SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by:-

SANJAY SINGH Roll No. 1201215

School of Civil EngineeringKIIT UNIVERSITY -751024

November 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Airport Authority of India (AAI) for providing us the opportunity to do our project work in organization.

We wish to thank our deep sense of gratitude to Mr.S.Ganguli, [Senior Engineer, Civil Department], for giving me permission to carry on our project work.Words are inadequate in offering thanks to Mr. Lalitendu Mohanti, [Assistant Engineer, Civil Department], who had been a source of inspiration for his timely guidance in the conduct of our project work.

November 2015, Sanjay Singh

KIIT, BHUBANESWAR (1201215)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................................iv

table of contents..............................................................................................................................vi

1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................8

1.1general..................................................................................................................

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1.2 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS:..................................................................................................................

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2. TERMINOLOGY OF AIRPORT..............................................................................................................................9

3. UNIT CONVERSIon..............................................................................................................................11

4. sTANDARD SURVEYING TERMS..............................................................................................................................12

5. TYPES OF CONNECTION ..............................................................................................................................14

6. APRON DETAILS..............................................................................................................................17

7. ATTRIBUTES OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AIRCRAFT HANGER)..............................................................................................................................22

7.1. types of aircraft hanger:..............................................................................................................................23

9. FIRE SAFETY:..............................................................................................................................26

11.Conclusion:

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..............................................................................................................................27

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.

1.2 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS:

There are some rules or instruction for the workers to be safe and proper work functioning. Those rules are given as:

Permit not to be signed by less than shift in charge / supervisor / officers.

For hot job (gas cutting/ welding/ burning/ open flames/ use of power tools/ grinding) in confined space, the rest atmosphere shall be carried out for O2, toxic gases, flammable gases (No hot work shall be permitted unless the explosive meter reading is zero) by that area in-charge before issue of work permit and shall be repeated if there is discontinuity of hot job for more than two hours.

The departmental representatives shall do operations of all equipment/ source / switches.

Clearance for hydraulic system should be given after putting off hydraulic system, isolating the valve, pushing the emergency switch, depressurizing the line & draining the accumulators will be done before using the work permit.

Sometimes equipment requires proper positioning during the job. For this Elect. Power / Hydraulic power needs to start. In this case Working Agency will request in writing to the permit issuer after removing all persons & tools from the job. Then

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permit issuer will make proper equipment positioning. After putting all the power system, he will give clearance to the Working Agency again.

Communicate with all concern, whose activity may get affected by the ongoing work.

Depending upon requirement, Department can put list of equipment as annexure with this work permit for validity of this permit and can design format for part clearance of equipment as applicable.

No any person including supervisor will work more than 12 Hours continuously. Supervisor of Working Agency will maintain register indicating list of people engaged in the job and also attendance of their workers. One supervisor will supervise only one job at a time. All persons must have gate pass / safety card with their validity. Working Agency (contractors) can use any person from his company to complete the job within specified time.

Once the work permit will be issued, working agency will be responsible for adherence to requirement of the condition of the permit. Owner of the area will be required to carry out audit to ensure compliance to requirement any time during execution of the job.

2. TERMINOLOGY OF AIRPORT

Departure sector: An area for passenger entrance in the aircraft, usually marked with special numbers or letters. Airport Office: RIX official office, from which flights are handled. Representatives from the press, etc. must report to the Airport Office for photography and access permits.Airport ID card: ID card held by airport staff.Air field: A certain land or water territory as well as building, objects and equipment fully or partially intended for organization of aircraft departures and arrivals (including airplane landing, take-off, manoeuvring, parking, passenger entrance, luggage, cargo and mail loading and unloading, technical maintenance and fuelling).Air field traffic: All traffic on the territory of manoeuvring field as well as flights above the territory around the air field. Air field traffic area: Air space of a certain size above the territory around the air field to ensure the safety of the air field traffic.Air field restricted area: part of the airport building and airfield with restricted access. Flight restricted area: restricted air space above the land and internal and Baltic Sea territorial waters for aircraft flights according to the special rules.

