Rural Livelihood Development CompanyRural Livelihood Development CompanyRural Livelihood Development CompanyRural Livelihood Development Company (R(R(R(RLDCLDCLDCLDC))))

SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION SITUATION IN THE

CENTRAL CORRIDOR OF TANZANIA

FINAL REPORT

November 2010November 2010November 2010November 2010

Prepared By: Dr. Damian M. Gabagambi (Sokoine University of Agriculture) & Mr. Victor George (University of Dodoma,

Tanzania)

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Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................i

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... ii

List of Tables..............................................................................................................................iv

List of Figures............................................................................................................................. v

List of Figures............................................................................................................................. v

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................vi

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................vi

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................vii

Acknowledgment.................................................................................................................... ix

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Objectives of the Assignment .................................................................................... 1

1.3 Structure of the Report ............................................................................................... 2

3. Methodology.................................................................................................................... 2

3.1 Development of Instruments for Data Collection ...................................................... 2

3.2 Identification of Focus Groups................................................................................... 2

3.3 Recruitment of Field Assistants ................................................................................. 3

3.5 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................... 3

3.6 Analysis and Report Writing...................................................................................... 3

4. Results ................................................................................................................................ 4

4.1 Background Characteristics of the Surveyed Regions ............................................... 4

4.2 Wealth Category of Sampled Households ................................................................. 4

4.3 Use of Quality and Improved Sunflower Seed Varieties ........................................... 6

4.4 Most Prominent Seeds Varieties Preferred by Farmers ............................................. 7

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4.5 Distribution Channel of Sunflower Seeds in the Central Corridor ............................ 7

4.6 Yield Comparison for Traditional and Improved Seed Varieties .............................. 8

4.7 Gross Margins Analysis (GMA) ................................................................................ 9

4.7.1 Production costs................................................................................................. 9

4.7.2 Returns............................................................................................................. 10

4.7.3 Gross Margin................................................................................................... 11

4.8 Factors Affecting Productivity................................................................................. 12

4.9 Agronomic Practices and Support Services to Smallholder Farmers ...................... 15

4.9.1 Agronomic Practices........................................................................................ 15

4.9.2 Access to Extension Services............................................................................ 15

4.10 Marketing Arrangement and Potential for Contract Farming .................................. 16

4.10.1 Prevailing Marketing Arrangement................................................................. 16

4.10.2 Farmers Willing to Participate in Contract Farming...................................... 16

5. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................ 19

Appendices................................................................................................................................ 20

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List of Tables

TABLE 1: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS UNDERTAKEN .......................... 3

TABLE 2: BASIC ATTRIBUTES FOR SAMPLED HOUSEHOLD ................................................................. 4

TABLE 3: TOTAL VARIANCE AS PER PCA ...................................................................................... 5

TABLE 4: SCORING FACTORS AND SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR VARIABLES AS PER PCA ............................ 5

TABLE 5: SEED VARIETIES GROWN AT CENTRAL CORRIDOR............................................................... 6

TABLE 6: PRODUCTION PER ACRE FOR DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER ....................................... 9

TABLE 7: AVERAGE PRODUCTION COST (TSH) PER ACRE ............................................................... 10

TABLE 8: FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTIVITY ............................................................................. 13

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List of Figures

FIGURE 1: WEALTH CATEGORY.................................................................................................. 6

FIGURE 2: RETURNS (TSH) PER ACRE IN THE SURVEYED DISTRICTS ................................................. 11

FIGURE 3: GROSS MARGIN (TSH) PER ACRE IN SURVEYED DISTRICTS ............................................... 12

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

AMCOs Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives

ASA Agricultural Seed Agency

FGDs Focus group discussions

GMA Gross Margin Analysis

PCA Principal components analysis

QDS Quality Declared Seeds

RLDC Rural Livelihood Development Company

SACCOS Saving and Credit Cooperatives

SPSS Statistical Package fo Social Sciences

SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture

SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity and Threat

ToR Terms of reference

TOSCI Tanzania Seed Certification Institute

UDOM University of Dodoma

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Executive Summary This study has examined the sunflower production situation in the central corridor of Tanzania. Seven districts in five regions of Morogoro, Dodoma, Singida, Manyara, Shinyanga, and Tabora were studied in which a number of issues were examined. The issues include use of quality and improved sunflower seed varieties, yield comparison of traditional and improved seed varieties, support services to smallholder farmers, perception of producers on contract farming and opportunities and challenges in sunflower production. Focus group discussion complemented with interviews with households and key informants were the main methods used in data collection.

Results revealed that both local and improved seeds are used, with improved seeds dominating. Local seeds selected by farmers at harvesting time whereas distribution of improved seeds involved a chain of actors such as Agricultural Seed Agency (ASA), Tanzania Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), private seed companies, Agro-dealers, and selected farmers who produce Quality Declared seeds (QDS) for distribution to other farmers. Estimation of yield indicated that generally improved seed have higher yield potential than local varieties by about 90%. Gross Margins Analysis revealed a clear difference between traditional and improved seed varieties in which gross margins for improved seed varieties in all other districts were higher than for traditional varieties. Regression analysis indicated that significant factors influencing sunflower productivity include use of improved varieties, number of crops in farm, distance from homestead to the farm, and the age of household head. But it should be stated at this stage that more interpretation and inference from these regression results will be available at the second version of this report.

Discussion with stakeholders and personal observations across all surveyed districts revealed that farmers do not follow proper agronomic practice such as timely planting during the season, plant spacing, use of modern inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides, improved drainage to avoiding water logging, proper weeding, pest control, and timely harvesting. All these contribute to low productivity. Stakeholders asserted that extension service for sunflower farmers in the surveyed areas is inadequate or simply unavailable. Regarding marketing, it was observed that prevailing marketing arrangements of sunflower in the surveyed regions involve individual farmers selling sunflower seeds to either processors (millers) or middle men, and that most farmers sells sunflower soon after harvesting due to lack of storage facilities and avoidance of crop loss due to storage pests such as rodents. In some places such as Igunga, farmers sell their products even before planting the season so as to get money for paying school fees for their children and to attend other social obligations.

Some forms of value addition through processing were observed. Nevertheless, contract farming is non-existent, but farmer expressed willingness to participate in contract farming under good facilitation. The study was concluded by examining constraints and challenges, and SWOT analysis. For example the main challenge was found to be use of local seed varieties. By promoting the use of improved seed varieties alone, it is possible to increase sunflower production by up to 90%. Taking into consideration all factors, the

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following are recommended in order to improve sunflower sector in the central corridor of Tanzania:

1. One of the major setbacks in production of sunflower in the study areas is predominant use of local seeds varieties. It is thus recommended that seed multiplication centres be established under the management of a private business entity to simplify availability of sunflower seeds at affordable price.

2. Unreliable market is usually a limiting factor for increased farm production. This could be resolved in two ways. One way would be to forge a tripartite arrangement in which there is a financial institution, like SACCOS, an agricultural marketing cooperative (AMCOs), and a service provider working together to ensure that producers access both commodity market and credit. This could follow the warehouse receipt system concept. The second way would be for identified experienced service provider to facilitation of contract farming between producers and large-scale buyers or processors.

3. For farmers to become active actors in the sunflower value chain it is imperative for them to have adequate knowledge and skills on basic agronomic and marketing skills in the sunflower sub sector. It is thus recommended that capacity building programmes for farmers in terms of tailor-made training be instituted in a systematic way.

4. Extension services are an important component in farm production. The current government extension services system cannot address farm challenges. Emphasis in this system is on quantity and not quality. It is recommended there is a need to carry out lobbying that would enable the government to change its mindset on extension services provision in a manner that emphasizes on quality instead of quantity of the services.

5. The central corridor is a very dry area. It is almost impossible to promote any particular crop without considering irrigation. It is thus recommended that irrigation schemes should be part of a comprehensive programme to develop the sunflower sub sector in the area.

6. Soils constantly undergo change. The quantity and availability of plant nutrient elements in the soil change as a result of removal by the growing or harvested crop, leaching, erosion, or the addition of fertilizer, manure or compost. Indiscriminate use of inorganic fertiliser may result into soil destruction. Thus there is a need to institute soil testing in order to provide the information necessary to maintain optimum fertility conditions for the soil in the process of promoting sunflower production.

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Acknowledgment The authors of this report would like to thank all the people who were involved in one way or another in accomplishing this report. Special gratitude is due RLDC management for availing resources for undertaking the assignment. Farmers, input suppliers, and other stakeholders contacted in the field are thanked for enthusiasm and active participation that simplified the task of research team. Lastly, field assistants; Salum Matotola, Elia John, Bernadeta Minja, Benta Matunga and Sadiki Lihinda are thanked for timely data collection that provided information for enriched the analysis.

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1. Introduction 1.1. Background

Sunflower sub sector represents one of the key sectors of agriculture in Tanzania. Sunflower oil contributes about 13% of the world edible oil production with high value. There has been tremendously increase in production of sunflower seeds in Tanzania (see Appendix 1). Sunflower has a great potential of improving livelihoods and welfare of poor households since it is grown by small scale farmers in most regions. Recognizing this potential and the challenges that face the sub sector, the Rural Livelihood Development Company (RLDC) has been operating in six regions in Tanzania in improving sunflower seed production and seed marketing. However the main challenges in increasing production of sunflower include use of traditional seed, low productivity, poor distribution system of improved seeds from few existing companies and low producer prices.

On this background, Rural Livelihood Development Company (RLDC) is in a process of devising interventions that would improve production in the sunflower sub sector. This would entail improving product quality, input supply and competitiveness in marketing system. To achieve this ambitious goal, RLDC commissioned an assignment to two experienced consultants namely, Dr. Damian M. Gabagambi of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and Mr. Victor George of The University of Dodoma (UDOM) to examine the sunflower production dynamics in selected areas of the Central Corridor of Tanzania and recommend measures for addressing the constraints in the sunflower sub sector.

1.2 Objectives of the Assignment

The main objective of the assignment was to examine the sunflower production situation in the Central Corridor of Tanzania through addressing specific objectives presented in the terms of reference (ToR) (Appendix 2). Specifically they include:

� To find out the perception of sunflower producers regarding the use of quality and improved sunflower seed (affordability, availability, accessibility, etc).

