible for the re‐opening of churches during the Thermidorian reaction?

crowds of people, particularly women (USQRG:53,1,1)

1443. What hairstyle did people frequently wear to the ʺDance of the Victimsʺ?

They cut their hair away from the backs of their necks. (USQRG:53,1,1)

1444. What did the hairstyle popular at the ʺDance of the Victimsʺ mimic?

the hairstyle of those about to be guillotined (USQRG:53,1,1)

1445. From where did the Directory take its name? the name of the executive branch of the Thermidorian government (USQRG:53,1,1)

1446. What sort of collars was popular among wealthy young men during the Thermidorian reaction?

square collars (USQRG:53,1,1)

1447. What happened to busts of Marat during the Thermidorian reaction?

They were smashed by members of the jeunesse dorée. (USQRG:53,1,1)

1448. Who shut down theatrical performances that favored the Jacobins during the Thermidorian Reaction?

wealthy young men (USQRG:53,1,1)

1449. What was the role of the Council of Ancients? to discuss and vote on legislation proposed by the Council of Five Hundred (USQRG:52,2,2)

1450. How does John Merriman describe winter 1795? ʺcruelly harshʺ (USQRG:53,1,1)

1451. How did the wealthy build their fortunes during the Revolution?

by buying Church lands and supplying the military (USQRG:53,1,1)

1452. With what country did France conclude peace agreements in April 1795?

Prussia (USQRG:53,1,2)

1453. By what factor did the price of bread rise in Paris during spring 1795?

13 (USQRG:53,1,1)

1454. What did the Thermidorian government do regarding bread prices?

It ended the Maximum. (USQRG:53,1,1)

1455. True/False: Under the Thermidorian government, military requisitioning of food supplies ended.

False; the military continued to requisition food, which exacerbated the conditions of French peasants.

(USQRG:53,1,1)

1456. How did peasants in the mountains of France feed themselves during winter and spring 1795?

by eating berries and edible roots (USQRG:53,1,1)

1457. How did many people of Paris feed themselves during the winter and spring 1795?

by eating dead army horses (USQRG:53,1,1)



1458. By approximately what factor did the price of firewood rise from 1790 to 1795?

25 (USQRG:53,1,1)

1459. What caused the prices of firewood and other basic commodities to rise under the Thermidorian government?

the abolition of the Maximum (USQRG:53,1,1)

1460. What three territories did France officially annex in its peace agreement of April 1795?

the left bank of the Rhine River, the Austrian Netherlands, and the Dutch United Provinces (USQRG:53,2,0)

1461. What were the Dutch United Provinces renamed in spring 1795?

the ʺBatavian Republicʺ (USQRG:53,2,0)

1462. Approximately how many men were in the French army in summer 1794?


1463. Where in Europe were French armies engaged with Austrian armies in 1795?

central Europe and Italy (USQRG:53,2,0)

1464. What two factors greatly reduced the size of the French army in 1795?

heavy casualties and desertion (USQRG:53,2,0)

1465. Approximately how many men were in the French army in 1795?

500,000 (USQRG:53,2,0)

1466. In what month and year did the son of Louis XVI die? June 1795 (USQRG:53,2,1)

1467. Where did the son of Louis XVI die? in a Parisian prison (USQRG:53,2,1)

1468. Who was heir to the French throne after the death of Louis XVIʹs son?

the count of Provence (USQRG:53,2,1)

1469. What relation to Louis XVI was the heir to the French throne in 1796?

He was Louis XVIʹs brother. (USQRG:53,2,1)

1470. What exacerbated the Directoryʹs instability in 1795? war (USQRG:53,2,1)

1471. What encouraged royalists to try to seize power from the Thermidorian government?

the Conventionʹs shift to the political right (USQRG:53,2,1)

1472. What were the demands of the people who demonstrated in Paris in spring 1795?

controls on bread prices (USQRG:53,2,1)

1473. How did the Directory react to the demonstrations in Paris in 1795?

It suppressed them and did not control bread prices. (USQRG:53,2,1)

1474. Who composed the army that attempted to invade Brittany on June 27, 1795?

French nobles (USQRG:53,2,1)