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Civil aviation: aircrafts, airfields and other objects serving the purpose of transportation by air and specific aviation functions, as well as sport aviation, aviation popularization and other public and private needs.Civil aviation safety: a set of actions involving rules, people and material resources aiming to protect the civil aviation against the illegal interference in its operation. Security: measures taken on entry to the airside area to prevent illegal acts against civil aviation.Security check: a manual or technical check to detect weapons, objects or substances which must it be assumed can be used in an illegal act against civil aviation.Safety: measures taken in the airport area to prevent acts that may cause danger or inconvenience to traffic at the airport.Aircraft parking lot: a place on the apron for parking the aircraft. Aircraft: a flying machine holding in the air using the interaction with air, if it does not involve the interaction of air with land or water surfaces.Aircraft type: aircrafts with the construction of a same type, including the modifications, except the modifications with the different air dynamic dataAircraft captain: a pilot responsible for the aircraft operation and safety during the flight. Jet Bridge: The Bridge connecting an aircraft to the gate so that passengers can embark and disembark without getting their feet wet.Passenger transportation: transportation of passengers between terminal and aircraft.Passenger area: an area beyond the safety and passport control. Allowed only for passengers and assigned airport personnel. Carrier: aircraft operator conducting air transportation on the basis of assigned rights.Apron: a part of the airport field for airplane parking, passenger entrance, luggage and cargo loading and unloading, technical maintenance and fuelling.Landing: a moment when wheels of the landing aircraft touch the ground.Public area: area in the airport, where are no entry restrictionRunaway: a part of the airfield for aircraft landing and take-off. International flights: aircraft flights through the airspace of more than one state.Transit area: passenger area beyond the safety and passport control where the passengers stay before the flight. Transfer passenger: a passenger arriving at the airport and then to continuing the flight on a different aircraft.Transit passenger: a passenger arriving at the airport with the intention to continue the flight on a same aircraft.VIP-centre: a separate terminal for VIP passengers with convenient pre-flight waiting areas, various specialized services. RAMP: It is a stair case with wheels, which is used to load or unload an airplane.Tower: In an airport, the word "tower" usually refers to the Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT). This is a ground-based centre that provides direction for aircraft, whether on the runway or in the air. From the towers, Air traffic controllers give instructions to pilots in the aircraft; these directions are for facilitating the flow of traffic, assisting pilots with relevant information, and for preventing accidents.

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Gate: In air travel, a gate is the entrance to a movable passage much like a tunnel or a bridge leading to the aircraft. This allows passengers to board the plane, and later get off at their destination.Luggage sticker: a sticker attached to the passenger luggage registered for transportation in the airplane.Air transportation: aircraft flight carrying passengers, luggage, cargo and mail on the basis of payments or rental agreement.Air route: controlled air space or part of it is the form of a corridor secured for use of air transportation. IATA: International Air Transport Association. A global association of more than 200 airlines.ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation. A UN body for international civil aviation.Bird control: A special team at the airport working to prevent collisions with birds from the areas where aircraft take off and land.International flights: aircraft flights through the airspace of more than one state.International airline traffic: traffic with starting point and inter flight point or destination point are situated in the different states.

3. UNIT CONVERSION

Length-Chain – 1 chain = 66 ft = 22 yd (yards) =20.1168 m = 2011.68cm

1 meter = 3.280 foot = 39.37 inch

1 foot = 0.305 meter

1 inch = 2.54 cm

1 mile = 1.609 km

Area- 1 acre (A) = 4046 m² =43560 ft²

1 hectare (ha) =10000 m² = 2.47A

1 m² = 10.76 ft²

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1 mile² = 2.6 Km²

Volume- 1 litre = 0.001m³

4. STANDARD SURVEYING TERMS

• Baseline - In the U.S. Public land surveying system, a surveyed east-west (i.e. latitudinal) reference line, often hundreds of miles in length, from which tiers of townships are surveyed to the north and south. There are approximately two dozen baselines in the lower 48 states.

• Bearing - See azimuth. Bearings taken with a compass will be referenced to magnetic north unless otherwise noted.

• Benchmark - A survey mark made on a monument having a known location and elevation, serving as a reference point for surveying.

• Call - Any feature, landmark, or measurement called out in a survey. For example, "two white oaks next to the creek" is a call.

