SUMMARY Overview Demand · Around 2.7 million people in the EU worked in the ICT sector, in...

Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) sector

November 2012

This report does not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission.

The Analytical Highlight has been developed from a combination of European, international and

national sources and provides illustrative examples of available skills information.

Visit the EU Skills Panorama at: http://euskillspanorama.ec.europa.eu

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EU Skills Panorama Analytical Highlight

SUMMARY

Overview

2.7 million people, 1.25% of the EU workforce (2011),work in the ICT

sector (computer programming, consultancy and related activities)

Employment growth in the sector was 29% between 2000 and 2010

Above average growth for the ICT sector is forecast to 2020

Demand

ICT sector companies and jobs are unevenly distributed across EU

Member States and regions

Relative to the size of the overall workforce, employment in the ICT

sector is highest in Denmark, Sweden and Ireland and smallest in

Bulgaria, Romania and Greece

There has been modest growth in employment in countries and regions

with well-established sector presence, with more significant growth in

countries and regions ‘catching up’

There is evidence of a general up-skilling across ICT sector

occupations (demand for low-end developers and database

administrators to be replaced by demand for business analysts, sales

specialists and high-end developers)

Supply

The workforce is predominantly male and young, with little change in the

characteristics of the workforce composition since 2000

Future technical skills supply challenged by the fall in the number of

computing graduates across the EU-27

Mismatches

Prior to the recent crisis, skills shortages and gaps in the ICT sector

have been widely reported in various EU countries

The impact of the crisis may have reduced the extent of such shortages

But key skills gaps still evident and concern:

High level job-specific skills of ICT professionals (the design and

development of advanced services)

Soft skills (managerial, customer oriented skills, communication)

As the demand for specialist skills evolves quickly – the risk of

skills obsolescence is high. Continuous professional up-skilling

and development are essential.


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1. A significant sector in the economy and labour market

The ICT sector plays an important role in the economy in its own right and as a vital

supplier to the private, public and third sectors - the ‘ICT user industries’. As

information and communication technologies have expanded across virtually all

economic sectors, the boundaries of the sector are difficult to draw. National

statistical definitions of the ICT sector differ.1 In some contexts, the ICT sector is

viewed ‘as a combination of manufacturing and services industries that capture,

transmit and display data and information electronically’.2 The international statistical

classification system NACE treats the manufacturing of computers and computer

programming, consultancy and related activities as separate sectors.3

This Analytical Highlight focuses on the core ICT sector covering computer

programming, consultancy and related activities4, providing a range of ICT services

and solutions to the ‘ICT user industries’. A large share of the sector’s workforce is

made up of ICT professionals whose tasks include consulting activities and the

design of ICT services, ICT development (including software and applications,

systems development, web design, security, etc.) and running or delivering ICT

services (user support, systems and network administrations, database

management, etc.).5 It is important, however, to distinguish between ICT

professionals6 and the ICT sector. The ICT sector employs ICT professionals and a

large number of non-ICT professionals across a range of roles, for example sales

and marketing, administrative, finance and human resources. Whilst the ICT sector

1 Definitions used by national statistical services for the “ICT sector” vary across European countries and

sometimes include manufacturing of computer and computing services.

2 OECD (2002).

3 In the NACE 1.1 classification used before 2008, Division 72 (Computer and related activities) includes

consultancy activities for hardware or software, publishing of software, data processing activities, database activities and the maintenance and repair of office and information technology machinery. It does not cover computer manufacture (NACE 30.02), nor wholesaling, retailing, or renting (NACE 51.84, 52.48 and 71.33). Within the NACE Rev 2 classification since 2008, Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (Division 62) only includes writing, modifying, testing and supporting software; planning and designing computer systems that integrate computer hardware, software and communication technologies; on-site management and operation of clients’ computer systems and/or data processing facilities; and other professional and technical computer-related activities. Part of the activities classified in Division 63.1 (Information service activities) can also be considered as belonging to the ICT sector, such as data processing, hosting and related activities and web portals. 4 As defined in unit group 62 in NACE Rev.2 classification version.