1475. What nation supported the army that attempted to invade Brittany on June 27, 1795?

the British (USQRG:53,2,1)

1476. Where in Brittany did invaders land in June 1795? Quiberon Bay (USQRG:53,2,1)

1477. What did the heir to the French throne in late 1795 propose to do with the reforms enacted during the French revolution?

annul all of them (USQRG:53,2,1)

1478. True/False: French forces were hard‐pressed to repulse the invasion of June 1795.

False; French forces easily turned back the royalists. (USQRG:53,2,1)

1479. Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born? Corsica (USQRG:53,2,1)



1480. Where did French royalists attempt to stage an insurrection on October 5, 1795?

Paris (USQRG:53,2,1)

1481. Whom did the French government ask to put down the royalist insurrection in October 1795?


1482. Who supported the royalist insurrection of October 1795?

people from the wealthier districts of Paris (USQRG:53,2,1)

1483. According to the general who put down the royalist insurrection of October 1795, what was required to stop the insurgents?

ʺa whiff of grapeshotʺ (USQRG:53,2,1)

1484. How do Marxist historians view Gracchus Babeuf? ʺan early proponent of twentieth‐century revolutionary political tacticsʺ (USQRG:53,2,2)

1485. With what name was Gracchus Babeuf born? François‐Noël Babeuf (USQRG:53,2,2)

1486. What did Gracchus Babeuf propose to do with French land?

He wanted it to be commonly owned. (USQRG:53,2,2)

1487. Which Enlightenment thinker particularly influenced Gracchus Babeuf?


1488. How did Gracchus Babeuf propose to seize power? with a small group of committed revolutionaries, and the help of the poor (USQRG:53,2,2)

1489. What organization did Gracchus Babeuf create following the Thermidorian Reaction?

the ʺConspiracy of Equalsʺ (USQRG:53,2,2)

1490. Who joined Gracchus Babeufʹs attempt to seize power? Parisian artisans and shopkeepers (USQRG:53,2,2)

1491. What happened to Gracchus Babeuf and his associates in May 1796?

They were arrested by Directory police. (USQRG:53,2,2)

1492. True/False: Gracchus Babeuf and his followers were guillotined without a trial.

False; Gracchus and his followers were tried and sentenced to death. (USQRG:53,2,2)

1493. For how long were Gracchus Babeuf and his followers imprisoned?

one year (USQRG:53,2,2)

1494. What were the results of the elections of 1797? the election of many royalists to the Council of Five Hundred (USQRG:53,2,3)

1495. Why did the Directory annul the election results of 1797?

It feared that a royalist government would make peace with Franceʹs enemies to restore the monarchy. (USQRG:53,2,3)

1496. What happened on the 18th of Fructidor? a coup dʹétat (USQRG:53,2,3)

1497. What did the executive branch of the Directory do in May 1798?

It prevented recently elected deputies to take seats at the Council of Five Hundred. (USQRG:53,2,3)

1498. What position did Lazare Carnot hold in the Thermidorian government prior to 1797?

He was one of the directors. (USQRG:53,2,3)

1499. How did Abbé Sieyès respond when asked what he did during the French Revolution?

ʺI survived.ʺ (USQRG:54,1,1)

1500. When did Abbé Sieyès become a director in the Thermidorian government?

spring 1799 (USQRG:54,1,1)

1501. What did Abbé Sieyès believe would ameliorate the French government?

a stronger executive (USQRG:54,1,1)



1502. What did Abbé Sieyès believe would eventually become the arbiter of Franceʹs political future?

the army (USQRG:54,1,1)

1503. What trend caused Abbé Sieyès to believe that the armyʹs political power would increase?

the aggressive foreign policy of the revolutionary governments (USQRG:54,1,1)

1504. Why did the Directory reject British suggestions for peace?

It feared that Britainʹs next Prime Minister would be more warlike if it signed the peace. (USQRG:54,1,3)

1505. How does John Merriman describe tax collection under the Directory?

ʺsporadic at bestʺ (USQRG:54,1,2)

1506. What two territories did the British offer to allow the French to keep if the two nations reached a peace agreement?