• Chain carrier - An assistant to the surveyor, the chain carriers moved the surveying chain from one location to another under the direction of the surveyor. This was a position of some responsibility, and the chain carriers took an oath as "sworn chain carriers" that they would do their job properly.

• Chord - The straight line connecting the end points of an arc.

• Corner - The beginning or end point of any survey line. The term corner does not imply the property was in any way square.

• Declination - The difference between magnetic north and geographic (true) north. Surveyors used a compass to determine the direction of survey lines. Compasses point to magnetic north, rather than true north. This declination error is measured in degrees, and can range from a few degrees to ten degrees or more. Surveyors may have been instructed to correct their surveys by a particular declination value. The value of declination at any point on the earth is constantly changing because the location of magnetic north is drifting. More information about historical values of declination is available station.

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• Landmark - A survey mark made on a 'permanent' feature of the land such as a tree, pile of stones, etc.

• Line Tree - Any tree that is on a property line, specifically one that is also a corner to another property.

• Meridian - In the U.S. public land surveying system, a surveyed north-south (i.e. longitudinal) reference line, often hundreds of miles in length, from which ranges are surveyed to the east and west. There are approximately two dozen meridians in the lower 48 states. See also baseline.

• Tangent line - A line that touches a circle at exactly one point and which makes a right angle with the circle's radius. For example, a circle that fills a square has four tangent points and the square's sides are tangent lines. An arc (curve) in a survey is part of a larger circle. One can construct tangent lines at the end points of the arc.

• Tie line- A survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines.

• Tier - In the U.S. public land surveying system, an east-west row of townships identified as being north or south of a latitudinal baseline.

• Total station - A survey instrument that combines a theodolite and distance meter.

• Township - In the U.S. public land surveying system, an area six miles square, containing 36 sections. The townships are organized in tiers and ranges, identified with respect to a baseline and meridian. For example, Township 13 North Range 6 West describes a township's location.

• Traverse - 1) any line surveyed across a parcel, 2) a series of such lines connecting a number of points, often used as a base for triangulation.

• Trocha - Spanish for 'path'. In the southeast U.S. it is used for a cut or cleared survey line.

• Witness Tree - Generally used in the U.S. public land states, this refers to the trees close to a section corner. The surveyor blazed them and noted their position.

• Angle - An angle measured from a vertical reference. Zero degrees is a vertical line pointing up, 90 degrees is horizontal, and 180 degrees is straight down.

Surveyors' Slang

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Surveying, like any profession, has its special terms and slang. Some are just humorous, some help distinguish similar sounds (e.g. eleven and seven), and some are just plain strange.

5. TYPES OF CONNECTION

Connections are normally made either by bolting or welding. Bolting is common in field connections, since it is simple and economical to make. Bolting is also regarded as being more appropriate in field connections from considerations of safety. However, welded connections, which are easier to make and are more efficient, are usually resorted to in shop fabrications.5.1. Bolted Connections: Two types of bolts are used in bolted connection. The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance holes, often referred to as ordinary bolts or black bolts. They are popular since they are economical, both in terms of material and installation costs. The force transfer mechanism under shear is as shown in Fig. 2(a). The force is transferred by bearing between the plate and bolts at the bolt holes. The bolts experience single or double shear depending upon the plate configuration. The failure may be either by shearing of the bolts or bearing of the plate and the bolt.

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The main disadvantage of bearing type of bolted connections is that the elements undergo some slip even under a small shear, before being able to transfer force by bearing. This is due to clearance between the bolts and the holes. Such a slip causes increased flexibility in the lower ranges of load and unexpected joint behaviour in some situations. In such cases high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts are used.

In HSFG bolted joints, high strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) are pre-tensioned against the plates to be bolted together, so that contact pressure is developed between the plates being joined [Fig. 2(b)]. When external shear force is applied, the frictional resistance to slip between the plates prevents their relative slip. These bolted joints achieve higher stiffness in shear because of frictional resistance between the contact surfaces. Only when the externally applied force exceeds the frictional resistance between the plates, the plates slip and the bolts bear against the bolt holes. Thus even after slip, there is a reserve strength due to bearing. The HSFG bolts are expensive both from material and installation points of view. They require skilled labour and effective supervision. Due to their efficient force transfer mechanism they have become very popular recently. Moreover, their performance is superior under cyclic loading compared to other forms of jointing. This is discussed later.

