DATA ANALYSIS SUMMER COURSE 2014 Practical Agriculture Sciences Toward Regional Sustainability (PARS) for Graduate Students : Integrated Sustainable Farming System (September 18th 24th, 2014)

Bogor Agricultural University, Ibaraki University, Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Ryukyus University, Ehime University, Kagawa University

B E L L A D I N I L O V E L YG R O U P DF 3 5 1 1 3 0 4 6 1

Each group observed different field in Saung Sawah paddy field. There were 1 an-organic field and3 organic field (2, 4 and 8 years old). There were 2 soil type taken, based on its depth from theground surface level. First was Top Soil which is in depth from 015 cm below the ground, andSub Soil which is in depth from 1530 cm below the ground. Samples were taken on 5 dotsrandomly but presented as center, west, east, north and south point. Both composite samples thenwere put in plastic bag each.

Soil Analysis

Physical

Biological

Chemical : Dr. Soil

TOP SOIL

Saung

Sawah

Soil sample was put on a long tubelike,transparent plastic, then added by amount of tapwater. After shaken and then soil suspension wasmixed well, the plastic was hung for 2 hours.There were then divided to 3 layers based onmaterial density. First on top was organicmaterial and fine clay which has lowest density,followed by silt (and sand) and gravel.

Macro-organisms lived on Saung Sawah paddy field were observed. There were several animals and plants found such as flowers, mud snails, frogs, birds, etc.

Chemical content of soil sample was tested using Dr.Soildevice. There were 7 characterizations conducted namely content of MgO, NO3, P2O5, K2O, CaO, NH4-N and pH (acidity). Few amount of sample was mixed with reagent and color created then was compared to the color indicator.

Graph beside showed comparison chemical content data of top soil between 4 different fields. For MgO, NO3, P2O5 and CaO content, there were approximately same for all samples. For K2O content, 2 y.o. organics content was higher and 8 y.o. organics was the highest. NH4-N content increased from an-organics to 2 y.o. organics, but decreased in 4 y.o. organics and been content until 8 y.o. organics. Whereas on pH, there were no significant change years by years. It was because pesticide was still added on an-organic and 2 y.o. organic field, and then stopped. It lead to K2O and NH4-N content decreasing. Besides, micronutrient between an-organic and organic sample was analyzed too.

All three contents of Fe, Mn and NaCl was higher in an-organics. It was because in organic field no pesticide

was used overly so that lead to lack of surrounding soil micronutrients because of plant growth activity.

DATA ANALYSIS SUMMER COURSE 2014 Practical Agriculture Sciences Toward Regional Sustainability (PARS) for Graduate Students : Integrated Sustainable Farming System (September 18th 24th, 2014)

Bogor Agricultural University, Ibaraki University, Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Ryukyus University, Ehime University, Kagawa University

B E L L A D I N I L O V E L YG R O U P DF 3 5 1 1 3 0 4 6 1

Water analysis was conducted on one chosen-spotwhich had most water on its irrigation flow. Therewere 3 points of water sample source, such as inlet,outlet and center point. For inlet and outlet sampling,the water was taken directly from the flow into aplastic bottle, while injectors was used for sampling incenter point of paddy fields ground.

SUB SOIL

Saung

Sawah2. Water Analysis Chemical

There were approximately same for all MgO and NO3 content in sub-soil sample. For NH4-N and CaOcontent, it increased at 2 y.o. organics but decreased and one was being constant right after. Otherwise, P2O5 and pH increased by years left and extremely-lowest K2O content was on 4 y.o. organics. Besides, for micronutrient, Mn and NaCl content was higher in an-organic although there were approximately same for Fe content. There were more accumulation of chemical content on top soil than sub soil because of its unwell-done absorption to the depth more than 15 cm below the ground.

Water quality was analyzed using differentdevices for each characteristics, such asnitrate, pH and K+ content. Graph besideshowed that nitrate and K+ content decreasedfrom inlet to outlet, while pH increased.Otherwise, spectrophotometer was used fortotal phosphate (TP) and PO4characterization. Outlets two properties werehigher than inlets, while contents of soil waterwere unidentified (below 0,1). Nutrientcontent was much higher on virgin water(inlet) because it might be absorbed by paddyon the field while the water flew through it.

Whereas for TP and PO4 content case, there was impact from pesticide usage on paddy field that had been through by the outlet water. It caused more chemical accumulation on it compared to virgin water (inlet). Soil waters was unidentified (too low) because there was more complex composition than water on irrigation flow.

DATA ANALYSIS SUMMER COURSE 2014 Practical Agriculture Sciences Toward Regional Sustainability (PARS) for Graduate Students : Integrated Sustainable Farming System (September 18th 24th, 2014)

Bogor Agricultural University, Ibaraki University, Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Ryukyus University, Ehime University, Kagawa University

B E L L A D I N I L O V E L YG R O U P DF 3 5 1 1 3 0 4 6 1

Interview was held at millingunit and farmers houselocated right beside SaungSawah. Table beside showedinterview result comparingorganic and an-organic paddyproduced there.

Saung

Sawah3. Plant Analysis (Leaf Greenness)

4. Social/Farmer Interview

Our Group Suggestionon Saung Sawah Sustainability Development

Plant was analyzed using Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) device to measure the leafgreenness. Test was conducted to 3 varied types of leaf, based on leaf development stages, suchas seedling, vegetative and generative leaf. There were 10 repetitions of sampling per leaf typeand mean values of them was compared and analyzed. Graph above showed that greennessindex increased for every development stage. It was because the more developed and grown theleaf, the more chlorophyll generated, the greener leaf will be.