the Rhineland and the Austrian Netherlands (USQRG:54,1,3)

1507. How does John Merriman characterize the Constitution of 1795?

as an important transition between the Old Regime and modern representative government (USQRG:54,1,2)

1508. How did the Constitution of 1795 address education in France?

It tried to centralize education. (USQRG:54,1,2)

1509. In what ways did Franceʹs financial situation deteriorate under the Directory?

Inflation ran rampant, assignats lost almost all their value, and taxes were not well‐collected. (USQRG:54,1,3)

1510. What was Gracchus Babeufʹs occupation? a journalist (USQRG:54,1,caption)

1511. What did the Directory do with the French national debt in 1797?

It canceled more than half of it. (USQRG:54,2,0)

1512. What social class was particularly dissatisfied with the Directoryʹs treatment of the French national debt?

the bourgeoisie (USQRG:54,1,3)

1513. What army did Napoleon Bonaparte command in 1797?

the Army of Italy (USQRG:54,2,1)

1514. What treaty ended the fighting between France and Austria in northern Italy on October 17, 1797?

the Treaty of Campo Formio (USQRG:54,2,1)

1515. What was Franceʹs position in northern Italy after October 1797?

France was the dominant foreign power. (USQRG:54,2,1)

1516. In 1797, who was responsible for Franceʹs diplomatic negotiations in the Italian campaign?


1517. How did the French public react to Napoleonʹs actions in Italy?

with great enthusiasm‐‐Napoleon was ʺthe toast of Parisʺ (USQRG:54,2,1)

1518. In what month and year was the Cisalpine Republic established?

July 1797 (USQRG:54,2,1)

1519. What region of France composed the Cisalpine Republic?

northern Italy (USQRG:54,2,1)

1520. Where did Austrians accept French hegemony after October 1797?

the left bank of the Rhine River and the Austrian Netherlands (USQRG:54,2,1)

1521. What foreign power controlled Egypt in the 1790s? Turkey (USQRG:54,2,2)

1522. To which nation did Napoleon Bonaparte and his army sail in May 1798?

Egypt (USQRG:54,2,2)

1523. What was Napoleon Bonaparteʹs goal for his voyage of May 1798?

to disrupt British interests in Italy (USQRG:54,2,2)



1524. Why did Russia ally with Britain in 1798? to stop France from establishing a foothold in the Ottoman Empire (USQRG:54,2,2)

1525. Why was Russia sensitive to foreign threats in the Ottoman Empire?

It had long wanted to dominate the Ottoman Empire. (USQRG:54,2,2)

1526. What three nations composed the Second Coalition? Britain, Russia, and Austria (USQRG:54,2,2)

1527. What did French forces do to the pope in Italy? They exiled him. (USQRG:54,2,2)

1528. What republic did France create in Italy as it exiled the pope?

the Roman Republic (USQRG:54,2,2)

1529. During what years did the Second Coalition exist? 1799 to 1802 (USQRG:54,2,2)

1530. Who was the ruler of Russia during the time of the Second Coalition?

Tsar Paul (USQRG:54,2,4)

1531. How did the French fare against the Second Coalition in Italy?

It lost because was overextended. (USQRG:54,2,3)

1532. Who defeated the French in Switzerland in the late 1790s?

a combined Austrian and Russian force (USQRG:54,2,3)

1533. What happened in Ireland in the late 1790s? Irish rebels rose against British rule. (USQRG:54,2,3)

1534. What was Franceʹs reaction to the events in Ireland during the 1790s?

It tried to help the Irish rebels by sending supplies. (USQRG:54,2,3)

1535. Why was France eager to respond to the events in Ireland during the late 1790s?

Ireland would be a good foothold from which to invade Britain. (USQRG:54,2,3)

1536. How did Britain respond to the events in Ireland in 1798?

It sent troops to suppress the rebels. (USQRG:54,2,3)

1537. Approximately how many people were killed in Ireland in 1798?

30,000 (USQRG:54,2,3)

1538. How did Britain respond to Franceʹs attempt to intervene in Ireland in 1798?

It captured a French supply ship and turned back the rest. (USQRG:54,2,3)