� To compare the yield obtained with respect to type of sunflower seeds used. � To find out the current yield per acre for small scale sunflower farmers in the

region. � To identify the services small farmers received for increase sunflower production. � Analyze the circumstances or reasons that determine and influence the farmers

into sunflower cultivation. � To find out the main sources of sunflower seeds and identify main seed

distribution channel. � To identify factors that influence productivity of sunflower grains/seeds. � To assess opportunities and potential challenges for sunflower producers

subsector. � To find out the perception and understanding of producers on having contract with

processors (contract farming) for the sake of improving supply chain and quality of sunflower grains.

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1.3 Structure of the Report

This report is organised into four main sections. The first section, which is proceeding, presents background and objectives of the assignment. The second section covers approach and methodological issues employed by the consultancy team in addressing the assignment objectives. Section Three discusses findings of the study. The subsections under this part are arranged in a manner that reflects the chronological arrangement of the specific objectives. Section Four presents conclusion and recommendations pertinent to the production situation of sunflower in the Central Corridor of Tanzania.

3. Methodology The methodology and approach employed in this study can conceptually be divided into four steps namely (i) inception discussions between the consultant and the client, (ii) development of instruments for data collection (iii), Identification of focus groups, (iv) recruitment of field assistants, (v) fieldwork, and (vi) report writing. Each of these steps is outlined below.

3.1 Development of Instruments for Data Collection

After meeting with RLDC official, it was agreed that both household surveys and focus group discussions (FGDs) be carried out, but more weight should be placed on the latter. Structured questionnaire was constructed for collecting information from farming households, and checklists of issues to guide FGDs were prepared for qualitative data collection (Appendix 3). The instruments were reviewed by the research team. Before the field work commenced the instruments were translated into Kiswahili, a national language. To make sure that the translated versions capture correctly the English versions, the translated instruments were back translated into English by an independent expert. This English version was compared with original versions to check consistence. The essence of translating the instrument in Kiswahili is to avoid direct translation by FGD facilitators that could distort the context of the question and thus collect inconsistent information.

3.2 Identification of Focus Groups

This was an important component of the assignment, which had to be done careful so that the information collected truly represented perceptions of the majority of people in the area. Several FGDs were held with different key actors along the sunflower value chain in all the areas that were visited. The groups were constituted based on some demographic and geographic characteristics of the participants such as sex, age, business or farm size, and kinds of occupation. On this basis, the groups were as follows:

� Male smallholder farmers � Female smallholder farmers � Young farmers � Middlemen (assemblers/collectors and large-scale buyers and processors) � Service providers.

This kind of separation was important because constraints are likely to differ across different social strata in the communities. It should also be noted that the number of

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FGDs in a particular location depended on the real situation on the ground. A total 7 group discussions were conducted in the 7 districts visited. In the case it was difficult to compose a focus group; interviews with individual key informants were undertaken.

3.3 Recruitment of Field Assistants

Consultants in this assignment maintain a databank of potential research assistants from their previous assignments. This databank is updated on annual basis as new graduates enter into the job market and some of the old ones get more permanent jobs. A person is eligible to be a field assistant if he/she possesses a University degree or he/she is a student at a higher learning institution and has time for the fieldwork. This study picked field assistants from this databank and gave them a two-days training on information collection relevant to this particular assignment.

3.5 Fieldwork

The fieldwork commenced immediately after the completion of the training. This was because the minds of field assistants were still fresh on issues they learnt during training. Field assistants and the co-consultant were deployed in 3 pairs. The first pair was tasked to interview sunflower producers, and the remaining pairs carried out focus group discussions. Deploying the team in pairs during FGDs was important so that when one was facilitating the discussion, the other member was taking notes. As part of quality assurance, the consultants oversaw FGDs carried out by field assistants, and also reviewed questionnaire filled in by the enumerators. Table 1 summarises geographical distribution of the focus groups in this study. The details on this, and a list of people consulted during the field work are presented in Appendix 4 and 5 respectively.

Table Table Table Table 1111: Geographical distribut: Geographical distribut: Geographical distribut: Geographical distribution of focus group discussions undertakenion of focus group discussions undertakenion of focus group discussions undertakenion of focus group discussions undertaken

RegionRegionRegionRegion District(s)District(s)District(s)District(s) VillageVillageVillageVillage Number of participants at FGDNumber of participants at FGDNumber of participants at FGDNumber of participants at FGD

Morogoro Kilosa Madoto 38 Manyara Kiteto Chapakazi 41

Kongwa Mlali 35 Dodoma

Kondoa Mondo 20

Singida (R) Ngamu 35 Singida

Iramba Ilunda 25

Tabora Igunga Ntobo 35

3.6 Analysis and Report Writing

After the fieldwork, the consultancy team synthesized and organized the information collected and produced this draft report that is submitted to the client (RLDC) for inputs. A final report incorporating comments from the client will be submitted within a week after getting comments.

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4. Results 4.1 Background Characteristics of the Surveyed Regions

As stated previously this study was undertaken in Morogoro, Dodoma, Singida, Manyara, and Tabora. These regions are found in the central part of Tanzania, together they constitute what RLDC refer to the central corridor of Tanzania. These are the regions which have received the attention of RLDC operations. One district was sampled for each region, based on sunflower production potential. However, for Dodoma and Singida two districts were sampled as per client’s instructions. From each district one village with highest potential on sunflower production was selected. Table 2, indicates the characteristics of the surveyed households across each sampled district Table Table Table Table 2222: Basic attributes for sampled household: Basic attributes for sampled household: Basic attributes for sampled household: Basic attributes for sampled household

MorogoroMorogoroMorogoroMorogoro Dodoma Dodoma Dodoma Dodoma ManyaraManyaraManyaraManyara SingidaSingidaSingidaSingida TaboraTaboraTaboraTabora

AttributesAttributesAttributesAttributes KilosaKilosaKilosaKilosa KongwaKongwaKongwaKongwa KondoaKondoaKondoaKondoa KitetoKitetoKitetoKiteto Singida Singida Singida Singida RuralRuralRuralRural IrambaIrambaIrambaIramba IgungaIgungaIgungaIgunga TotalTotalTotalTotal

Age (Years)Age (Years)Age (Years)Age (Years) PercentagPercentagPercentagPercentages (%)es (%)es (%)es (%)

18-34 1.3 0.0 9.0 5.0 1.3 1.3 6.3 24.2

35-54 6.0 9.0 5.0 6.3 9.0 11.0 6.3 52.6

55-64 4.0 3.0 1.3 3.0 3.0 0.0 1.3 15.6

65+ 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 1.3 2.5 0.0 7.6

SexSexSexSex

Male 8.9 7.6 12.7 11.4 10.1 11.4 11.4 73.5

Female 3.8 6.3 3.8 2.5 3.8 3.8 2.5 26.5

Marital StatusMarital StatusMarital StatusMarital Status

Married 10.1 12.7 15.2 13.9 12.7 13.9 11.4 89.9

Single 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0

Divorced 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 3.8

Widdow 0.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 5.2

Education levelEducation levelEducation levelEducation level

0-Not attended school 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 3.8 7.6

1-7 Years of school 11.4 12.7 15.2 12.7 10.1 12.7 7.6 82.3

8-11 Years of school 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.8

12-13 Years of School 1.3 0.0 1.3 1.3

0.0 0.0 1.3 5.1

14+ Years of School 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3

4.2 Wealth Category of Sampled Households

Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to calculate the wealth index of each household based on the normalized indices. The PCA extracts from a set of variables those few orthogonal linear combinations of the variables that capture the common information most successfully. Intuitively the first principal component of a set of variables is the linear index of all the variables that captures the largest amount of information is common to all of the variables. In this analysis, PCA was run on 13 indicators using SPSS. Five components were extracted. The first component was chosen

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for use in constructing the index because it explained about 17% of the total variance in the 13 indicators (Table 3).

Table Table Table Table 3333: Total variance as per PCA: Total variance as per PCA: Total variance as per PCA: Total variance as per PCA

ComponentComponentComponentComponent Extraction Sums of Squared LoadingsExtraction Sums of Squared LoadingsExtraction Sums of Squared LoadingsExtraction Sums of Squared Loadings

TotalTotalTotalTotal % of Variance% of Variance% of Variance% of Variance Cumulative %Cumulative %Cumulative %Cumulative %

1.000 2.277 17.514 17.514

2.000 2.087 16.054 33.568 3.000 1.626 12.505 46.073

4.000 1.299 9.990 56.063 5.000 1.068 8.212 64.275

The scores assigned to the indicators on component 1 are shown in Table 4.The impact of each variable on the overall index was calculated as the score divided by the standard deviation. When a household moves from 0 to 1 on a particular indicator, its score on the overall index is increased by the amount of the “impact” ratio for that indicator. Table Table Table Table 4444: Scoring factors and summary statistics for vari: Scoring factors and summary statistics for vari: Scoring factors and summary statistics for vari: Scoring factors and summary statistics for variables as per PCAables as per PCAables as per PCAables as per PCA

VariableVariableVariableVariable MeanMeanMeanMean SdevSdevSdevSdev ScoreScoreScoreScore ImpactImpactImpactImpact

Tractor 0.013 0.113 -0.136 -1.211

Animal plough 0.392 0.491 -0.018 -0.036

Chemical/Spray pump 0.025 0.158 0.152 0.959

Car 0.013 0.113 0.017 0.148 Motorbike 0.051 0.221 -0.051 -0.230

Bicycle 0.823 0.384 0.006 0.017

Ox-cart 0.354 0.481 -0.054 -0.112

Radio 0.899 0.304 0.072 0.237 Television 0.139 0.348 -0.071 -0.205

Mobile phone 0.709 0.457 0.006 0.014

Hand hoe 0.886 0.320 0.267 0.836

Axe 0.658 0.477 0.418 0.875

Panga 0.696 0.463 0.446 0.964

The end result of PCA is the creation of a single index of relative poverty that assigns to each sample household a score, representing that household’s poverty status in relation to all other households in the sample. To use the Poverty Index the household sample were sorted in an ascending order according to its index score. Once sorted the households were divided in terciles based on their Poverty Index score: The cut-off scores for each tercile define the limits of each poverty group. Households were then categorized into the three groups based on their household scores. The cut-off scores of –0.70 and +0.21 were used in categorizing the households into wealth groups. The lower the score, the poorer the household relative to all others with higher scores. Figure 1 indicates percentage of wealth ranking across the surveyed districts. It was found that 32 % of the households were poorest while 43% were poor and only 25% of the household sampled were less poor.