5.2. Welded Connections:

Welded connections are direct and efficient means of transferring forces from one member to the adjacent member. Welded connections are generally made by melting base metal from parts to be joined with weld metal, which upon cooling form the connection. The welded connections in a majority of the cases may be categorised as fillet weld or butt (or groove) welds as shown in Fig. 3.

Fillet welds, as shown in Fig. 3(a), are made against two surfaces of adjacent plates to join them together. The merits of the fillet welds are: • no prior edge preparation is necessary, • simple, fast and economical to make, and • does not require very skilled labour.

The demerits of fillet welds are: • not appropriate to transfer forces large in magnitude, • poorer performance under fatigue loading, and • less attractive in appearance.

Butt welds, as shown in Fig. 3(b), are made by butting plate surfaces against one another and filling the gap between contact surfaces with weld metal, in the process fusing the base metal also together. In order to ensure full penetration of the weld metal, normally the contact surfaces are cambered to obtain gap for the weld metal to flow easily.

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Fig. 3 Typical welded Connections

The merits of butt welds are: • Easily designed and fabricated to be as strong as the member, • Better fatigue characteristics, compared to fillet welds, • Better appearance, compared to fillet welds, and • Easy to detail and the length of the connection is considerably reduced.

The demerits of the butt welds are: • More expensive than fillet welds because of the edge preparation required, and

• require more skilled manpower, than that required for filled welds.

5.3. Riveted Joints:Riveted joints are very rare in modern steel construction practice. The behaviour and design of riveted connections are very similar to bearing type of bolted constructions. Since structural rivets are driven hot, the rivet shank expands to fill the hole while being driven. Hence, while calculating rivet strength, the hole diameter and not the nominal rivet diameter is used. Due to this, the slip in riveted joints is less than in bearing type of bolted joint. Further, in the process of cooling, the rivet shank length reduces, thereby causing some clamping force, as in HSFG.

Riveting has been traditionally limited to railway bridges in India. However, with the introduction of HSFG bolts, which are better suited under cyclic loading than rivets, their use is discontinued even in railway bridges in most countries.

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6. APRON DETAILS

The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refuelled, or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access.

Apron TypesSeveral different types of aprons have been developed at airports. The following sectionsdescribe the physical apron facilities and identify the activities that occur on each type of apron.

Terminal Area ApronsThe terminal area apron is the interface between the terminal building and the airfield andis one of the most congested and active areas at a commercial service airport. Passengers areenplaned on and deplaned from aircraft while GSE used for aircraft servicing, including catering, fueling, deicing, and loading and unloading of baggage and cargo, operates in close proximity.These activities, coupled with aircraft taxiing to and from the gates, drive the need for properapron planning to enhance safety for ramp workers, aircraft operations, ground vehicle operations, and, in some cases, passengers while maximizing the use of available apron area.

Above figure illustrates several terminal area aprons at a variety of airports. As depicted in the exhibit, terminal area aprons can vary substantially in their configuration, size, location relative to airfield elements, availability of push-back area, proximity to vehicle service roads, accommodation of ground vehicle storage and staging, and apron/gate equipment.

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With the use of remote hardstands, passengers are enplaned or deplaned at a location sufficiently far from the terminal that a bus or other vehicle is used for the safe transport of passengers to and from the terminal. Remote hardstands are also served by air stairs, ramps, or mobile stairs. While passengers are being enplaned and deplaned, several aircraft servicing activities occur on the terminal area aprons:

� Fueling: Aircraft fueling entails filling the aircraft fuel tanks with a typically predetermined amount of fuel to meet the requirements of the scheduled flight. Depending on the airport, aircraft fueling is accomplished with fueling trucks or through a hydrant fueling system.