1539. In what month and year did Russia withdraw from the Second Coalition?

October 1799 (USQRG:54,2,4)

1540. Why did Russia withdraw from the Second Coalition? Russia disliked Britainʹs policy of allowing the Royal Navy to stop and search any ship on the seas. (USQRG:54,2,4)

1541. What were the results of the Russian and British attack on France in 1799?

France repelled the force and kept its hold on the Rhineland and the Austrian Netherlands. (USQRG:54,2,4)

1542. What differences caused members of the Second Coalition to quarrel as their war with France continued?

strategy and the eventual goals of the Coalition (USQRG:54,2,4)

1543. When in 1799 did Napoleon Bonaparte return to France to join a coup dʹétat?

October 1799 (USQRG:54,2,5)

1544. Who decided to overthrow the Directory in 1799? Abbé Sieyès (USQRG:54,2,5)

1545. What prompted the coup dʹétat in France in 1799? endemic instability (USQRG:54,2,5)

1546. Who was the go‐between for the coup dʹétat in France in 1799?

the bishop Talleyrand (USQRG:54,2,5)



1547. On what day in 1799 in the French revolutionary calendar did a coup dʹétat take place?

18 Brumaire (USQRG:54,2,5)

1548. According to a critic, what was the only king to whom Talleyrand was ever loyal?

Brie cheese (USQRG:54,2,5)

1549. What was the name of Napoleon Bonaparteʹs brother? Lucien (USQRG:55,1,0)

1550. In what city did Napoleon Bonaparte serve as military commander in late 1799?

Paris (USQRG:55,1,0)

1551. What did Napoleon Bonaparte announce to the legislatures of the Directory on November 9, 1799?

the discovery of a new Jacobin plot (USQRG:55,1,0)

1552. What measure did Napoleon Bonaparte ask the legislatures of the Directory to take in response to his announcement of late 1799?

to frame a new constitution with a stronger executive (USQRG:55,1,0)

1553. How did the deputies of the councils respond to Napoleon Bonaparteʹs announcement of late 1799?

They suggested that he be arrested. (USQRG:55,1,0)

1554. How does John Merriman describe Napoleon Bonaparteʹs response to demands for his arrest in 1799?

ʺincoherent and ineffectiveʺ (USQRG:55,1,0)

1555. Who prevented Napoleon Bonaparteʹs arrest in late 1799?

Lucien, his brother (USQRG:55,1,0)

1556. What happened to those who opposed Napoleon Bonaparte in the councils in late 1799?

They were evicted by Lucien, with the help of French troops. (USQRG:55,1,0)

1557. What resulted from Napoleon Bonaparteʹs announcement to the councils in late 1799?

He and Sieyès were given complete power. (USQRG:55,1,0)

1558. How did a contemporary describe Napoleon Bonaparteʹs coup dʹétat?

ʺa pure and brilliant ray of sunshineʺ (USQRG:55,1,1)

1559. What did many French people believe would be the result of Napoleon Bonaparteʹs coup dʹétat?

the preservation of a moderate republic (USQRG:55,1,1)

1560. In what Council did Napoleon Bonaparteʹs brother serve?

the Council of Five Hundred (USQRG:55,1,0)

1561. Why did some people hope that Napoleon Bonaparte would establish an authoritarian government?

They were tired of the endless quarrelling in the Directory. (USQRG:55,1,1)

1562. True/False: Historians mostly agree on the causes, effects, and significance of the French Revolution.

False; historians offer numerous interpretations of the events of the French Revolution. (USQRG:55,1,3)

1563. How did soldiers in the French Revolution generally view themselves?

as liberators (USQRG:55,2,1)

1564. How did most French soldiers respond to the Thermidorian Reaction?

They accepted it without a thought of the Jacobin regime. (USQRG:55,2,1)

1565. What convinced French soldiers of the righteousness of their cause in 1793 and 1794?

propaganda and military victories (USQRG:55,2,1)

1566. How did many of the people whom the French conquered initially react to the invasion?

They saw it as liberation. (USQRG:55,2,2)

1567. What effect did the abolition of feudalism have on the number of property‐holders in an area?

It increased the number of property holders. (USQRG:55,2,3)