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Poorest32%

Poor43%

Less Poor25%

Figure Figure Figure Figure 1111: Wealth categor: Wealth categor: Wealth categor: Wealth categoryyyy

4.3 Use of Quality and Improved Sunflower Seed Varieties

The survey shows that across the surveyed districts, the use of traditional seeds is prominent over improved seeds, however the seed varieties vary from one place to another, and sometimes the same varieties have different names on different location. Nevertheless it was generally noted that across the surveyed districts, different sunflower seeds varieties are grown. In some cases it was observed that other seeds for examples “Kilimo” were originally improved seeds but after long time inbreeding they have become traditional seeds. Currently, there are different traditional and improved sunflower seed varieties existing in central corridor. Out of these most common traditional varieties are, Black, white and zebra. Besides the traditional varieties, the improved variety; “record” has high potential in the production of sunflower. Most of these sunflower varieties have great adoptability; therefore these can be produced in very extreme conditions, as well. Table 5 indicates different seeds varieties grown in the central corridor.

Table Table Table Table 5555: Seed varieties grown at central corridor: Seed varieties grown at central corridor: Seed varieties grown at central corridor: Seed varieties grown at central corridor

Seed VarietiesSeed VarietiesSeed VarietiesSeed Varieties RegionRegionRegionRegion DistrictDistrictDistrictDistrict VillageVillageVillageVillage

ImprovedImprovedImprovedImproved TraditionalTraditionalTraditionalTraditional Morogoro Kilosa Madoto Record Black, Zebra

Dodoma Kongwa Mlali Record Black, Kilimo, Zebra

Kondoa Mondo Record Black, White, Zebra

Manyara Kiteto Chapakazi Kenya fedha Black, White, Zebra Singida Rural

Ngamu - Black, White, Zebra, Serena, Jupiter

Singida

Iramba Ilunda Record Black-lulu, Zebra, Jupiter

Tabora Igunga Ntobo - Black, White, Zebra

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4.4 Most Prominent Seeds Varieties Preferred by Farmers

Investigation revealed that the seed varieties that farmers would prefer are those with the following attributes; high yielding potential, high oil content, resistance to diseases, tolerance to drought, palatability, and availability at affordable price. However due to unavailability of improved seeds with those attributes, they resort to traditional seeds that are drought tolerant which have no multiple heads. The most common improved sunflower seed variety which is used by farmers is Record, which was predominant in Morogoro, Dodoma and Singida, other improved varieties were Kenya fedha which was largely found in Manyara.

Focus group discussions (FGDs) and interview with key informants revealed that, about 37% of farmers in the surveyed villages were using traditional seed varieties. The only exception was noted in Kondoa where more than 70% of farmers were using improved seeds. The reason for high use of improved seeds in Kondoa was observed to be presence of selected farmers who produce Quality Declared Seeds (QDS) and thus simplify availability and distribution of seeds to farmers. Various reasons were cited for preference of traditional seeds over improved seeds. The most common reasons include unavailability and inaccessibility of improved seeds. Available improved seeds were found to be extremely expensive for smallholder farmers. The price for improved seeds ranged TSh. 2,500-5,000 per kg. Considering the fact that it requires 4-5 kg for an acre of sunflower, this cost is significant for smallholder farmers. However it was noted that smallholder farmers are quite aware that improved seeds have higher yielding potentials than local seed varieties, and expressed willingness to use improved seed varieties if they were available at affordable prices. The farmers who use improved seeds purchased them from nearby agro-dealers, markets places and directly from farmers who produce QDS.

4.5 Distribution Channel of Sunflower Seeds in the Central Corridor

Overall, across the sampled villages, the largest proportion of traditional seeds are derived from recycled seeds from own farmers reserves. At harvesting time farmers select the best seeds from their harvest and store them for the next season. Those who do not store seeds they purchase from other farmers or at market place. The price of local seeds varies from TSh. 250-1000 per kg.

In tracing the seed distribution channel, it was imperative to look into the actors involved from the supply side. In this case it was observed that the actors in the channel include; the public research institutions, Agricultural Seed Agency (ASA), Tanzania Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), private seed companies and Agro-dealers.

The study revealed that the chain starts right from the public research institutions such as Ilonga Research Institute (IRI) that deals with development of sunflower seed varieties and production of breeder’s seed. The breeder’s seeds are then taken to another government agency, Agricultural Seed Agency (ASA) for multiplication, distribution and marketing of basic and certified seeds of the sunflower varieties bred by public research institutions. The Agency produces certified seeds through its own seed farms, for example in Morogoro, Msimba farm is used for this purpose. These farms multiply basic seeds

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which are then subjected to seed quality certification1. The Seed quality control is carried out by the Tanzania Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI) which was re-established under the new Seed Act of 2003. After getting release approval from TOSCI, the seed farms sell multiplied basic seeds to private seed companies such as Suba-Agro, Krishna Seed Company, Mbegu Tech, Tanseed International which most of them are found in Arusha. The seeds companies use basic seeds to produce quality seeds which are then sold to agro-dealers for the purpose of reaching farmers country-wide. In some other cases seed farms produce certified seeds for the purpose of selling to farmers. However the study indicated that even farmers around seed farms such as Msimba farm do not use improved seeds. The reason for this was found to be the requirement of the seller to demand the buyer to procure seeds in large quantities. This condition is difficult for many small scale-farmers and small agro-dealers to meet.

The second scenario involves Research institutes, Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), Service providers, District councils and farmers; in this case research institutes produces basic/breeder seeds, TOSCI in collaboration with District Agricultural Officers select farmers in villages which have high sunflower production potential and train them on seeds production.

This study found that in most cases three farmers from different villages are selected for such purpose. After training, TOSCI or other service providers such as RLDC provides basic seeds to District councils, and the Agricultural district officers provides the same to seeds farmers. These farmers produce seeds which are then subject to quality test by TOSCI, if the seeds qualify they become Quality Declared seeds (QDS) then farmers are allowed to sell those seeds to other farmers. However selling of QDS by farmers has limitations, they are supposed to sell those seeds not beyond their geographical locations; the wards. Because of that it is not surprising to find one ward of a district using improved seeds while other village in adjacent wards using local seed. The other limitation that QDS farmers face is that they are not allowed to have more than five acres of seed farms regardless of the demand of the seeds. Examination of the relationship between the use of improved seed varieties and household characteristics such as wealth, age and experience of farmers did not reveal significant association.

4.6 Yield Comparison for Traditional and Improved Seed Varieties

During FGDs, participants approximated sunflower yield per acre. It was shown that under good agronomic practices an acre of improved seeds can produce 12-15 bags of sunflower seeds. It was asserted that that a bag of sunflower seeds has an average weight of 65 kg. However under prevailing farming practices in the study areas, an acre of improved seeds produces 8-12 bags per acre. It was also noted that using lock seed varieties under traditional farming practices, an acre of sunflower produces 3-5 bags per acre. Nevertheless there is great variation among individual farmers. Table 6 shows average output per acre for different districts that were surveyed. The difference noted here may be attributed to differential agronomic practices such as nature of seeds used, timing of planting, weeding, timing of harvesting, and soil condition. From the table, it

1 The purpose of seed certification is to maintain and make available to the public high quality seeds and achieve prescribed standards

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could be noted that generally improved seed have higher yield potential than local varieties by about 90%.

Table Table Table Table 6666: Production per acre for different varieties of sunflower: Production per acre for different varieties of sunflower: Production per acre for different varieties of sunflower: Production per acre for different varieties of sunflower

RegionRegionRegionRegion DistrictDistrictDistrictDistrict Traditional Varieties (Kg)Traditional Varieties (Kg)Traditional Varieties (Kg)Traditional Varieties (Kg) Improved Varieties (Kg)Improved Varieties (Kg)Improved Varieties (Kg)Improved Varieties (Kg)

Black Black Black Black White White White White ZebraZebraZebraZebra KilimoKilimoKilimoKilimo

AverageAverageAverageAverage RecordRecordRecordRecord Kenya Kenya Kenya Kenya FedhaFedhaFedhaFedha AverageAverageAverageAverage

Morogoro Kilosa 220 - - - 220 600 - 600

Kongwa 260 260 260 650 - 650 Dodoma Kondoa 520-600 560 650-975 - 813

Manyara Kiteto 260 130 195 - 195 - 455-520 488

Singida Singida Rural 520-650 325 195 423 - -

Iramba 325 260 293 650-850 - 750 Tabora Igunga 420-600 420-600 510 - -

Overall averageOverall averageOverall averageOverall average 351 Overall averageOverall averageOverall averageOverall average 660

4.7 Gross Margins Analysis (GMA)

4.7.1 Production costs

In order to compute gross margin, it was imperative to establish production cost per acre. These costs were estimated by farmers assuming that a farmer had to hire labour to carry out a particular operation. However, in actual fact most operations are carried out by family labour. As such the costs referred to in this analysis are critical economic costs and not accounting costs which would conceal actual costs involved in the production process. Production costs included all activities necessary in sunflower production. The activities include land rent, land preparation, primary tillage, secondary tillage, sowing, weeding, bird scaring, farm transport, and harvesting. Table 7 presents estimated production costs across surveyed districts, and the costs range between TSh. 108,500 and TSh. 257,000. As could be noted, Kilosa district had the highest production costs per acre of TSh. 257,000. This was followed by (with figures in brackets indicating costs) Iramba (TSh. 244,000), Igunga (TSh. 152,900), Kiteto (TSh. 140,500), Singida Rural (TSh. 136,925), Kondoa (TSh. 113,000), and lastly Kongwa .with TSh. 108,500 per acre. Higher production costs per acre in Kilosa and Iramba are associated with higher land clearing costs and higher costs of manure respectively.