� Baggage handling: Baggage is typically transferred to and from the aircraft during the servicingof aircraft after arrival and prior to departure. Outbound (departing) baggage is collected,screened, and sorted in the terminal building before being loaded onto the aircraft. Inbound (arriving) baggage is unloaded and either transported to baggage claim units in the terminalor transferred to other flights. Baggage on narrowbody and smaller aircraft is typically bulk loaded, using belt loaders that move bags on a conveyor, into the lower deck of the aircraft.Alternatively, baggage on smaller aircraft may be handled individually by personnel from amanual baggage cart and placed directly into the aircraft. Widebody aircraft bundle baggageinto containers, also known as unit load devices, to reduce the time to load and unload baggage onto the aircraft.

� Cargo handling: Inbound belly cargo, defined as cargo placed in the belly compartment ofthe aircraft in addition to passenger baggage, is unloaded and transported to cargo facilitiesor other aircraft, while outbound belly cargo is prepared and loaded onto the aircraft prior todeparture. Similar to baggage handling, cargo on narrow body and smaller aircraft is loadedindividually while cargo on wide body aircraft is containerized.

� Ground power: Ground power is required for operation of the aircraft’s electrical equipment while the aircraft is parked and the aircraft’s auxiliary power unit (APU) is shut down.

� Preconditioned air: Preconditioned air systems are required to heat/cool an aircraft while it is parked at a gate, depending on the ambient air temperature. The preconditioned air system can also be used to preheat/precool passenger loading bridges in advance of passenger use.

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� Lavatory servicing: After an aircraft arrives, a lavatory vehicle is used to empty lavatory wasteinto a tank and replenish the aircraft with a mix of water and disinfecting concentrate, often referred to as “blue water.” The lavatory waste is then emptied at the airport where it is discharged into a sanitary waste system.

� Potable water: Potable water is provided to aircraft during servicing, typically through a hose connection on the aircraft, which transfers water from a potable water servicing vehicle or through a potable water cabinet located at each gate.

� Engine air starts: When aircraft systems (such as APUs) are not available or are inoperative, some aircraft are equipped with pneumatic engine air start equipment, which can be used to start the aircraft engines once aircraft servicing is complete. Air start of the aircraft engines uses high volume air conveyed through an air discharge hose from a mobile power unit to start the aircraft engines.

� Catering: Catering consists of restocking the aircraft galley with food and beverages priorto departure and hauling away any garbage. Catering occurs close to the scheduled aircraftdeparture time. Garbage from international arriving flights must be disposed of and destroyedproperly and according to U.S. CBP and U.S. Department of Agriculture regulations and cannot be mixed with garbage from domestic flights.

� Maintenance: Light mechanical checks or on-call maintenance work on aircraft is oftenperformed on aprons.

� Deicing: Aircraft are deiced to remove frost, snow, and ice contamination from critical aeronauticalsurfaces prior to departure and deicing fluid is applied to prevent the accumulation of snow or slush for a period of time. If aprons are not equipped with the proper deicing fluid collection system, deicing fluid recovery vehicles or glycol recovery vehicles are used to recoverdeicing fluids on airport pavements. Use of these vehicles on the terminal apron may extendgate occupancy time.

Airport operators typically use one of three types of agreements to lease terminal gates toairlines, which can be material to the planning and design of apron facilities.Airport operators typically use one of three types of agreements to lease terminal gates toairlines, which can be material to the planning and design of apron facilities. Exclusive use agreements grant an airline the sole right to use and occupy a gate. This typically provides the leasing airline the maximum flexibility to configure, equip, and mark the apron to best support the operational needs of that user. Preferential use agreements grant an airline the

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primary right to use a designated gate to support its scheduled operations, but also allows operations by other airlines at that same gate, generally subject to gate availability based on the primary airline’s schedule. There can be reduced flexibility associated with preferential use gates/apron based on the expectation that users may have different operating profiles, procedures, physical constraints, and other factors. While the primary airline may dictate the apron configuration, equipment, markings, GSE parking, and other aspects of the terminal area apron, without sole rights to the use of preferentially leased gates there may be requirements imposed by the airport operator to ensure a minimum level of flexibility in assigning other users to these gates when the primary user’s schedule allows. Common use agreements are used for gates that are under the control of an airport operator and allocated or assigned to airlines on a dynamic basis, typically for temporary or short terms. Common-use gates do not necessarily have a primary user, as the airport operator has the ability to assign the gates using what it defines to be appropriate scheduling priorities or preferences. In these instances, apron planning and design will typically follow specific standards defined by the airport operator to ensure required levels of scheduling flexibility.