1568. In what three areas of Europe was feudalism abolished because of the French Revolution?

some German states, northern Italy, and the Kingdom of Naples (USQRG:55,2,3)

1569. What major changes of the French revolution spread to other European countries?

a more centralized government structure, the abolition of feudalism, and the curtailing of clerical privilege

(USQRG:55,1,2)

1570. How did the French wars of ʺliberationʺ affect the economies of conquered nations?

They worsened them as time went on. (USQRG:55,2,4)

1571. How did people in the nations conquered by France react to de‐Christianization?

with deep resentment (USQRG:56,1,0)

1572. What three European regions particularly resisted the anticlericalism of the French Revolution?

the Rhineland, the Netherlands, and Flanders (USQRG:56,1,0)

1573. What nation was also known as the Helvetic Republic? Switzerland (USQRG:56,1,1)

1574. What nation was also known as the Parthenopean Republic?

the Kingdom of Naples (USQRG:56,1,1)

1575. What nationʹs government administered Franceʹs ʺsister republicsʺ at the time of the Directory?

France (USQRG:56,1,1)

1576. Why did France found ʺsister republicsʺ? to establish alliances against other great powers (USQRG:56,1,1)

1577. Which of Franceʹs ʺsister republicsʺ supported being invaded?

the Cisalpine Republic (USQRG:56,1,1)

1578. Between what years were Franceʹs ʺsister republicsʺ established?

1795 and 1799 (USQRG:56,1,1)

1579. Approximately how many German states existed in the late 18th century?

300 (USQRG:56,2,1)

1580. Approximately how many cities in Germany were free in the late 18th century?

50 (USQRG:56,2,1)

1581. Approximately how many territories of imperial knights existed in Germany in the late 18th century?

1,000 (USQRG:56,2,1)

1582. Of what political entity were the imperial knights who owned territories in Germany in the late 18th century?

the Holy Roman Empire (USQRG:56,2,1)

1583. From which social class did the French draw support and hire officials in conquered areas?

the middle class (USQRG:56,2,1)

1584. What ideology has hitherto dominated the historiography of the French Revolution?

Marxism (USQRG:56,2,2)

1585. According to revisionist historians, what was the common obsession of the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie on the eve of the French Revolution?

money, not privilege (USQRG:56,2,3)

1586. According to Marxist historians, why did the French Revolution occur?

an inevitable bourgeoisie challenge to the nobility (USQRG:56,2,2)

1587. According to Marxist historians, how did the nobility compromise the power of the absolute monarchy?

It refused taxation. (USQRG:56,2,2)

1588. According to revisionist historians, what effect did the French Revolution have on capitalism in the nation?

It slowed the growth of capitalism with costly wars. (USQRG:56,2,3)



1589. According to Marxist historians, what happened to the economic power of the bourgeoisie during the 18th‐century?

It grew significantly. (USQRG:56,2,2)

1590. According to Marxist historians, what social class emerged as the dominant class in France after the Revolution?

the bourgeoisie (USQRG:56,2,2)

1591. According to revisionist historians, what was the occupation of most of the bourgeoisie members of the Estates General?

lawyers (USQRG:56,2,3)

1592. According to revisionist historians, who were the victors of the French Revolution?

men of property, both noble and bourgeoisie (USQRG:56,2,4)

1593. According to revisionist historians, who suffered at the expense of the victors of the French Revolution?

ʺtitled nobles born into status and powerʺ (USQRG:56,2,4)

1594. According to revisionist historians, what limited the power of the monarchy in France under the Old Regime?

the complex divisions of local political power (USQRG:56,2,4)

1595. According to one interpretation of the French Revolution, what larger movement encompassed both the French Revolution and the American War of Independence?

the ʺAtlantic Revolutionʺ (USQRG:56,2,5)

1596. Who wrote ʺLegacies of the French Revolutionʺ? Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt (USQRG:57,1,subtitle)

1597. According to one interpretation of the French Revolution, what generated the revolutionary political culture in the 1750s and the 1760s?

political opposition to Louis XV (USQRG:57,1,0)

1598. According to John Merriman, on what do the various interpretations of the French Revolution agree regarding its significance?