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Table Table Table Table 7777: Average pr: Average pr: Average pr: Average production cost (TSh) per acreoduction cost (TSh) per acreoduction cost (TSh) per acreoduction cost (TSh) per acre

Cost Cost Item Kilosa Kongwa Kondoa Kiteto Singida Rural Iramba Igunga Farm Operation

Renting land 10,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 27,500 22,500 30,000

Clearing 55,000 17,500 7,500 24,000 10,000 10,000 22,500

Tillage 37,500 20,000 16,000 12,000 22,500 22,500 10,000

Sowing 16,000 5,000 7,500 8,000 5,000 10,000 2,750

1st Weeding 23,000 15,000 15,000 22,500 25,000 17,500 22,500

2nd Weeding 23,000 8,000 5,000 8,000 10,000

Bird scaring 40,000 10,000

Harvesting 32,500 12,500 10,000 6,000 17,500 10,500 16,000

Transport from farm 15,000 10,500 4,750 28,000 9,500 11,000 11,500

Pulling 5,000 8,000 4,000 7,500 12,500 20,000

Winnowing 15,000 2,000 3,500 2,500 12,000

Storage 7,250 4,925 3,350 4,850 Inputs

Seeds 5,000 2,000 1,000 4,000 7,200 800

Manure 105,000

Chemicals 5,000

Total Costs 257,000 108,500 113,000 140,500 136,925 244,550 152,900

4.7.2 Returns

Returns from sunflower production were computed by multiplying market price of sunflower seeds by output per acres. The price for a bag of sunflower seeds, which weighs 65 kg, was found to be TSh. About 37,000 for all the districts surveyed. This is equivalent to approximately TSh. 570 per kg. However, an exception was observed in Igunga district where the price was observed to be TSh. 277 per kg. The lower price of sunflower in Igunga is attributed by inefficient marketing arrangement in the area. There was only one buyer, a processor in Igunga town without any appreciable competition. It was noted that returns differ significantly based on the seed varieties. Returns for local seed varieties ranges between TSh. 137,000 and 240,000 per acre while improved seeds the range was TSh. 190,000 and 445,000 per acre. Figure 2 indicates returns per acre in the surveyed districts

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Figure Figure Figure Figure 2222: Returns (TSh) per acre in the surveyed districts: Returns (TSh) per acre in the surveyed districts: Returns (TSh) per acre in the surveyed districts: Returns (TSh) per acre in the surveyed districts

4.7.3 Gross Margin

Based on production costs and returns per acre it was possible to deduce gross margins in sunflower production. The result indicates that the margins ranged from negative TSh. 108,800 in Kilosa district to positive TSh. 313,075 in Kondoa district as could be noted in Figure 3. A clear difference between traditional and improved seed varieties was noted. With the exception of Singida Rural and Igunga district, the gross margins for improved seed varieties in all other districts were higher than for traditional varieties. As stated earlier on, the difference in gross margins among districts is explained by the difference between production costs.

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Figure Figure Figure Figure 3333: Gross margin (TSh) per acre in surveyed districts: Gross margin (TSh) per acre in surveyed districts: Gross margin (TSh) per acre in surveyed districts: Gross margin (TSh) per acre in surveyed districts

4.8 Factors Affecting Productivity

While it is possible to quantify the productivity of most of the resources used in farm production such as labour, capital and land, it is productivity of land that is usually given prominence, because land is the most limiting factor at peasant farm level. As such productivity referred to in this study represents partial productivity, that is, productivity of sunflower per acre in the reference period. It was computed by dividing total output by total land area under sunflower for individual farms. It is important to note that productivity is a function of numerous factors such as amount of fertiliser used, pesticide, farm size, type of seed used, nature of labour used, accessibility to roads and markets in terms of distance and time, household income, education level of the household head, access to credit, age of household head, household size, gender, use of modern farm implements (technology), and above all household market orientation, just to mention a few.

To formulate an econometric model that would capture the influence of each of these factors on productivity would require robust models that are beyond the scope of this assignment. Thus, this study limited the factors to age of farmer, sex, experience in sunflower farming, use of improved seed varieties, education level, distance from the homestead to a farm, number of dependants, household size, number of crops in a farm,

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access to extension service. Factors such as agronomic practices and other support services were reduced since they had no variation across the surveyed districts farmer. A single equation model was used to examine the factors affecting sunflower productivity. In this kind of model, one dependent variable is assumed to be influenced by one or several independent variables as presented in its general form below:

where Y is the dependent variable, X1, X2 … Xn are independent variables, u stochastic disturbance term, and i the ith observation. In the case under consideration, Y denotes productivity and Xi represent explanatory variables;

X1= Sex of household head (dummy; 1= male, 0=female) X2= Age of Household head (in Years) X3= Farm size (number) X4= Number of dependants (below the age of 18, students and disabled) X5= Level of education (years of schooling) X6= Experience in sunflower production (number of years) X7= Distance from the homestead to the main land plot (in km) X8= Land constraints (dummy; 1= Yes, 0=No) X9= Farm size (acres) X10= Number of crops in the farm enterprise (number) X11= Access to extension services (dummy; 1= Yes, 0=No) X12= Type of seed used (dummy; 1= Yes, 0=No)

Regression results from this equation are presented in Table 8.

Table Table Table Table 8888: Factors affecting productivity: Factors affecting productivity: Factors affecting productivity: Factors affecting productivity

VariableVariableVariableVariable

Standard Standard Standard Standard ErrorErrorErrorError

Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient EstimatesEstimatesEstimatesEstimates

Level of Level of Level of Level of SignificanSignificanSignificanSignificance.ce.ce.ce.

Sex of household head (dummy; 1= male, 0=female) 46.7845 -0.2031 0.0829

Age of Household head (in Years) 1.8473 -0.3279 0.0137*

Farm size (number) 13.0760 0.0889 0.7503

Number of dependants (below the age of 18, students and disabled) 16.6449 0.0451 0.8668

Level of education (years of schooling) 7.7560 0.0930 0.4447

Experience in sunflower production (number of years) 3.9251 0.0109 0.9412

Distance from the homestead to the main land plot (in km) 6.2419 -0.2771 0.0204*

Land constraints (dummy; 1= Yes, 0=No) 46.6095 0.0895 0.4596

Farm size (acres) 8.5131 -0.1762 0.1794

Number of crops in the farm enterprise (number) 21.7405 -0.2432 0.0469*

Access to extension services (dummy; 1= Yes, 0=No) 60.8342 -0.0288 0.8186

Type of seed used (dummy; 1= Yes, 0=No) 47.4544 -0.2657 0.0342*

*Significant at 5%

Yi = A + β1X1i + β2X2i + β3 X3i + … + βn Xni + ui

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The model could now be re-written as;

Yi = A - 0.2031 X1 -0.3279 X2+ 0.0889 X3+0.0451 X4+ 0.0930 X5+ 0.0109 X6 - 0.2771

X7+0.0895 X8 - 0.1762 X9- 0.2432 X10- 0.0288 X11- 0.2657 X12+ ui

As could be noted, although all variables affect productivity, but improved varieties, number of crops in farm, distance from homestead to the largest plot, and the age of household head were found to have most significant contribution to productivity of sunflower farmers. Decrease of age of head of household is associated with increase of sunflower yield by 0.33, with Concentration of many crops in the farm it is likely to decrease sunflower yield by 0.047. Households with farms that are long distance from their house are 2.0% less likely to have higher sunflower yields. The use of local seed varieties is also likely to decrease sunflower yield by 26%. Table 9 shows factors that have significant contribution to sunflower productivity.

Table 9: Some selected factors that have significant effect to sunflower productivityTable 9: Some selected factors that have significant effect to sunflower productivityTable 9: Some selected factors that have significant effect to sunflower productivityTable 9: Some selected factors that have significant effect to sunflower productivity

OutputOutputOutputOutput pppper er er er aaaacrecrecrecre**** VariaVariaVariaVariablesblesblesbles

0000----180 Kg180 Kg180 Kg180 Kg 181181181181----360 Kg360 Kg360 Kg360 Kg 361361361361----540 Kg540 Kg540 Kg540 Kg 541541541541----720 Kg720 Kg720 Kg720 Kg >720 Kg>720 Kg>720 Kg>720 Kg OverallOverallOverallOverall

Type of seedsType of seedsType of seedsType of seeds

Improved 0.00 9.90 22.50 2.80 1.40 36.60

Local 21.1 28.20 8.50 4.20 1.40 63.40

Age of Head of Age of Head of Age of Head of Age of Head of HouseholdHouseholdHouseholdHousehold

18-34 Years 1.40 11.40 10.00 1.40 2.90 27.10

35-54 Years 12.90 20.00 15.70 5.70 0.00 54.00

55-64 Years 7.10 4.30 1.40 0.00 0.00 12.90

65+ Years 0.00 2.90 2.90 0.00 0.00 5.70

Distance to farmDistance to farmDistance to farmDistance to farm

0-3 Km 12.70 29.60 12.70 7.00 2.80 64.80

3.1-5 Km 0.00 4.20 15.50 0.00 0.00 19.70

>5 Km 8.50 4.20 2.80 0.00 0.00 15.50

Number of crops Number of crops Number of crops Number of crops in a farmin a farmin a farmin a farm

1 Crops 5.70 8.60 5.70 1.40 1.40 22.90

2-3 Crops 7.10 25.70 25.70 4.30 1.40 64.30

More than 3 Crops

7.10 4.30 0.00 1.40 0.00 12.90

* Figure in the table indicate percentage of farmers

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4.9 Agronomic Practices and Support Services to Smallholder Farmers

4.9.1 Agronomic Practices

Discussion with stakeholders and personal observations across all surveyed districts revealed that farmers do not follow proper agronomic practice such as timely planting during the season, plant spacing, use of modern inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides, improved drainage to avoiding water logging, proper weeding, pest control, and timely harvesting. As was stated previously, the use of improved seeds is marginal with exception of Singida (Iramba) and Tabora. In almost all regions farmers use neither fertiliser nor manure. However in Tabora and Singida farmers were found to use manure in a significant manner. This is because sunflower farmers in those areas are also livestock keepers, and soils are generally poor in fertility. The use of manure in these regions results in better yields per acre than in other regions. Nevertheless, farmers in other regions felt that sunflower cultivation does not necessarily need manure or fertilizer and it can perform well even on poor soils. However from technical point of view, constant cultivation without effort to replenish soil nutrients extracted by plants eventually results into soil degradation and reduced productivity. Farmers associated non-use of fertilizer and improved seeds to cash constraints.