5 Relevant sources of information concerning the manufacturing, maintenance and repair of computers, the

broader ‘information and communication sector’ and ICT professionals (across all sectors) have also been reviewed to inform this paper. 6 Defined in the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) as occupation group 25

‘Information and communications technology professionals’, see ISCO-08 classification available at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm. In the previous ISCO classification (ISCO-88), the key relevant occupation group was 213 ‘Computing Professionals’.

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm


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remains the single largest sector employing ICT professionals, in the EU, 55% of ICT

professionals work outside the core ICT sector.7

Around 2.7 million people in the EU worked in the ICT sector, in computer

programming, consultancy and related activities in 2011, accounting for 1.25% of the

entire workforce.8 In 2009, the sector consisted of around 450,000 enterprises, many

of which were micro enterprises or small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The

average number of employees per enterprise was 5.4.9 ICT sector companies and

jobs are not evenly distributed across EU countries and regions (see Figure 1). In

absolute terms, the computer programming and consultancy sector is most

developed in the United Kingdom and Germany accounting for one million jobs

(representing 37% of the entire EU workforce in the sector). However, relative to the

total workforce, it is in Denmark, Sweden and Ireland where the sector has the

largest share of the entire workforce (2% or more) while in Bulgaria, Romania and

Greece, the sector’s contribution to total employment is 0.5% or less.

Figure 1 – Computer programming, consultancy and related activities as a share of total employment, 2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, table [lfsa_egan22d].

Historically, employment in the sector has been and remains predominantly male. In

2011, only 22% of employees were women and this has not changed in the last

7 European Commission (2012). See also EU Skills Panorama Analytical Highlight ‘ICT Professionals’, available

at http://euskillspanorama.ec.europa.eu

8 Eurostat, table [lfsa_egan22d]

9 Eurostat [sbs_na_1a_se_r2].

http://euskillspanorama.ec.europa.eu/


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decade. The Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway are among the countries

where the proportion of women in the sector is below the EU average. The age

profile of employees in the sector is relatively young, with only 13.7% of the

workforce in 2011 aged 50-64 compared to 26.1% across the entire economy.

2. General upskilling, quickly changing demand for specialist skills and the need for a range of non-technical and soft skills

The ICT sector relies on a mix of hard technical and soft skills among its workforce,

with a trend towards general up-skilling across the different categories of ICT

occupations.10 The numbers of less knowledge intensive ICT jobs are expected to fall

as the structure of skills demand changes. The demand for low-end developers and

database administrators are expected to be replaced by demand for business

analysts, sales specialists and high-end developers. There has been a shift in the

skills mix of the sector with lower-skilled jobs being replaced by higher-skilled jobs

and that up-skilling is expected to continue in the foreseeable future.11

As demand for specialist skills evolves very quickly in the ICT sector, the risk of skills

obsolescence is particularly important. Recently, growing needs have been identified

for ‘hard’ ICT professional skills in fields such as data privacy, server technology,

general networking and network infrastructure. For example in the UK, studies have

identified increased demand for ICT professionals with technical skills especially

those linked to Microsoft products (NET/ASP.NET, Dynamics, SharePoint, Visual

Basic/Visual Studio, C#), PHP and WMWare.12 Due to the increased application of

ICT across all economic sectors, specialist ICT technical skills are becoming

increasingly transferable outside the core ICT sector increasing demand and

competition for skills.

According to both European and national evidence, a range of soft skills will become

increasingly important for both ICT specialists and the rest of the sector’s workforce.

In the UK, interpersonal skills and sales-related skills are seen as key shortages by

ICT sector employers.13 The key non-IT skills in demand in the ICT sector include:

Business skills – including creativity and innovation, customer service skills and

sales

Project management and administration – including organisational, managerial

and financial skills

10

Software and applications developers and analysts (who research, plan, design, write, test, provide advice on and improve information technology systems, and include systems analysts, software developers, web and multimedia developers and applications programmers), database and network professionals (who design, develop, control, maintain and support the optimal performance and security of information technology systems and infrastructure and include such roles as database designers and administrators, systems administrators and computer network professionals). 11

National Training Fund (2008); Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (2008). 12

E-Skills UK (2012). 13

E-Skills UK (2012).