It was the first ʺmodern democratic experience.ʺ (USQRG:57,2,1)

1599. When was the word ʺideologiesʺ first used? during the French Revolution (USQRG:57,1,2)

1600. How do Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt define the term ʺideologyʺ?

ʺa defined doctrine about the best form of social and political organizationʺ (USQRG:57,1,2)

1601. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what four ideologies emerged alongside republicanism during the Revolution?

nationalism, liberalism, socialism, and communism (USQRG:57,1,2)

1602. What ideology opposed those that emerged during the Revolution?

conservatism (USQRG:57,1,2)

1603. Why did many Europeans adopt nationalistic ideologies during the Napoleonic wars?

by defending a nationʹs right to resist French control (USQRG:57,1,3)

1604. In what year did the Congress of Vienna take place? 1815 (USQRG:57,1,3)

1605. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna? to reestablish borders in Europe after the fall of Napoleon (USQRG:57,1,3)

1606. Against whom did Italian nationalists direct their fury after the Congress of Vienna?

the Austrians (USQRG:57,1,3)

1607. Against whom did Polish nationalists direct their anger after the Congress of Vienna?

the Russians (USQRG:57,1,3)



1608. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which countries witnessed 19th and 20th ‐century struggles for national liberation inspired by the French Revolution?

Northern Ireland, Vietnam, the Cape of Good Hope, and Helsinki (USQRG:57,2,0)

1609. In what nation is Derry located? Northern Ireland (USQRG:57,2,1)

1610. What was the nationality of Giuseppe Mazzini? Italian (USQRG:57,2,1)

1611. With what ideology did Giuseppe Mazzini most closely identify?

nationalism (USQRG:57,2,1)

1612. What ideologies did republican nationalists champion? socialism or liberalism (USQRG:57,2,1)

1613. What did Giuseppe Mazzini believe about the implementation of nationalist ideology?

He believed that nationalism should be associated with revolution and allied to the interests of the poor.

(USQRG:57,2,1)

1614. What nationality was Charles Fourier? French (USQRG:57,2,1)

1615. What branch of socialism did Charles Fourier champion?

utopian socialism (USQRG:57,2,1)

1616. What sort of approach to political reform did Alexis de Tocqueville favor?

an elitist approach (USQRG:57,2,1)

1617. What was John Stuart Millʹs occupation? a philosopher (USQRG:57,2,1)

1618. What was John Stuart Millʹs nationality? Britain (USQRG:57,2,1)

1619. What part of the revolutionary legacy did Charles Fourier want to preserve?

that of social reform (USQRG:57,2,1)

1620. What part of the revolutionary legacy did Charles Fourier wish to limit?

the violence of the Terror (USQRG:57,2,1)

1621. What aspect of the French Revolution repelled John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville?

its violence (USQRG:57,2,1)

1622. Who were the ʺanti‐philosophesʺ? those who opposed Enlightenment ideas before the Revolution took place (USQRG:57,2,2)

1623. What did Hegel conclude about the legacy of the French Revolution?

The Revolution spawned reaction against revolutionary ideology. (USQRG:57,2,3)

1624. With what university was Hippolyte Taine affiliated? the Sorbonne (USQRG:57,2,2)

1625. What aspect of the French Revolution did Hippolyte Taine heartily defend?

its promotion of freedom (USQRG:57,2,2)

1626. What was Hippolyte Taineʹs opinion regarding the French Revolution as a whole?

He thought it was ʺmonstrous.ʺ (USQRG:57,2,2)

1627. What was Hippolyte Taineʹs university position? a chair in the history of the Revolution (USQRG:57,2,2)

1628. Of what social class was Joseph de Maistre? the aristocracy (USQRG:57,2,3)

1629. Why did many French people oppose the Revolution? It was anticlerical. (USQRG:57,2,3)

1630. What was the occupation of Joseph de Maistre? a writer and philosopher (USQRG:57,2,3)

1631. Why did Joseph de Maitre condemn the French Revolution?

He thought it was fundamentally evil and impious. (USQRG:57,2,3)