With regard to technology, the use of hand hoe and draught animals is predominant for many small scale sunflower farmers. Medium scale farmers were observed to use tractors in land tillage. In sowing sunflower seeds two approaches are used. In the first instance, farmers prepare farms and thereafter plant sunflower seeds. In the second approach sunflower seeds are sown during land tillage using draught animals. Farmers assert that there is no significant difference in yield between the two approaches. It was also noted that in both cases farmers use a large quantity of seeds because of poor germination rates of local seed varieties. After germination, excess seedlings are removed.

4.9.2 Access to Extension Services

Farmers admitted that they needed extension services in the production process of sunflower. They cited timely provision of information on a reliable manner; techniques for using productivity enhancing skills, efficient use resources, support for decision-making, and capacity building. However across the sampled villages the only service provider available were the ward agricultural officers. Nevertheless, extension service for sunflower farmers in the surveyed areas is inadequate. The ratio of extension officers to farmers is very large. The study reveals that one field agricultural office serves more than one village and is not capacitated to carry out his duties. Stakeholders expressed worry about the qualification of those a few existing extension officers. They felt that extension officers are not well equipped to handle dynamic challenges facing farmers. Investigation revealed that in some cases agricultural officers dealing with sunflower are trained to deal with livestock farming. One of the agricultural field officers was quoted saying,

“I am a livestock expert, but due to deficiency of staff and merging of the livestock and agriculture units at the district level I have to work in both fields, however this had limitations

to my performance as I don’t have much expertise in crop production”

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In some instances farmers complained that extension officers are busy with their own businesses. Most of them have turned out to be business persons dealing with input supply (agro-dealers). They spend much of their time attending their enterprises.

4.10 Marketing Arrangement and Potential for Contract Farming

4.10.1 Prevailing Marketing Arrangement

The prevailing marketing arrangements of sunflower in the surveyed regions involve individual farmers selling sunflower seeds to either processors (millers) or middle men. It was observed that most farmers sells sunflower soon after harvesting due to lack of storage facilities and avoidance of crop loss due to storage pests such as rodents. It was also found that in some places such as Igunga, farmers sell their products even before planting season so as to get money for paying school fees for their children and to attend other activities. In some cases farmers prefer to add value to their sunflower by processing sunflower grains and sell oil and cakes. In this way, farmers’ income increases significantly.

4.10.2 Farmers Willing to Participate in Contract Farming

Contract farming is agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and farmers, which establishes conditions for the production and marketing of a farm product or products. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide established quantities of a specific agricultural product, meeting the quality standards and delivery schedule set by the purchaser. In turn, the buyer commits to purchase the product, often at a pre-determined price. In some cases the buyer also commits to support production through, for example, supplying farm inputs, land preparation, providing technical advice and arranging transport of produce to the buyer’s premises.

The use of contracts (either formal or informal) has become attractive to many agricultural producers worldwide because of benefits such as the assured market and access to support services. It is also a system of interest to buyers who are looking for assured supplies of produce for sale or for processing. Processors are among the most important users of contracts, as they wish to assure full utilization of their plant processing capacity. A key feature of contract farming is that it facilitates backward and forward market linkages that are the cornerstone of market-led, commercial agriculture. Well managed contract farming is considered as an effective approach to help solve many of the market linkage and access problems for small farmers. This study explored forms of contract farming practiced in sunflower production in the central corridor.

In all the villages surveyed, farmers do not have any form of contractual arrangement with input suppliers or buyers of sunflower seeds. It was found that in Kiteto, one company (Nyemo agro-company) has approached farmers with the idea of having contract with them, but actual implementation was not yet in place. FGDs revealed that farmers are willing to participate in contract farming if they are well facilitated. Farmers seemed to have positive perception towards contract farming hopping that such arrangement would results in better access to reliable product market, inputs supply, and access to adequate extension services that would ultimately improving productivity. Despite the great potential benefits from contract farming, farmers foresaw potential

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crisis in case of crop failure due to unforeseen circumstances such as whether change. Of course these could be well captured in the contract under good facilitation.

4.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Sunflower Production

One of the discussion questions one on whether farmers and other actors along the sunflower value chain were optimistic or pessimistic about the future of sunflower sub sector. It was realised that almost all participants in the study were optimistic about the future of the industry.

However, in Tabora (Igunga district) farmers were pessimistic because of low price they fetch from sunflower. It was observed that in Tabora, a bag of sunflower was priced at TSh. 10,000 during harvest time, and increased to TSh. 15,000 -18,000 during off-season. The problem of sunflower marketing in Tabora is highly attributed to lack of competition among buyers. As stated previously there exists only one reliable buyer-cum- processor in the area.

Despite the huge potential in improving livelihood of farmers through sunflower promotion in the central corridor of Tanzania, there exist several challenges that ought to be addressed. Table 9 provides constraint or challenges and the proposed solutions in the perspectives of the stakeholders in the studied area.

Table Table Table Table 10101010: Constraints faced by actors and their feasible solutions: Constraints faced by actors and their feasible solutions: Constraints faced by actors and their feasible solutions: Constraints faced by actors and their feasible solutions

Category of Category of Category of Category of actoractoractoractor

ConstraintsConstraintsConstraintsConstraints FeasFeasFeasFeasible solutionible solutionible solutionible solution

Smallholder farmers

• Inadequate extension services • Price fluctuation • Poor availability of improved seeds

• Lack of access to financial services

• Lack of knowledge and skills on good agronomic practice

• Poor transportation infrastructure especially feeder roads, which reduces producer prices.

• Involve private service providers in provision of extension services

• Promote contract farming • Enhance seed multiplication at local level involving identified farmers’ groups

• Promote SACCOS in connection with agricultural marketing cooperatives (AMCOs) in the spirit of warehouse receipt system (WRS)

• Tailor-made training to equip producers with good agronomic skills

• Enhance strategic road and bridges rehabilitation.

Seed farmers • Low production capacity • Restriction in selling areas

• TOSCI should allow more than 5 acre per farmers

• Restriction in selling of seeds outside the ward should be removed

Input suppliers and other traders

• Low demand of inputs because sunflower farmers seldom use modern inputs

• Small operating capital that hinders enterprise expansion

• High interest rates charged by financial institutions

• Too many road barriers for collection of fees e.g. crop cess

• Subsidization of sunflower inputs • Seed agencies should available region-wise • Traders should be capacitated to access credit and expand business.

• Construction of warehouses in the rural areas (at each ward) for temporary storage during the buying process.

• An alternative approach in collection of district cess should be sought so that movement of

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• Difficult to accumulate adequate amount of sunflower due to low productivity

• Lack of storage infrastructure

crops is not hampered.

• Linkage with internal and external markets in the neighbouring countries be enhanced.

Service providers

• Lack financial capacity to extend their services to cover the majority of farmers. This is exacerbated by poor infrastructure particularly feeder roads.

• Inadequate resources such as working tools to deliver necessary services to their clients.

• Low demand of services provided by service providers among beneficiaries.

• Most farmers/traders are disorganized and thus increase operational costs especially for microfinance institutions.

• Arrangement should be made so that service providers access credit and other financial assistance.

• Service providers should be enabled to form association in order to deliver services in an effective manner.

• Capacity building in terms of training so that provision of services could be made more efficient.

• Relationship among actor in the district be improved i.e. LGA and service providers, traders and service providers and producers and service providers.

SWOT analysis for sunflower production in the Central corridor of Tanzania was carried out. This was important as it provides a holistic overview of the sub sector. Opinions from FGDs, Key informants and sampled sunflower farmers served as the basis for constructing a SWOT matrix presented in Table 11.

Table Table Table Table 11111111: SWOT Analysis for sunflower in the Central Corridor of Tanzania: SWOT Analysis for sunflower in the Central Corridor of Tanzania: SWOT Analysis for sunflower in the Central Corridor of Tanzania: SWOT Analysis for sunflower in the Central Corridor of Tanzania

Strength Strength Strength Strength Weakness Weakness Weakness Weakness

1) High potential for value-addition 2) Availability of reliable market for oil and

sunflower seeds countrywide 3) High capacity to generate employment 4) Unmet market demand at regional level 5) High potential of increasing MSMEs income 6) Low investment requirements 7) Favourable production condition as farmers

have experience and are enthusiastic

1) Unavailability of improved seeds 2) An organised product market 3) Weak extension services 4) Low technical and organizational

skills for producers 5) Inadequate institutions already

supporting sunflower producers 6) Dependency on rain; the central

corridor is almost semi dessert. OpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunities Threats Threats Threats Threats

1) T here is growth potential given government thrust on Kilimo Kwanza and agricultural commercialisation

2) EAC Common market will boost demand of the crop

3) High demand of vegetable oil 4) Export opportunity 5) Available processing technology

1) Production level is still low because of poor agronomic practices

2) Presence of competition from other oil products

3) Uncertain climatic condition

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5. Conclusion and Recommendation This study has examined the sunflower production situation in the central corridor of Tanzania. It could generally be said that there is a tremendous potential for increasing sunflower production and productivity if the challenges facing the sector were addressed. The opportunities and constraints, and SWOT analysis have been highlighted. For example the main challenge was found to be use of local seed varieties. By promoting the use of improved seed varieties alone, it is possible to increase sunflower production by up to 80%. Taking into consideration all factors, the following are recommended in order to improve sunflower sector in the central corridor of Tanzania:

1. One of the major setbacks in production of sunflower in the study areas is predominant use of local seeds varieties. It is thus recommended that seed multiplication centres be established under the management of a private business entity to simplify availability of sunflower seeds at affordable price.

2. Unreliable market is usually a limiting factor for increased farm production. This could be resolved in two ways. One way would be to forge a tripartite arrangement in which there is a financial institution, like SACCOS, an agricultural marketing cooperative (AMCOs), and a service provider working together to ensure that producers access both commodity market and credit. This could follow the warehouse receipt system concept. The second way would be for identified experienced service provider to facilitation of contract farming between producers and large-scale buyers or processors.

3. For farmers to become active actors in the sunflower value chain it is imperative for them to have adequate knowledge and skills on basic agronomic and marketing skills in the sunflower sub sector. It is thus recommended that capacity building programmes for farmers in terms of tailor-made training be instituted in a systematic way.