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Communication – including verbal and written presentation to internal and

external audiences, ability to work collaboratively with other employees;

Foreign language skills.14

3. Current and forecast labour and skills demand in the ICT sector

3.1. Continuous employment growth since 2000

Across the EU, the sector has experienced continuous growth. Between 2000 and

2011, the sector gained around 600,000 additional workers - a growth of 29% (see

Figure 2). However, the trend across individual countries differs significantly, from

substantial sector growth in Slovenia, Slovakia and Portugal to zero growth in the

UK, Romania and Italy and a small decline in Denmark and Iceland. Some countries

have mature ICT sectors, whereas in others the sector has only recently developed.

Figure 2 - Growth in employment in computer programming, consultancy and related activities, 2000-2011 (%)

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, tables [lfsa_egan22d] and [lfsa_egana2d].

3.2. Increasing demand for ICT professionals in the sector

Recent recruitment trends in the ICT sector reveal an increasing demand for ICT

professionals, as demonstrated in the following country examples:

■ In Belgium, 71% of ICT sector enterprises reported serious problems in filling

vacancies and retaining staff.15 Small ICT enterprises require sales

14

E-skills Monitor (2010), National Training Fund (2008) and (2012), Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (2008), Košice IT Valley (2009). 15

Walloon Agency for Telecommunications and ICT (2012).

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

SI SK PT LV CY ES HR CZ AT BG LU PL EL MT HU LT FI DE BE FR EE NO IE SE NL UK RO IT DK IS

EU-27


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representatives, analysts/programmers, project leaders and IT technicians while

the larger ICT enterprises require developers/analysts programmers and IT

project leaders.

■ In Ireland, vacancies in the sector have increased notably since the 2008 global

financial crisis. Vacancies are reported for programmers and software developers,

network experts, IT business analysts, architects and systems designers, IT

project managers and multilingual IT technical support.16

■ In Italy, almost four fifths of total hires in the ICT sector in 2011 were in high

skilled occupations.17

■ In Slovakia, ICT companies in the eastern Slovakia region planned to increase

the number of workers by 40.4% in 2009 (some 1,068 new jobs).18 In absolute

terms, most new jobs were expected for IT technicians, programmers and testers.

■ In Slovenia, computer engineers were the ninth most sought after occupation in

2011.19

■ In Norway, quarterly ICT industry job vacancies grew by 35% from an average of

2,300 in 2010 to 3,100 in 2011.20

3.3. A fast growing sector shaped by national development paths and global trends

Future developments in the ICT sector will be largely shaped by the following factors:

■ The current pathway of development and growth of the ICT sector in each country

■ The speed of technological developments and the diffusion of ICT-based

innovation

■ The level of public and private decisions to step up ICT investments

■ Globalisation and general economic trends.

There are important structural differences between countries in relation to skills

demand in the ICT sector.21 The demand for skills is likely to be stronger in those

countries which are ‘lagging behind’ and where the economy is less mature in terms

of the adoption and diffusion of ICT, and which therefore are expected to experience

relatively greater growth in demand for computer programming, consultancy and

related services.

In other countries where the ICT sector has grown substantially in recent decades,

growth will continue but is expected to remain modest. For example, the ICT

consultancy services sector is expected to remain relatively stable in Denmark after

having experienced a 30% increase since 2005.22 Similarly in the UK, the ICT

16

FAS (2012). 17

Sistema Informativo Excelsior (2012). 18

Košice IT Valley (2009). 19

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2012). 20

NAV (2012). 21

E-Skills Monitor (2010). 22

Statistics Denmark (2012).


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services market is mature and largely saturated and further investment and

innovation will be the key to maintaining or growing markets. In Norway, the ICT

sector has turned into one of the country’s flagship industries and is expected to

continue as such.

The long-term impact of the current recession on the ICT sector is relatively hard to

assess, past evidence suggests that ICT sector growth rates do follow general

economic trends, however, the sector has recently performed better than the overall

economy. Indeed, ICT companies were better equipped to deal with the current

recession by comparison with the situation observed after the 2001 ‘dot-com’ crisis.