1632. What aspect of the French Revolutionary government did many people find offensive?

It was secular. (USQRG:57,2,3)



1633. What did Gustave Le Bonʹs theories address? mob behavior (USQRG:57,2,3)

1634. According to Gustave Le Bon, what did the French Revolution epitomize?

the irrationality and savagery of the mob (USQRG:57,2,3)

1635. What was the occupation of Gustave Le Bon? a sociologist (USQRG:58,1,caption)

1636. What was Gustave Le Bonʹs nationality? French (USQRG:58,1,caption)

1637. What aspect of the universal human rights associated with the French Revolution did critics find dangerous?

social equality for Jews and immigrants (USQRG:58,1,0)

1638. What organization did Charles Maurras lead? Action française (USQRG:58,1,0)

1639. With what ideology was Charles Maurrasʹ organization associated?

conservatism (USQRG:58,1,0)

1640. Why did some conservatives oppose the ʺcosmopolitanʺ form of thinking associated with the Revolution?

They believed it destroyed bonds that linked the French people, as well as the nationʹs moral strength. (USQRG:58,1,0)

1641. What two commitments became increasingly linked together in organizations such as that of Charles Maurras?

nativism and religion (USQRG:58,1,0)

1642. During what part of the 19th century was interest in the French Revolution particularly intense?

the late 19th century (USQRG:58,1,2)

1643. What were socialistsʹ and communistsʹ views regarding the legacy of the French Revolution?

It was a harbinger of the future. (USQRG:58,1,1)

1644. What two people founded communism as an international movement?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (USQRG:58,1,1)

1645. True/False: Many socialists and communists believed that the French Revolution had gone too far.

False; most believed it had not gone far enough. (USQRG:58,1,1)

1646. After 1789, what legitimized a government? ʺjustificationʺ (USQRG:57,1,2)

1647. In what year was Gustave Le Bon born? 1841 (USQRG:58,1,caption)

1648. What was the name of Franceʹs government in the late 19th century?

the Third Republic (USQRG:58,1,2)

1649. How did Franceʹs Third Republic celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution?

with the construction of the Eiffel Tower (USQRG:58,1,2)

1650. What took place in France in 1830? a revolution (USQRG:58,2,0)

1651. What took place in France in 1848? a revolution (USQRG:58,2,0)

1652. Why were arguments about the French Revolution still heated in the late 19th century?

Revolution had continually broken out over the 19th century, and some anticipated a worldwide communist revolution.

(USQRG:58,2,0)

1653. With what institution were the events in France in 1870 associated?

the Paris Commune (USQRG:58,2,0)

1654. What happened in France from 1870 to 1871? a revolution (USQRG:58,2,0)

1655. What political action caused the events in France in 1870 and 1871?

the new republican governmentʹs attempt to disband the Paris Commune (USQRG:58,2,0)

1656. What kind of government was established in France in 1870 and 1871?

a new republican government (USQRG:58,2,0)



1657. What was the function of the Paris Commune? It served as the municipal government of Paris. (USQRG:58,2,0)

1658. Approximately how many people died fighting in the streets of Paris in 1871?

20,000 (USQRG:58,2,0)

1659. What three ideologies characterized those who took interest in the original French Revolution during the late 19th century?

socialism, anarchism, and communism (USQRG:58,2,0)

1660. From what continent was Simon Bolívar? South America (USQRG:58,2,caption)

1661. What did Simon Bolívar do in the 19th century? He led independence movements throughout South America. (USQRG:58,2,caption)

1662. In what year did Napoleon occupy Spain? 1808 (USQRG:58,2,1)

1663. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what spark ignited the independence movements in Latin America in the 19th century?

