Sun tzu 292350 feb
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“If instructions are not clear and commands not
explicit, it is the commander’s fault. But when
they have been made clear, and are not carried
out in accordance with military law, it is a crime
on the part of officers” Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 84
ART OF WAR
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“Your servant has already received your
appointment as commander and when commander
is at the head of the army, he needs not accept all
the sovereign orders”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 115
ART OF WAR
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King Ho - Lu
General Sun Tzu
Applicability in 21st
Century
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Alexander The Great
Tamerlane
Genghis KhanSun Tzu 11
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ART OF WAR
Excellence
Self
StrategyExecution
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AIM
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To apprise the audience about Sun Tzu Art of War & its applicability in 21st Century
SCHEME OF PRESENTATION
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Background
Authorship of Art of War
Exposure of Sun Tzu Art of War
Salient of Art of War
Applicability in 21st Century
Asymmetric Warfare & Sun Tzu
Conclusion
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BACKGROUND
Sun Tzu lived around 500 BC
Sun Tzu - “Master Sun”
Born in state of Chi, China
Chi
Military doctrine in 510 BC
Worked for King Ho-LuKing Ho - Lu
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BACKGROUND
South China Sea
YellowSea
China divided in small states
Warring States
Ch’i & Wu most prominent
Ch’i
Wu
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BACKGROUND
“Bing-Fa” – “Art of War”
More than 2500 years
13 Chapters
Followed by great leaders
Reference book
AUTHORSHIP OF ART OF WAR
Analysis of classical period, era extending from 551 to 249 BC
Thirteen chapters were not composed around 500 BC, but belong to later stage
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AUTHORSHIP OF ART OF WAR
100,000 armoured troops used in relation to problems of war finances, supply & replenishment
Armies of this size unknown in China before 500 BC
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AUTHORSHIP OF ART OF WAR
Strategic & tactical doctrine of ‘The Art of War’ is based on
• Deception
• False Appearance
• Indirect Approach
• Adaptability
• Flexible & Coordinated Manoeuvre
• Speedy Concentration
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AUTHORSHIP OF ART OF WAR
Application of such tactics required highly mobile & well trained troops
Such formations were not common until Warring States (453 – 221 BC)
Sun Tzu thirteen chapters be placed in category of ‘Authorship Unsettled’
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EXPOSURE TO WORLD
Art of War” was introduced to Japan around 760 AD
Sun Tzu was first brought to attention of western world by Father Amiot
Published in Paris – 1772
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EXPOSURE TO WORLD
Sun Tzu Art was focused in beginning of 20th Century
First English translation “The Art of Modern Warfare” was published in 1905
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EXPOSURE TO WORLD
Four translations in Russian language
Later translations in
German
Italian
Several other languages
Applicability in 21st Century
ART OF WAR
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ART OF WAR
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US way of War – Denial of Sun Tzu principles
Trillion Dollar war in Iraq resulted
Loosing allies Fanatic enemies
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“The Best victory is to win without actual fighting. Supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting”
Sun Tzu, The Art of Modern Warfare by Mark Mc Neilly P 5
ART OF WAR
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US keen to start war
Cost of war – Irrelevant to US regimes
ART OF WAR
Little interest in winning without war
"Know yourself and know the enemy. If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle“
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 115
ART OF WAR
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ART OF WAR
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War – Easy game for US
US cared less about
Muslim culture
Religion
History
Tribalism
“The best thing is to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 115
ART OF WAR
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ART OF WAR
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Iraq – Broken nation
Millions fled
Dysfunction electoral system
Ethnic war
Terrorism & kidnapping
ART OF WAR
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Ops DESERT STORM
Deceived Saddam Hussain
Amphibious Assault in East
Landed in West
Low Causalities
Deception
SpeedEnemy Weakness
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Win All Without Fighting
Deception & Use of Human Intelligence
Leadership Development
Avoid Strength, Attack Weakness
Speed & Preparation
Shaping Enemy
SALIENT PRINCIPLES
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WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
BATTLE AVOIDANCE THEORY
SALIENT PRICIPLE
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WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
“Generally in war the best policy is to take a state intact; to ruin it is inferior to this”
“To capture the enemy’s army is better than to destroy; to take intact a battalion, a company or a five-man squad is better to destroy them”
“To gain one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the highest excellence; To defeat the enemy’s army without doing battle is the height of excellence”
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Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 15,18
WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
Five principles provide means to achieve
To accomplish nation’s objective battles are not necessarily proper means
Better to win “without fighting”
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WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
Destroying target without firing bullet
More valuable thinking & workable options to decision makers
1962, Cuban Missile Crisis
1994, Haiti Crisis
1996, Taiwan Strait Missile Crisis
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WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
“War is a matter of vital importance to the state; the province of life or death; the road to survival or ruin. It is mandatory that it be thoroughly studied”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith, P. 91