4. Extension services are an important component in farm production. The current government extension services system cannot address farm challenges. Emphasis in this system is on quantity and not quality. It is recommended there is a need to carry out lobbying that would enable the government to change its mindset on extension services provision in a manner that emphasizes on quality instead of quantity of the services.

5. The central corridor is a very dry area. It is almost impossible to promote any particular crop without considering irrigation. It is thus recommended that irrigation schemes should be part of a comprehensive programme to develop the sunflower sub sector in the area.

6. Soils constantly undergo change. The quantity and availability of plant nutrient elements in the soil change as a result of removal by the growing or harvested crop, leaching, erosion, or the addition of fertilizer, manure or compost. Indiscriminate use of inorganic fertiliser may result into soil destruction. Thus there is a need to institute soil testing in order to provide the information necessary to maintain optimum fertility conditions for the soil in the process of promoting sunflower production.

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AppendicesAppendicesAppendicesAppendices

Appendix 1: Appendix 1: Appendix 1: Appendix 1: Estimates of annual production level for sunflower in TanzaniaEstimates of annual production level for sunflower in TanzaniaEstimates of annual production level for sunflower in TanzaniaEstimates of annual production level for sunflower in Tanzania

RegionRegionRegionRegion 2000/012000/012000/012000/01 2001/022001/022001/022001/02 2002/032002/032002/032002/03 2003/042003/042003/042003/04 2004/052004/052004/052004/05

Arusha 7.4 0.44 0.06 0.11

Dodoma 0.6 6.58 34.64 16.66

Iringa 16.3 7.3 36.48 12.21

Kagera 0.1 0.02 0.02

Kilimnajaro 3.72 2.8 0.29

Manyara 6.37 12.11 5.01

Mara 10.5 0.01 0.35 0.19

Mbeya 4.69 1.42 1.81 1.71 2.75

Mwanza 0.03 0.07 0.02

Morogoro 0.56 0.6 0.13 5.15 2.04

Rukwa 32.12 26.18 6.1 49.96 21.01

Ruvuma 0.01 0.4 1.54 1.45

Shinyanga 7.8 8.8 0.46 2.57 2.84

Singida 25.2 42.5 21.34 72.64 67

Tabora 0.063 0.15 0.74 0.89

Tanga 0.01 0.03 0.6 1.87

Total 80.87 103.883 54.97 221.44 134.36

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Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 2222:::: Terms Terms Terms Terms of reference of reference of reference of reference for for for for thethethethe assignment assignment assignment assignment

Terms of reference

for

Consultancy to undertake a study on the sunflower production situation in the Central

Corridor

Introduction

Rural Livelihood development Company (RLDC) makes market systems work better for rural producers to improve their welfare through facilitation of market development. The RLDC interventions cover the Central Corridor regions of Morogoro, Dodoma, Singida, Manyara, Shinyanga, and Tabora, and include therefore some of the driest regions of Tanzania. RLDC is currently facilitating six sectors of sunflower, cotton, dairy, poultry, rice and commercial rural radio. RLDC works in collaboration with the private sector, the government, local producers and Non-Government Organizations for maximum utilization of the available resources to reduce poverty in the central corridor.

Since 2006 RLDC has been facilitating sunflower sector through market linkage approach mainly in two out of four regions of the Central Corridor, namely Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro and Shinyanga. During this period RLDC has successful implemented 8 market link projects between small producers and processors or buyers which aimed at improving sunflower productivity and marketing. The facilitation support that has been provided by RLDC has contributed a lot in the sector growth as there has been a lot of sector’s improvement and an upward growth in terms of productivity, processing and marketing for the past three years.

Experience from the first phase has shown that sunflower is one of the largest agricultural sub-sectors in the Central Corridor and consequently the sunflower sub-sector has also been selected for the broader approach of facilitating market development in the second phase of RLDC. The crop is however very interesting as it does well in the dry weather conditions of the Central Corridor where other crops, like maize and wheat, do not do so well and also is interesting from a pro-poor or welfare perspective as most of the sunflower is grown by small farmers.

Despite this growth, the quality of sunflower produced continued to be of low quality with low yield per acre, farmers have continued using traditional seeds, and few seed companies existing are struggling to distribute improved seeds to few farmers. Further more the prices given to sunflower producers in many areas are still very low compared to price of oil processed ready for consumption. The above factors have rendered the sunflower production sub sector uncompetitive from which case the ultimate effect has been a failure by a sub sector to improve the welfare of small sunflower farmers in the region.

Due to this lack of both rigorousness and enough information about the sunflower production sub sector, RLDC intends to contract a consultant who will carry out a comprehensive assessment about the sub sector. The assessment results will be used to device interventions which are more valuable for the improvement of the sunflower production sub-sector in terms of products quality, input supplying and marketing for competitiveness.

ObjectiveObjectiveObjectiveObjective

To carry out an assessment of the current situation for the sunflower production sub sector

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Specific taskSpecific taskSpecific taskSpecific task

- To find out the perception of sunflower producers regarding the use of quality and improved sunflower seed (affordability, availability, accessibility , etc)

- To compare the yield obtained with respect to amount of sunflower seeds used.

- To find out the current yield per acre for small scale sunflower farmers in the region.

- To identify the services small farmers received for increase sunflower production.

- Analyze the circumstances or reasons that determine and influence the farmers into sunflower cultivation

- What are the main sources of sunflower seeds and identify main seed distribution channel.

- What factors influence productivity of sunflower grains/seeds

- To assess opportunities and potential challenges for sunflower producers sub sector

- To find out what is perception and understanding of producers on having contract with processors (contract farming) for the sake of improving supply chain and quality of sunflower grains

ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities

- Visit and hold seven focus group discussions (FGD’s) in 7 districts with sunflower producers in 6 regions in order to understand their perception and understanding on usage of quality seeds, good agronomic practices, involvement in Farmer’s group association, availability of extension services, link to contract farming, and sunflower grain market channels and marketing strategies.

DeliverablesDeliverablesDeliverablesDeliverables The contracted consultants will deliver to RLDC,

• Work plan/schedule of activities to be undertaken during the agreed time frame.

• A draft subsector assessment report in MS word version and also conduct a power point presentation to share findings to RLDC team.

• Finally submit a final improved version of the report that shall address comments and issues raised during the presentation of findings to the RLDC team.

Time FrameTime FrameTime FrameTime Frame

This assignment need to be undertaken for a maximum of thirty days from the contracting day.

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Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 3333: : : : Data collection Data collection Data collection Data collection instrumentsinstrumentsinstrumentsinstruments

(a) Structured questionnaire for sunflower household survey

Rural Livelihood Development Company, Dodoma, Tanzania

Sunflower production situation in the Central Corridor Household Questionnaire

Date of interview: _____________________________

Region District Ward Village

Questionnaire Identification

Name Questionnaire Number Address/Phone

Interviewee

Interviewer

Data entry

Introduction

Introduction

Dear, My name is _____________________, I am working at the University of Dodoma. Currently we are conducting a study to determine sunflower production situation in the Central corridor. You have been selected randomly to participate in the study by discussing truthfully about sunflower production in your community. In doing so, please bear in mind that there are no wrong answers so long as what you say is what you believe to be the truth. Your contribution in terms of ideas is vital to inform strategies to improve sunflower sub sector in Tanzania If you have any question, I can clarify otherwise we can start the interview.

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1: Household Composition

1.1 Name of household head

1.2 Sex 1. male 2. Female

1.3 Age (Years)

1.4 Marital status 1=Single 2=Married 3=Divorced 4=Widdow 5=Others

1.5 Number of household members

1.6 Number of dependants household members (Below the age of 18, students and disabled)

1.7 Highest level of education (years of schooling)

1.8 Ability to read and write 1= Able 2= Unable

1.9 Main activity 1.Farming 2.Pastoralist 3.Formal employment 4.Business

2: Agricultural Activities

2.1 How many years have you been engaged in sunflower production? ________________

2.2 Distance from home to main plot

_______ (Km)

2.3 Time from home to sunflower main plot ________(Minutes)

2.4 Means of transport from home to main plot

1=Foot 2=Bicycle 3= Motorbike 4=Car 5=Others

2.5 Distance from main plot to the road that is passable through out the year ________ (Km)

2.6 Time from main plot to the road that is passable through out the year ______(Minutes)

2.7 Means of transport from main plot to the road that is passable through out the year

1=Foot 2=Bicycle 3= Motorbike 4=Car 5=Others

2.8 What size of land did you cultivated last season? (Acres) 2.9 If you need to increase agricultural production, would you face land contrain? 1= Yes 2= No

2.10 Does your household own any of the following assets?1= Yes 2=no

Tractor Animal plough

Chemical spray pump

Car Motorbike Bicycle Ox-Cart Radio TV Mobile phone Others related to agriculture (Specify)

2.11 Total farm size (Acre): 2.12 Size of sunflower farm (Acre):

2.13 Number of sunflower farm plots:

2.14 Size of farm with other crops (Acre):

2.15 Total number of other crops

2.19 Land Tenure system 2.20 Size of plot (Acre)

2.21 Value or rent per acre

Own land

Land rented

Others (specify)

25

2.23 If you own land, how did you acquire it? 1=Purchased from village government 2= Given by village government 3= Purchased from other owners 4= Inherited from the family

2.24 Fill in the following table, sunflower production trend for the last two (2)years.

2.24.1 Year 2.24.2 Production (Kg) 2.24.3 Price per ton 2.24.4 Price per litre

2008/9

2007/8

2.25 Name sunflower seed varieties that you know and their sources

2.25.1 Name of sunflower seed variety

Type of seeds 1=Local

2=Improved

2.25.2 Source 2.25.3 Cost of seeds for one acre

2.25.4 Yield per acre

2.26 Fill in the following table, other crops that you produce in your farm

2.26. 1 Crop type 2.26.2 Plot size (Acre)

2.26.3 Yield in year 2008/9 2.26.4 Unit 2.26.5 Amount sold

2.26.6 Price per unit

2.26.7 Total sales

2.27 Approximate the sunflower production costs in your farm with respect to the following table.

2.27.1 Costs of opening sunflower farm

2.27.1.1 Main activities 2.27.1.2 Year 2.27.1.3 Costs

2.27.2 Labour costs for operating an acre in 2009/10 season

2.27.2 1 Activity 2.27.2.2 Number of people

2.27.2.3 Number of days 2.27.2.4 Hours per day

26

2.27.3 Other costs for an acre

2.27.3.1 Details/Activities/Inputs 2.27.3.2 Costs

2.28 Extension services

2.28.1 Name of Organization /extension project

2.28.2 Type of Organization 1=Government extensión services 2=Investor/Sunflower processing plant 3=NGO 4=Private company 5=Internacional Organisation 6=Agricultural copperatives 7=Others (Specify)

2.28.3 Number of visits for sunflower activities

2.29 In which agricultural areas you received expert consultations in the past 24 months?

1. 2. 3.