Napoleonʹs occupation of Spain (USQRG:58,2,1)

1664. Which Latin American nation was the first to seek independence from Spain?

Mexico (USQRG:58,2,1)

1665. What nations were the main colonial powers in 18th ‐century Latin America?

Spain and Portugal (USQRG:58,2,1)

1666. Of what social class were the people in Latin America who first declared their independence from European powers?

the elite (USQRG:58,2,1)

1667. In what decade did most nations in Latin America achieve independence?

the 1820s (USQRG:58,2,1)

1668. How did the independence movements of Simon Bolívar differ from those in the rest of 19th ‐century Latin America?

Bolívar rejected the control of local elites in his revolutions. (USQRG:58,2,1)

1669. What countryʹs example did Simon Bolívar follow in the independence movements that he led?

Haiti (USQRG:58,2,1)

1670. Aside from nationalist ideology, what other aspect of the French Revolution influenced revolutionaries in east Asia?

the demonstrated power of revolution to transform society (USQRG:59,1,1)

1671. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what east Asian nations were particularly influenced by the French Revolution?

China and Vietnam (USQRG:59,1,1)

1672. What non‐political aspects of revolutionary events of the revolution did many French writers find particularly alluring?

the pathos and drama of the events (USQRG:59,1,2)

1673. Who produced the movie Napoleon? Abel Gance (USQRG:59,1,2)

1674. What aspect of the French Revolution makes it very conducive to the cinema?

its powerful imagery (USQRG:59,1,2)

1675. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, where does most of the original spirit of the Revolution remain prominent?

in literature (USQRG:59,1,2)



1676. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, who are the only Frenchmen today who can be connected to their fathers?

ʺmen of lettersʺ (USQRG:59,1,2)

1677. Who translated the writings in the work Alexis de Tocqueville: Selected Letters on Politics and Society?

James Toupin and Roger Boesche (USQRG:59,1,2)

1678. In what year was Napoleon first screened in cinemas? 1927 (USQRG:59,1,2)

1679. Who produced the movie Danton? Andrezj Wajda (USQRG:59,1,2)

1680. In what year was the movie Danton produced? 1984 (USQRG:59,1,2)

1681. To whom does the title of the movie Danton refer? the populist orator Georges‐Jacques Danton (USQRG:59,1,2)

1682. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, which four famous European authors wrote on the French Revolution?

Victor Hugo, Anatole France, Charles Dickens, and Honoré de Balzac (USQRG:59,1,2)

1683. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, how did the 19th ‐century works published by European literary giants affect the legacy of the French Revolution?

They kept the Revolution alive in popular memory. (USQRG:59,1,2)

1684. In what nation was the movie Danton produced? France (USQRG:59,1,2)

1685. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what exemplifies the importance of the Revolution in the English‐speaking world?

the numerous remakes of films about the Scarlet Pimpernel (USQRG:59,2,0)

1686. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, how has the focus of scholars changed regarding the scope of the French Revolution?

It has widened and shifted towards areas beyond France and realms beyond politics. (USQRG:59,2,1)

1687. In what city is the Bibliothèque National located? Paris (USQRG:59,2,3)

1688. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, where are scholars now studying the effects of the French Revolution?

Egypt, Haiti, and countries affected by the Revolutionary armies (USQRG:59,2,1)

1689. What subjects are modern scholars studying to examine the effects of the French Revolution?

diplomacy and high politics as well as festivals, songs, engravings and symbols (USQRG:59,2,1)

1690. When in the course of the French revolution did artists begin to publish commemorative engravings?

before the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (USQRG:59,2,2)

1691. What were the subjects of the engravings produced by enterprising artists during the French Revolution?

the events of the Revolution (USQRG:59,2,3)

1692. What legacy of the French Revolution still exists in popular memory?

songs like ʺThe Marseillaiseʺ (USQRG:59,2,3)

1693. Approximately how many engravings from the French Revolution are held in the Bibliothèque National?

30,000 (USQRG:59,2,3)

1694. In what nation outside of France are there libraries with thousands of engravings from the French Revolution?

the United States (USQRG:59,2,3)

1695. What living mementos of the French revolution still stand today?

liberty trees such as oaks (USQRG:59,2,3)

1696. What sort of mementos did French people frequently keep of the Revolution?

engravings, ribbons, crockery, and bits of stone from the Bastille (USQRG:59,2,3)



1697. Where in France can there still be found living legacies of the Revolution?

village squares (USQRG:59,2,3)

1698. According to Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, what demonstrates the weight of the memories of the French Revolution in the popular consciousness?

the number of engravings about the French Revolution in French and American libraries (USQRG:59,2,3)

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