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WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
Calculations/estimates essential before war
Avoid actions if risks not properly deliberated
If not, force will be in jeopardy & nation be ruined
German invasion of USSR in 1941
Hitler’s illogical determination resulted in failure of Ops Barbarossa
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WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
“What is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. The next best is to attack his army”
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Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 21
WIN ALL WITHOUT FIGHTING
Strategies with no significant benefits over opponent, may win a battle but will eventually lose war
Doolittle’s bombing had no significant tactical effect
Disrupt Japan’s national military strategy & war plans
Led to Japan’s total defeat
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DECEPTION & USE OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
SALIENT PRINCIPLE
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DECEPTION & HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
“Know the enemy and know yourself; in hundred battles you will never be in peril. When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning or losing are equal. If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you are certain in every battle to be in peril”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War P. 5
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Capable, make enemy believe that we are incapable
Active, demonstrate that we are inactive
Leaving, mislead to think that we are approaching
Employ “Chi” (extraordinary force) & “Cheng” (normal force)
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DECEPTION & HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
Deceived Iraqi ground forces
Deploying several U.S Navy SEAL along Kuwaiti coast
Prevented huge human loss in 100 hrs battle
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DECEPTION & HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
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Local agents Local inhabitants of area
Inward agents Grieved or rejected enemy officials
Converted agents Enemy agents used by giving bribes
Doomed agents Own agents used to leak fabricated information
Surviving agents Own clever, talented & loyal agents
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DECEPTION & HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
Utilizing secret agents & preventing enemy from using them, will stand much better chance of victory
Afghanistan & Iraq – coalition forces relied on intelligence for success
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DECEPTION & HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
LEADING BY EXAMPLE
SALIENT PRINCIPLE
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LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
“There are five qualities which are dangerous in a General
If reckless, can be killed
If cowardly, can be captured
If quick-tempered can be made fool
Too delicate sense of honor can calumniate him
Compassionate nature can be harassed”
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Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 210
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Military leaders are highest level thinkers & political military experts
Think in multiple domains & operate flexibly to manage change
Elements of national power as well as interrelationship among them
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LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
“Before going for the battle, one who calculates will win. Many calculations mean victory but with few calculations, no victory”
“If a general who heeds my strategy is employed he is certain to win. Retain him! When one who refuses to listen to my strategy is employed, he is certain to be defeated. Dismiss him”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 96
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LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
“He whose generals are able and not interfered with by the sovereign will be victorious”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 96
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LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Political leaders should not interfere with military leaders during conduct of war
Political leaders should delegate authority to commander to accomplish mission
Affected morale, destroyed trust & complicated relationship between civilians & military
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“General who regards his men as infants, they will march with him into the deepest valleys. He treats them as his own beloved sons and they will die with him”
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LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 203
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AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
SALIENT PRINCIPLE
AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
“Now an army may be likened to water, for just as flowing water avoids the heights and hastens to the lowlands, so an army avoids strength and strike weakness”
Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 33
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AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
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Enabled forces in Gulf War to defeat Iraqis in four days suffering almost no casualties
Avoid strength & attack weakness is key to achieve goal
Focusing resources against enemy's critical weak point, success more easily achieved
Attacking weakness by selecting key resource
Create weakness through preemptive strike
Attacking Weakness by Selecting Key Resource
“That you may march a thousand li without wearying yourself is because you travel where there is no enemy. Go into emptiness, strike voids, bypass what he defends, hit him where he does not expect you”
Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 47
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AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
Attacking Weakness by Selecting Key Resource
Attack weakest part of enemy defence by selecting key resource
Submarine campaign in Pacific theatre by United States against Japan
WW-II, US Submarines were able to cut off island of Japan
Extreme shortage of logistics required to continue war
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AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