1. It needs collaboration between every stakeholders of paddy cultivation andproduction, such as farmer, campus community (students, lecturers, researchers,staffs), surrounding society and government.

2. Each stakeholder can divide some roles as investors, researchers,instructor/scout, consultant, trainer, business manager, regulation caretaker,consumer analyst, and many more.

3. Sustainability leads to long-term investment, but need huge commitment fromall stakeholders.

4. Integrated management must be applied in order to keep balance in every lines.

DATA ANALYSIS SUMMER COURSE 2014 Practical Agriculture Sciences Toward Regional Sustainability (PARS) for Graduate Students : Integrated Sustainable Farming System (September 18th 24th, 2014)

Bogor Agricultural University, Ibaraki University, Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Ryukyus University, Ehime University, Kagawa University

B E L L A D I N I L O V E L YG R O U P DF 3 5 1 1 3 0 4 6 1

Each group observed different animals forbehavior analysis, sheep male/fattening (A), sheepfemale/lambing (B), cow/cattle (C) and buffalo (D).Behavior data was taken every 2 minutes. Chartbeside showed percentage of buffalo behaviorwithin period of 1 h. Buffalo observation wasconsidered as the toughest because naturally it iswild category animal which not used to be aroundhuman so it can easily run like flash, escaping fromus. It would be so much easier if we could observefrom a tower.

1. Oil Palm Plantation Age Identification

Jonggol

3. Carrying Capacity: Buffalo Grazing Area

Other task conducted on buffalo field was carrying capacity analysis of its grazing area. Carrying capacity is the number ofcattle pasturing by maintaining the sustainability of land, crops and live-stocks (Nell and Rollinson 1974). We measuredstocking rate which is index that indicates how much buffalo grazes in its pasture area. Stocking rate indicated grazingcondition on observed pasture field. If stocking rate is more than carrying capacity, it means there is under-grazing. If thevalues are same, it means normal grazing. And if stocking rate is less than carrying capacity, it means over-grazing. Tableabove showed that one buffalo per month needs 41.53 ha of grazing area. Total area of Jonggol buffalo pasture is 200 ha,so it is only able to provide grazing for 4-5 buffalos. By the actual number of buffalo in that area is 10, it means that therewas over-grazing.

Chart above showed the botanical compositions in buffalo grazing area. Compared to ideal condition that said therelatively good-quality pasture is when the grass and legume proportion is 3:2 (Crowder and Cheda 1982), grass wasnearly normal (ideal is 60%), legume was less than normal (ideal is 40%) and weeds was more than normal (ideal is 0%).High percentage of grass was possibly caused by its characteristic that is more resistant to grazing pressure andunfavorable environmental factors.

Oil palm age identification was conducted in Jonggol (also organized by Cargillco.) oil palm plantation by the total area of 50 ha. The method is measuring totalfrowns grown on the oil palm plant. If there are 20-24 frowns, it indicates thatthe plant is 1 year old and so on this method is applied for multiplied years.

2. Animal Behavior : Buffalo

DATA ANALYSIS SUMMER COURSE 2014 Practical Agriculture Sciences Toward Regional Sustainability (PARS) for Graduate Students : Integrated Sustainable Farming System (September 18th 24th, 2014)

Bogor Agricultural University, Ibaraki University, Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Ryukyus University, Ehime University, Kagawa University

B E L L A D I N I L O V E L YG R O U P DF 3 5 1 1 3 0 4 6 1

Each group observed different area for soil analysis. There were legume area (A),lambing/sheep area (B), grazing/cattle area (C) and undisturbed/control area (D). Same asprevious explanation about soil analysis in Saung Sawah, graph above showed the soilquality in undisturbed area. There were 9 characterizations conducted, such as NO3, NH4,P2O5, K2O, CaO, MgO, Fe, Mn and NaCl content. For NO3, P2O5, NH4, Fe, Mn and NaCllambings was the highest among others. While in K2O content, legumes was the highest.For MgO content, undisturbed s was the highest.

Jonggol

4. Soil Analysis 5. Social/Farmer Interview

Our Group Suggestionon Jonggol Sustainability Development

1. Farmer organizations managerial system is already considered as an economically sustainable wayto keep running the business. But it may have negative effect for livestock product quality because ofstress in cage and usage of non organic feed.

2. Livestock getting stress for long period would lead to abnormal rigor reaction on animal musclesystem which decreased the commodity quality and life-time. This phenomenon would obviouslyinfluence the product processing in industry and business and price stability in market.

3. It is recommended to combine the farmer organizations managerial system with grazing system inwide area to maintain or even improve livestock quality

Interview was held with farmers of Jonggol animal husbandry and oil palm plantation. It was known thatthere is farmers organization who roles collecting money for farmers capital before running their business.Firstly, farmers organization buy live-stocks from breeder, sell them on local market, gain profit and saving aswell. Live-stocks supplied by breeder are lived in cage and given adequate amount of feed. Breeder asstakeholder of the organization has to follow regulations in their agreement such as storing feed,insemination, etc. By helping surrounding farmers starting-up their business and establishing local economy,the organization grows and improves by years left then.