The computing services sector will continue to expand in the EU. Employment growth

of 7.6% is forecast, from 3 million workers in the sector in 2010 to 3.2 million in 2020.

Compared with the average of 3.4% employment growth forecast across all sectors,

ICT will be one of the fastest growing sectors in Europe.23

Emerging demand for ICT services in countries located outside ‘mature’ European

markets could lead ICT companies to open new research centres and branches in

these new markets. Off-shoring of ICT services is also considered to be an important

trend for the sector. While the manufacturing of computer hardware has been off-

shored for some time, the relocation of the ICT service industry outside Europe is a

more recent phenomenon. The growth of off-shoring activities depends on several

factors such as the availability of skills in the offshore location, local ICT infrastructure

and the success of developments such as cloud computing or utility computing and

whether or not services are suitable to be provided from a distance. Off-shoring of

ICT services is expected to remain relatively limited as a proportion of overall ICT

services revenues. The impact of off-shoring on the European ICT sector labour

market thus far has not been negative as indeed, the sector has expanded at the

same time as relocations have taken place. Going forward, the EU is more likely to

off-shore mature, low value added ICT services (with lower profit margins) to non-EU

countries while exporting higher value added new and innovative ICT services.

In the medium term, the outlook for the ICT sector will remain positive, as

demonstrated by these country examples:

■ In Cyprus, the ICT sector is expected to be one of 10 high growth sectors.

Employment in the sector is expected to grow by 3.4% per year between 2010

and 2020. During this period, there will be increasing demand of 5% per year for

ICT managers, 3% per year for Analysts and Programmers and 5% per year for

ICT assistant technicians and for PC assistant technicians.24

23

Cedefop (2012). 24

HRDA (2010).


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■ In France, the ICT sector is expected to create around 81,000 net new jobs

during 2010 - 2020, from a base of 534,000 jobs in 2010.25 The jobs created in the

ICT sector are expected to constitute around 5% of the 1.5 million net new jobs

anticipated by 2020.

■ In Ireland, strong growth in the demand for software engineering professionals

(42.4%) and computer associate professionals (25%) is anticipated.26 The ICT

sector has to some extent recovered the job losses suffered after the 2008

downturn.

■ In the UK, after a period of a decline, output levels in the ICT sector are expected

to pick up significantly in the coming decade.27 The net impact on employment is

modest in relation to the pre-recession growth. Professional occupations are still

expected to dominate the sector. The occupational structure of the sector favours

the highest-qualified. This is expected to continue, moving from the current 55%

of employees being highly-qualified to 60% by 2020. Intermediate level

qualifications are anticipated to fall significantly (to under 20% of the workforce),

while the share of low level qualifications are projected to rise slightly.

4. Skills supply in the ICT sector

Levels of ICT skills interest and competence amongst young people provide an

indication of the future potential supply of skills for the ICT sector. Students’ access

and use of ICT at school has improved since 2000.28 On average across OECD

countries, the percentage of students who reported having a computer at home

increased from 72% in 2000 to 94% in 2009. During the same period, Internet access

at home grew from 45% to 89%, on average across the OECD. The vast majority of

European countries show large increases in students’ self-confidence in being able to

undertake high-level ICT tasks. Despite this improvement, a divide in the student

access and use of ICT is evident between countries.

As graduates from science, mathematics, engineering and science often move into

the ICT sector, their availability is also important for the supply of future potential

skills. The supply of tertiary education graduates with STEM skills varies significantly

across the countries, with STEM graduates constituting around 11-12% of all

graduates in the UK, Germany, Greece and Ireland compared to around 5% in

Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Bulgaria.29 Importantly, however, across the EU, the

number of tertiary education graduates in science, mathematics and computing fields

has declined slightly in the 2006-2010 period, from 9.8% in 2006 to 9.1% in 2010.

Country-level trends are very different, with significant increases in the number of

25

CAS (2012). 26

FAS/ESRI (2010). 27

UKCES (2012). 28

OECD (2011). 29

Eurostat, table [educ_itertc].


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STEM graduates apparent in Malta and Slovenia (albeit from a rather low baseline)

and Denmark and Germany, but significant decreases in Belgium, Ireland, Cyprus

and Austria.