Creating Weakness Through Preemptive Strike
“The potential of troops skillfully commanded in battle may be compared to that of round boulders which roll down from mountain heights. Thus one need to use but little strength to achieve much”
AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 51
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Creating Weakness Through Pre Emptive Strike
Weakness may be created through preemptive strikes
Strategy employed by Israelis at beginning of Six Day War in 1967
Preemptive strikes gave advantage to negotiate
Israel made no serious effort to come to terms with Arabs
AVOID STRENGTH ATTACK WEAKNESS
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SALIENT PRINCIPLE
SPEED & PREPARATION
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SPEED & PREPARATION
“Speed is the essence of war. Take advantage of the enemy's un-preparedness; travel by unexpected routes and strike him where he has taken no precautions”
Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P 96
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Forces must move rapidly to secure ground Substitute for resources
Shocks & surprises enemy
Critical to exploit weakness
Builds momentum
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SPEED & PREPARATION
“War is a matter of vital importance to the state; the province of life or death; the road to survival or ruin. It is mandatory that it be thoroughly studied. Therefore, appraise it in terms of five fundamental factors and make comparison of the seven elements later named, so you may assess its essentials”
Sun Tzu The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 91
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Morale
Weather
Terrain
Command
Doctrine
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Morale
“Regard your soldiers as your children and they will advance to the deepest valley and will die with you”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P 95
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Morale played pivotal role in
Indo-Pak 1965 war
SPEED & PREPARATION
Weather
Weather was a key factor for selecting D Day for Normandy landing
Allied forces exploited uncertainty of weather as factor of surprise
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Terrain
“Know the ground, Know the weather, your victory will be total”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 96
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Terrain played vita
l role in
Vietnam & Afghanistan
SPEED & PREPARATION
Command
Wisdom
Sincerity
Humanity
Courage
Strictness
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Command
Recklessness
Cowardly
Quick tempered
Delicate of honor
Over concerned for his men
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“By Doctrine I mean organisation, control and assignment of appropriate ranks to officers, regulation of supply routes, and the provision of principle items used by the army”
Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Samuel Griffith P. 95
SPEED & PREPARATION
Doctrine
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Wiseness of ruler
Ability of commander
Advantage of nature & terrain
Discipline enforcement
Strength of army
Training of officers & men
Rewards & punishments
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SPEED & PREPARATION
Operations Desert Storm – Success
Movement of thousand of troops, equipment, food, fuel, bullets & bombs was a feat unprecedented after WW-II
Ensured victory within 100 hrs of ground battle with minimum causalities
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
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SALIENT PRINCIPLE
SHAPING THE ENEMY
“Therefore, those skills in war bring the enemy to the field of battle and are not brought there by him”
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Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P. 125
SHAPING THE ENEMY
Leader must first make opponent conform to his Strategy Rules Will
Make enemy meet at time & place of his choice
Strategy must utilize direct & indirect approaches
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“He who knows the art of the direct; "Cheng;" and the indirect; "Ch'i;" approach will be victorious. Such is the art of maneuvering”
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P. 29
Possible to misdirect attention of enemy leaders
Take them by surprise
Put them off balance
Exploit the resulting advantage
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
Holding Strategic Position
Attacking Enemy’s Strategy
Use of Alliances Against Enemy
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
Holding Strategic Positions
Raw materials such as oil have caused countries to go to war
Strategic advantage through
Technology
Nuclear weapons
Diplomatic positions
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
Attacking Enemy’s Strategy
Supreme excellence is to attack an enemy’s plan
Attack was delayed and USSR attacked their strategy
Resulted in successful destruction of German forces at Kursk
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
Use of Alliance Against Enemy
Prevent enemies from combining Avoid attacking powerful alliance Separate main enemy from allies before
attacking Skilful use of allies Do not choose wrong allies Know how to maintain an alliance & when to end
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SHAPING THE ENEMY
ASYMMETRIC WARFARE
Conflict deviating from norm, or indirect approach
No specific tactics
Deception, indirect approach, avoiding strength & attacking weakness
Avoid confrontation with enemy's strength
Prevent larger enemy from effectively utilizing larger force in effective manner
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“As flowing water avoids the heights and hastens to the lowlands, so an army avoids strength and
strikes weakness”
“All warfare is based on deception”
ASYMMETRIC WARFARE
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Sun Tzu and Art of Modern Warfare by Mark McNeilly P. 29
Israel & Palestinian organizations is classic case of asymmetric warfare
Utilized asymmetric tactics i.e small gunfights, cross border sniping, rocket attacks & suicide bombing
Sri Lankan government & Liberation Tigers of Tamil saw large scale asymmetric warfare
ASYMMETRIC WARFARE
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CONCLUSION
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Study the past, understand the future
Guide to all types of warfare
World’s most enduring strategic thinker
Perspective of war
Strategy
Element of strength
Leadership
Use of IntelligenceTheory of c
hoice for 2
1st centu
ry
Q & A