Deicing ApronsAs mentioned earlier, aircraft are deiced to remove frost, snow, and ice contamination fromcritical aeronautical surfaces prior to departure and deicing fluid is applied to prevent the accumulation of snow or slush for a period of time. This period of time, known as holdover time, is the estimated time that the deicing fluid prevents the formation of frozen contamination on the critical surfaces of the aircraft.

Deicing on the terminal apron presents challenges compared to deicing in remote areas. Deicing at the gate can have significant operational consequences, as it can extend gate occupancy time and introduces more vehicles to the apron/gate area. In addition, deicing fluids are slippery and potentially create added risk on the apron pavement, both to ramp personnel and to passengers during ground loading operations. These risks are typically managed through operating procedures or the vacuum collection of deicing fluids (resulting from overspray and from fluids that run off the aircraft after application) that pool on the pavement. The fluids can also enter and migrate within pavement joints and utility conduits, potentially causing damage to building environments and airfield lighting systems, and possibly contaminating clean storm water or groundwater. Additionally, deicing fluid overspray may reach the terminal building, which may require it to be cleaned more frequently. A potential benefit of gate deicing is the melting of snow resulting from deicing fluid that falls to the pavement.

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Cargo ApronsThe transportation of goods throughout the United States and worldwide provides a necessaryLink that enables trade between companies, organizations, and people and is an economic engine for the world. One primary method for the transportation of goods, particularly perishable or time-sensitive goods, is air transportation of cargo. Many airports, ranging from large hub to general aviation airports, have infrastructure to accommodate air cargo operations. The type of cargo facilities at an airport is largely dependent on the type and frequency of cargo airline service. Cargo airline service is largely driven by factors external to the airport, such as geographic location, competing airports, the availability of other modes of cargo transport (e.g., rail), supporting transportation networks (highways and railways), and the presence of businesses and industries that drive demand for cargo services. Two categories of cargo services at airports, belly cargo and all cargo, are described here.

Maintenance ApronsAircraft maintenance activities include inspections that must be completed on demand orat specific intervals of aircraft operation, such as hours flown or numbers of take-offs and landings (cycles). Each airline is required to prepare an aircraft maintenance program that outlines the activities to be performed during each inspection. Aircraft maintenance facilities, generally consisting of hangar buildings sufficiently sized to accommodate the aircraft fleet, are critical to ensuring that aircraft are adequately maintained and safe for flight. Aircraft maintenance facilities vary among airports and include those serving general aviation aircraft, cargo and passenger airline aircraft, and large maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) operations.

As shown in Figure 3-5, maintenance aprons are typically located adjacent to these hangarBuildings and are used for performing light maintenance or for aircraft storage and staging.Maintenance aprons are also used for staging maintenance equipment. Some maintenance aprons incorporate run-up areas with blast fences to deflect jet blast, propeller wash, and noise when performing engine run-ups. Jet blast is the thrust-producing exhaust from a running jet engine and propeller wash is the mass of air pushed to the rear of the aircraft by the propeller when in motion.

Remote ApronsRemote aprons are located away from terminal or cargo areas and used for storage or staging

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of aircraft. Most passenger aircraft do not operate overnight and remain parked at the airportOvernight. At airports where the number of aircraft parked overnight exceeds the number ofTerminal parking positions/gates, RON aprons are used to store aircraft overnight. RON aprons can also be used to accommodate aircraft in the daytime during extended layovers to allow the use of gates that would otherwise be occupied by aircraft during these extended periods. These aprons can also be used for light aircraft maintenance and servicing during the day. Aprons located near runway ends are often referred to as holding pads and are used to position aircraft awaiting air traffic control (ATC) clearance. These holding bays are often used in lieu of bypass taxiways and vary in size, shape, and function. Many deicing pads located near a runway end are used as holding pads when not required to support deicing operations.

7. ATTRIBUTES OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AIRCRAFT HANGER)

A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but other materials such as wood and concrete are also used. The word hangar comes from Middle French hanghart ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish haimgard ("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from haim ("home, village, hamlet") + gard ("yard").