2.30 In the last 12 months have you received extension services on other crops apart from sunflowers? 1=Yes 2=No 2.31 In general, are you satisfied with extension services in this locality? 1=Yes 2=No

27

3: CONCLUSION

3.1 What do you think are the opportunities for sunflower farmers in this community?

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.1.4

3.2 What do you think are the challenges for sunflower farmers in this community?

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.4

3.3 What do you think could be done to improve sunflower production system?

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.3.4

THANK YOU

28

(b) Discussion guides during FGDs

Rural Livelihood DevRural Livelihood DevRural Livelihood DevRural Livelihood Development Company, Dodoma, Tanzaniaelopment Company, Dodoma, Tanzaniaelopment Company, Dodoma, Tanzaniaelopment Company, Dodoma, Tanzania

Discussion Guidelines with Actors

1111 Discussion Guidelines with Sunflower producersDiscussion Guidelines with Sunflower producersDiscussion Guidelines with Sunflower producersDiscussion Guidelines with Sunflower producers

1. Name of discusión participants? 2. Which major crops are grown in this area? 3. What inputs do you use in sunflower production? 4. In sunflower production, majority of farmers use improved or local seeds? 5. What percentage of farmers grow improved sunflower seeds in this area? 6. Name the improved seed varieties grown in this area 7. Name local seeds varieties grown in this area. 8. Among local seed varieties which variety is preferred by farmers? 9. What percentage of farmers grows the preferred variety? 10. What qualities made that seed more preferred? 11. Why many farmers don’t use improved seeds? Give reasons. 12. How do you get sunflower seeds? Ellaborate the distribution channel of improved and local

seeds. 13. What is the price of improved seeds? 14. How much seed is needed per acre? 15. On average, what is the size of sunflower farms in this area? 16. Can land be constraining factor if one needs to expand sunflower production? 17. Explain different methods of acquiring land for sunflower production 18. What are the costs of producing one acre of sunflower? Indicate stepwise from farm

preparation (or from renting a farm) up to storage. 19. In which months is sunflower planted and harvested? 20. What is the yield of sunflower per acreage? Indicate by improved and local seed variety 21. If you could process, how much oil could you get? Indicate by improved and local seed variety 22. What do farmers prefer, selling sunflower seeds or oil? 23. What quantity of sunflower remains for domestic use? (percentage) 24. Does sunflower production increase or decrease in the past two years? 25. What organisations (Including council) help you in one way or another in agricultural

production? mention type of service offered by each institution 26. Do you have any sunflower producers association(s) in this community? If yes mention names

of those associations? 27. What Benefits (Not theoretical one) do you get by being members of such associations?

28. How do you perceive the issue of having farming contracts with processors? 29. What opportunities do you see in sunflower production? Hope/discouragements? 30. What challenges do you face in sunflower production? 31. How do you face those challenges? 32. What do you recommend to get rid of the challenges and improve sunflower production?

THANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOU

29

2.2.2.2. Discussion Guidelines with Agricultural Field OfficersDiscussion Guidelines with Agricultural Field OfficersDiscussion Guidelines with Agricultural Field OfficersDiscussion Guidelines with Agricultural Field Officers

Rural Livelihood Development Company, Dodoma, Tanzania Discussion Guidelines with Actors

1. Name of Agricultural field officer 2. How many farmers are in this village? 3. What percentage among those grow sunflower? 4. How is fertilizer use in this area? 5. How do you see the use of improved sunflower seeds in this area? 6. What types of local and improved varieties of sunflower are grown in this area? 7. If farmers don’t use improved seeds varieties, what are the reasons given? Are they scientific 8. Are there differences in acreage yield between improved and local seeds varieties? Indicate

by approximations. 9. What challenges do you face as agricultural field officer? 10. What are the opportunities that you see in sunflower production? Hopes or discouragement? 11. What are the challenges facing sunflower production? 12. What do you recommend to get rid of the challenges and improve sunflower production?

THANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOU

2.2.2.2. Discussion GuidelinDiscussion GuidelinDiscussion GuidelinDiscussion Guidelines with input supplierses with input supplierses with input supplierses with input suppliers

Rural Livelihood Development Company, Dodoma, Tanzania Discussion Guidelines with Actors

1. Name of respondent and contacts 2. What agricultural inputs do you sell? 3. Among those, which inputs are plentiful available? 4. What inputs do you sell that relates to sunflower? Mention. 5. If one of the inputs is sunflower seeds, where do you get them? 6. How do you see sunflower seeds market? Is it growing or droping? 7. What amount of sunflower seeds do you sell annually/seasonally? 8. How much is sunflower seeds? 9. How much competition is there in agricultural inputs business? List names of big suppliers. 10. who are the big customers? – Individuals, Organisations, Government?

30

11. Apart from selling inputs to farmers, Is there any business relation ship with them? Eg contracts

12. What opportunities do you see in this business?/Hope? Or discouraging 13. What are the challenges that face agricultural inputs business? 14. How do you stand for those challenges? 15. What do you recommend to get rid of challenges and improve sunflower seed business? 16. How long have you been in this business?– Years 17. Do you have any training relating to this business? Yes/No 18. Which area needs more training?

THANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOU

31

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 4444: : : : Geographic distribution of FGDGeographic distribution of FGDGeographic distribution of FGDGeographic distribution of FGD

RegionRegionRegionRegion District(s)District(s)District(s)District(s) VillageVillageVillageVillage

Nature of FGDNature of FGDNature of FGDNature of FGD Number of participants Number of participants Number of participants Number of participants at FGDat FGDat FGDat FGD

Female farmers 13

Male farmers 22

Agro-dealers 2

Agricultural Field Officers 1

Morogoro

Kilosa Madoto

Female farmers 25

Male farmers 14

Agro-dealers 1

Agricultural Field Officers 1

Manyara

Kiteto Chapakazi

Female farmers 14

Male farmers 18

Agro-dealers 2

Agricultural Field Officers 1 Kongwa Mlali

Female farmers 9

Male farmers 8

Agro-dealers 2

Agricultural Field Officers 1

Dodoma

Kondoa Mondo

Female farmers 14

Male farmers 17

Agro-dealers 3

Agricultural Field Officers 1 Singida (R) Ngamu

Female farmers 12

Male farmers 11

Agro-dealers 1

Agricultural Field Officers 1

Singida

Iramba Ilunda

Female farmers 12

Male farmers 21

Agro-dealers 2

Tabora

Igunga Ntobo Agricultural Field Officers -

Total participants at FGDsTotal participants at FGDsTotal participants at FGDsTotal participants at FGDs 229229229229

32

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 5555: : : : A list of participants and other people consulted in the fieldA list of participants and other people consulted in the fieldA list of participants and other people consulted in the fieldA list of participants and other people consulted in the field

S/NS/NS/NS/N NAMENAMENAMENAME LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION DISTRICTDISTRICTDISTRICTDISTRICT STATUSSTATUSSTATUSSTATUS

1 Zahara Ally Mwenda Mondo kondoa Farmer

2 Mariamu Hasani Longo Mondo kondoa Farmer

3 Salima Juma Madrago Mondo kondoa Farmer

4 Rukia Saidi Mwaria Mondo kondoa Farmer

5 Amina Waziri Malatu Mondo kondoa Farmer

6 Mwajuma Alli Kibaya Mondo kondoa Farmer

7 Zuhura Hasani Abedi Mondo kondoa Farmer

8 Hawa Ramadhani Kijuu Mondo kondoa Farmer

9 Hamida Ramadhani Kijuu Mondo kondoa Farmer

10 Frank R. Ndwatta Mondo kondoa Farmer

11 Abubakari Abdarabi Kidunda Mondo kondoa Farmer

12 Halifa Ramadhani Mwenda Mondo kondoa Farmer

13 Huseni R. Majala Mondo kondoa Sunflower (QDS) Seed Farmer

14 Iman Madi Mondo kondoa Farmer

15 Rashidi Mohamedi Mondo kondoa Farmer

16 Hamadi Ramadhani Kalakanchi Mondo kondoa Farmer

17 Ayoub M. Ndege Mondo kondoa Farmer

18 Mohamed Lubuva Kondoa kondoa Extension officer

19 Martin Ndaga Kondoa kondoa Agro-dealer

20 Martha Joseph Kondoa kondoa Agro-dealer

21 Akani Daudi Madoto Kilosa Farmer

22 Asha S. Likonda Madoto Kilosa Farmer

23 Zainabu Abdallah Madoto Kilosa Farmer

24 Fatuma Saidi Madoto Kilosa Farmer

25 Flora Muhagama Madoto Kilosa Farmer

26 Sophia Mbwilo Madoto Kilosa Farmer

27 Msule Salum Madoto Kilosa Farmer

28 Yusta Izdori Madoto Kilosa Farmer

29 Tausi Bwabwala Madoto Kilosa Farmer

30 Sophia Kibla Madoto Kilosa Farmer

31 Saada Salum Madoto Kilosa Farmer

32 Tausi A. Masanja Madoto Kilosa Farmer

33 Pili Ally Madoto Kilosa Farmer

34 Zuwena Issa Madoto Kilosa Farmer

35 Veronica Yakobo Madoto Kilosa Farmer

36 Jusitha A. Kapembe Madoto Kilosa Farmer

37 Mwajuma A.Selemani Madoto Kilosa Farmer

38 Hadija Abdalla Madoto Kilosa Farmer

39 Fatuma Ally Madoto Kilosa Farmer

40 Juma Costa Madoto Kilosa Farmer

41 Omari Ramadhani Madoto Kilosa Farmer

42 Cassim Dunia Madoto Kilosa Farmer

43 Patrick Agustino Madoto Kilosa Farmer

44 Kassimu Gervansi Madoto Kilosa Farmer

45 Ramadhani Shabani Madoto Kilosa Farmer

33

46 Hamisi Ally Madoto Kilosa Farmer

47 Agustino Beno Paulo Madoto Kilosa Farmer

48 Gaspary John Madoto Kilosa Farmer

49 Stivini Oska Madoto Kilosa Farmer

50 Ramadhani Asani Madoto Kilosa Farmer

51 Yusuph Myembo Madoto Kilosa Farmer

52 Gaze Mbawala Madoto Kilosa Farmer

53 Musa Mrisho Madoto Kilosa Farmer

54 Abdala Bahari Madoto Kilosa Farmer

55 Omar Kiguru Madoto Kilosa Farmer

56 Rajabu Saidi Madoto Kilosa Farmer

57 Yusufu Mogo Madoto Kilosa Farmer

58 Ari Kiluti Madoto Kilosa Farmer

59 Mkuda Wamcha Madoto Kilosa Farmer

60 Haji Mashaka Madoto Kilosa Farmer

61 Asha Athumani Madoto Kilosa Farmer

62 Dr. Emmanuel Pangapanga Kilosa Kilosa Agro-dealer

63 Macha L.F Kilosa Kilosa Agro-dealer

64 Valentine Muheji Kilosa Kilosa Crop Officer

65 Abel Mchome Kilosa Kilosa Crop Officer

66 Ulomi Kilosa Kilosa Manager-Msimba Seed Farm

67 Helena Masinga Mlali Kongwa Farmer

68 Edda Madegeyanga Mlali Kongwa Farmer

69 Eunike Sewejo Mlali Kongwa Farmer

70 Shukuru Nhembo Mlali Kongwa Farmer

71 Annes Mnange Mlali Kongwa Farmer

72 Elizabeth Zakaria Mlali Kongwa Farmer

73 Maria Mguji Mlali Kongwa Farmer

74 Magreth Zakaria Mlali Kongwa Farmer

75 Ainesi Chimiley Mlali Kongwa Farmer

76 Patricia Maziwa Mlali Kongwa Farmer

77 Helina Cherehani Mlali Kongwa Farmer

78 Evelina Mng'ong'ose Mlali Kongwa Farmer

79 Mwanahamisi Ally Mlali Kongwa Farmer

80 Christina Mkoy Mlali Kongwa Farmer

81 Mcheche Hamis Mlali Kongwa Farmer

82 Nurdin John Mlali Kongwa Farmer

83 Stanley A. Lenjementi Mlali Kongwa Farmer

84 Wilson Kawule Mlali Kongwa Farmer

85 Athuman Fumambo Mlali Kongwa Farmer

86 Paulo J. Sijaona Mlali Kongwa Farmer

87 Zakaria Mkombola Mlali Kongwa Farmer

88 Lezeli Lenjemeli Mlali Kongwa Farmer

89 Dickson Lechitema Mlali Kongwa Farmer

90 Noel Futi Mlali Kongwa Farmer

91 Michael Magong'ose Mlali Kongwa Farmer

92 Pila Amani Mlali Kongwa Farmer

93 Jackson Lenjemeti Mlali Kongwa Farmer

34

94 Moshi Maile Mlali Kongwa Farmer

95 Isaya John Mlali Kongwa Farmer

96 Jackson Futi Mlali Kongwa Farmer

97 Michael Daud Mlali Kongwa Farmer

98 Michael Mpela Mlali Kongwa Farmer

99 Temu R. Msanjo Mlali Kongwa Extension Officer

100 Temu R. Msanjo Mlali Kongwa Agro-dealer

101 Lyimu Mlali Kongwa Agro-dealer

102 Loti Malecela Mlali Mlali Sunflower (QDS) Seed Farmer

103 John Ramadhani Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

104 Bahati Shabani Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

105 Mwanaharusi Ramadhani Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

106 Mwanaidi Athumani Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

107 Halima Waziri Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

108 Sophia Msuri Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

109 Zuhura Ibrahim Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

110 Zena Athumani Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

111 Fatuma Omari Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

112 Mwanaidi Upete Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

113 Sophia Abdallah Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

114 Evelina Sausi Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

115 Molemi Simba Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

116 Pili Simba Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

117 Martha B. Saqware Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

118 Kileni Lemtama Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

119 Edina Patrick Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

120 Farida Kisimilo Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

121 Christina Musihi Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

122 Rehema Mdamba Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

123 Fatuma Abdallah Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

124 Pelisi Magomba Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

125 Yunc Joseph Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

126 Aziza Hassan Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

127 Monica Songo Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

128 Assa Malecela Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

129 Mangi Isack Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

130 Rev. Joram Maswaga Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

131 Juma Masagasi Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

132 Stanley Madeje Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

133 Hamedi Kangalo Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

134 Haldi Saidi Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

135 Ngosi Ngosi Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

136 Msafiri Madeja Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

137 Amosi Sausi Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

138 Hamis Songoro Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

139 Madongo Mahiza Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

140 Richard Chitema Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

141 Athuman o. Nondo Chapakazi Kiteto Farmer

35

142 Dorice Gama Chapakazi Kiteto Extension Officer

143 Goodluck Mmari Chapakazi Kiteto Agro-dealer

144 Maria Bazu Ntobo Igunga Farmer

145 Maria Gambishi Ntobo Igunga Farmer

146 Adela Bundala Ntobo Igunga Farmer

147 Nyamizi Charles Ntobo Igunga Farmer

148 Elizabeth Maganga Ntobo Igunga Farmer

149 Mariam Charles Ntobo Igunga Farmer

150 Jesca Andrea Ntobo Igunga Farmer

151 Dotto Jiyenze Ntobo Igunga Farmer

152 Mbuke Shedima Ntobo Igunga Farmer

153 Ngolo Sese Ntobo Igunga Farmer

154 Kundi Machimage Ntobo Igunga Farmer

155 Shoma Rubanga Ntobo Igunga Farmer

156 Andrew Kishiwa Ntobo Igunga Farmer

157 Bussongo Lukelesha Ntobo Igunga Farmer

158 Mabula Shuloma Ntobo Igunga Farmer

159 Jidago Machimu Ntobo Igunga Farmer

160 Masanja Zengo Ntobo Igunga Farmer

161 Nhigule Kasema Ntobo Igunga Farmer

162 Shimba Ngasa Ntobo Igunga Farmer

163 Bunato Bussongo Ntobo Igunga Farmer

164 Zengo Golani Ntobo Igunga Farmer

165 Malale Kishiwa Ntobo Igunga Farmer

166 Katikanjemu Kasema Ntobo Igunga Farmer

167 Mayenga Jidamabi Ntobo Igunga Farmer

168 Shija Mihambo Ntobo Igunga Farmer

169 Sengati Maige Ntobo Igunga Farmer

170 Simon Sayi Ntobo Igunga Farmer

171 Makolo Kishiwa Ntobo Igunga Farmer

172 Jiyuda Machimu Ntobo Igunga Farmer

173 Seni Nkuba Ntobo Igunga Farmer

174 Kasema Katikanjemu Ntobo Igunga Farmer

175 Shija Selemani Ntobo Igunga Farmer

176 Joanitha D. Mambo Igunga Igunga Agro-dealer

177 Alfred J. Kalimasi Igunga Igunga Agro-dealer

178 John Mwanga Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

179 Elias Mimbi Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

180 Adam Nchambi Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

181 Emmanuel Nkundwa Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

182 Rajabu Hassan Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

183 Shaban Dambwi Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

184 Ramadhani Majani Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

185 Elibariki Mnyawi Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

186 Joseph Samwel Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

187 Musa Wawa Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

188 Hamis Mipilo Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

189 Geuphery Christopher Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

36

190 Joseph A. Seleman Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

191 Iddi Ngemu Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

192 Nerwa Petro Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

193 Mussa Nkungu Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

194 Tatu Omary Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

195 Annusiata Kiula Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

196 Neema Hassan Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

197 Asia Shabani Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

198 Adolhina Kiula Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

199 Modesta Athumani Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

200 Neema Bela Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

201 Maria Emmanuel Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

202 Rehema Juma Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

203 Rukia Rashidi Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

204 Esther Philipo Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

205 Tatu Desdery Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

206 Susana Lissu Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

207 Mwanaisha Kassim Ngamu Singida Rural Farmer

208 Omary H. Mugheny Singida Singida Rural Agro-dealer

209 Fikirini Matitu Singida Singida Agro-dealer

210 Harvest Lyimo Singida Singiga Agro-dealer

211 Yahya Juma Singida Singida Rural Extensio Officer

212 Asafu Y. Nkundwa Nkungi Iramba Farmer

213 Josephat M. Malizia Nkungi Iramba Farmer

214 Mselem Athuman Nkungi Iramba Farmer

215 Daudi Petro Nkungi Iramba Farmer

216 Yassin Said Nkungi Iramba Farmer

217 Simon Mathias Nkungi Iramba Farmer

218 Jumanne Shomary Nkungi Iramba Farmer

219 Raphael Mpinga Nkungi Iramba Farmer

220 Athuman Mbigi Nkungi Iramba Farmer

221 Janson Kingu Nkungi Iramba Farmer

222 Medson Mpanda Nkungi Iramba Farmer

223 Permena P. Killango Nkungi Iramba Farmer

224 Aziza R. Soyo Nkungi Iramba Farmer

225 Evalin Kiula Nkungi Iramba Farmer

226 Eliwaza Mang'ola Nkungi Iramba Farmer

227 Christowelu Jonathan Nkungi Iramba Farmer

228 Jescar B. Lungwa Nkungi Iramba Farmer

229 Estina S. Nkua Nkungi Iramba Farmer

230 Joyce Kiula Nkungi Iramba Farmer

231 Elipendo Z. Mkumbo Nkungi Iramba Farmer

232 Anna Enock Nkungi Iramba Farmer

233 Wampumbulya I. Nsunza Nkungi Iramba Farmer

234 Wandoa Manase Nkungi Iramba Farmer

235 Martha Shio Iramba Iramba Agro-dealer

236 Mathew S. Gunda Nkungi Iramba Extensio Officer