Hangars are used for: protection from the weather, protection from direct sunlight, maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft on airfields, aircraft carriers and ships. Hangars ensure that maintenance jobs are carried out on the aircraft without the effect of the weather disrupting the work. Therefore such structures are of paramount importance in total scheme of an airport. Today, aircraft hangars are of high demand to many of those in the aviation industry, including airport authorities, airport architects, logistics firms and corporate houses.

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7.1. TYPES OF AIRCRAFT HANGER:

a) AIRCRAFT HANGERS: These hangars are constructed for the maintenance and repair of aircrafts. They are provided with machine shops and stores for spare parts. The size of hangar depends upon the size of aircrafts and its turning radius. Adequate lighting inside the hangar is of prime importance.

b) SHIP HANGARS: Many ships, particularly warships carry aircraft aboard and will often have hangars for storage and maintenance. Such hangars may be situated adjacent to the

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flight deck (as is common on cruisers, destroyers and frigates) or underneath the flight deck with elevators to lift the aircraft (as is common on aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships). On some vessels where space is at a premium the hangar and flight deck share the same space, with the hangar stowing away for flight operations.

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8. PORTAL FRAMES:

Portal frame construction is a method of building and designing structures, primarily using steel or steel-reinforced precast concrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber such as glulam. The connections between the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment-resistant, i.e. they can carry bending forces. “They were first developed in the 1960s, and have now become the most common form of enclosure for spans of 20 to 60 m”. Because of these very strong and rigid joints, some of the bending moment in the rafters is transferred to the columns. This means that the size of the rafters can be reduced or the span can be increased for the same size rafters. This makes portal frames a very efficient construction technique to use for wide span buildings.

Portal frame construction is therefore typically seen in warehouses, barns and other places where large, open spaces are required at low cost and a pitched roof is acceptable.

Generally portal frames are used for single-story buildings but they can be used for low-rise buildings with several floors where they can be economic if the floors do not span right across the building (in these circumstances a skeleton frame, with internal columns, would be a more economic choice). A typical configuration might be where there is office space built against one wall of a warehouse.

Portal frames can be clad with all sorts of material but the most popular solution, for reasons of economy and speed, is some form of lightweight insulated metal cladding with cavity masonry work to the bottom 2m of the wall to provide security and impact resistance. The lightweight cladding would be carried on sheeting rails spanning between the columns of the portal frames.

Portal frames can be defined as two-dimensional rigid frames that have the basic characteristics of a rigid joint between column and beam.

The main objective of this form of design is to reduce bending moment in the beam, which allows the frame to act as one structural unit.

The transfer of stresses from the beam to the column results in rotational movement at the foundation, which can be overcome by the introduction of a pin/hinge joint.

For warehouses and industrial buildings, sloping roof made of purlins and ac sheet roofing between portals is provided. For assembly halls, portals with R.C slab roof cast monolithically is used.

Portal frames are designed for the following loads:

• roof load

• wind load

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Fig: Different parts of portal frame

9. FIRE SAFETY:

1. Level of Protection provided at airports for Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) purposes according to the designated category of the airport as per the ICAO standard.

2. Compliance of ICAO, DGCA & AAI Fire Orders.

3. Fire prevention and protection of ATC Tower, Terminal Building, Technical Building, Cargo and other Airport infrastructures.

4. Fire Orders/ Circulars are issued & updated for various activities and services which are related to fire safety and emergency services.

5. The Airport Fire Service conducts various emergency exercises Full Scale Emergency Exercise, Partial Exercise, Building evacuation Drill, Mock Drill etc.

6. Fire investigation and analysis

7. Mutual aid firefighting with other fire safety assistance services like City Fire Brigade & industrial Fire Services.

8. First Aid Firefighting Training to all stakeholders at airports.

9. Ambulance services provides to the aircraft passengers

10. AAI Rescue & Fire Services Introduced Fire Consultancy Services for other organization.

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11. CONCLUSION:

• Very enriching experience.• Practical application of theoretical concepts in form of various equipment’s and

process.• Cooperative and encouraging staff makes it a true learning experience.

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