More directly, a large part of the future technical workforce in the ICT sector is also

expected to come from the pool of computing graduates, especially at the tertiary

level. However, the annual number of students graduating in computing in the EU-27

has been declining over the last five years, following a peak in 2005-2006 (see

Figure 3). Important to note is the variation in the number of graduates by ISCED

levels:

At Level 4 (Post-secondary non-tertiary education - pre-vocational and vocational

programme orientation) and Level 5 (first stage of tertiary education) the numbers

of graduates have declined in the last five years following a peak in 2005-2006;

At Level 6 (second stage of tertiary education) the number of graduates has

continued to increase throughout the last decade (from 1,839 graduates in 2011

to 3,468 graduates in 2010), although representing relatively low numbers.

Figure 3 - Evolution of the numbers of tertiary education graduates in computing, EU-27, 2001-2010, ISCED levels 4-6

Source: Eurostat, table [educ_grad5].

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total levels 4-6 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6


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5. Skills mismatches in the ICT sector

5.1. Macro-level imbalances between the demand for ICT services and the supply of ICT graduates

An insufficient supply of ICT graduates is demonstrated in the following country

examples:

■ In the Czech Republic, the number of university graduates in informatics

increased significantly between 2005-2010, and is expected to remain at around

1,100-1,200 graduates per year to 2016.30 In contrast, the demand for ICT sector

workers is expected to grow by 31% in the 2010-2020 period (from around 56,000

workers in 2010 to around 73,000 workers in 2020), significantly above the

average 2% growth in employment expected across all sectors.31

■ In Ireland, a significant gap is anticipated up to 2015 between ICT sector demand

and the domestic supply of computing graduates of about 2,000-3,000 and

hundreds for electronics graduates.32 Such concerns remain relevant in the post-

crisis context and the gap between demand and domestic supply will have to be

bridged by an inflow of graduates from outside Ireland.33

■ In Slovakia, research in the region of eastern Slovakia suggested that the number

of graduates participating in ICT-oriented tertiary study programmes will not cover

the growing demand for ICT workers.34 Additionally the brain drain from the region

is exacerbating the skills gap.

■ In Sweden, there is an excess supply of programmers forecast until 2025, after

which a shortage is forecast.35

■ In Iceland, the expansion of the ICT sector will depend on the availability of

computing programming graduates. Currently, the number of graduates in

science, mathematics and computing remains low and it has even declined

recently (18.2% of all graduates in the academic year 2000-2001 to 15.6% in

2009-2010).36

It is important however to highlight that across the countries, new cohorts of ICT

graduates will only represent part of the workforce joining the sector. For example, in

the UK, on an annual basis up to 2015 it is expected that 18% (22,600) of the

average annual net recruitment needs will be met by tertiary education graduates,

compared to 43% from those already in work in other sectors (and 39% from other

sources).37

30

National Training Fund (2008). 31

National Training Fund (2012). 32

Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (2008). 33

Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (2012). 34

Košice IT Valley (2009). 35

Statistics Sweden (2012). 36

Statistics Iceland (2012). 37

E-Skills UK (2012).


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5.2. Skills shortages and gaps identified at the firm and individual level

The existence of hard to fill vacancies

Prior to the recent economic recession, skills shortages and gaps in the ICT sector

have been widely reported in various EU countries. In the Czech Republic, for

example, employers have repeatedly reported job vacancies in the ICT sector as

hard-to-fill.

Commonly reported hard to fill vacancies concern functions such as help desk or

end-user support functions; data centre specialists; network specialists, storage

specialists, security specialists, application designers or programmers; system

architects, project managers.38 According to an employer survey across Europe, the

types of hard skills that were most difficult to find include ‘networking’ and ‘security’; a

shortage of systems architects and project managers were also reported in some

countries.39

Skills mismatches by country and by type of skills remain a concern for the sector:

■ In Ireland, currently the recruitment difficulties are evident among computer

software engineers, personnel with foreign language skills and ICT technical

background, ICT network specialists and engineers, ICT security experts, ICT

telecommunications, ICT project managers with technical background; and sales

and marketing personnel with IT technical background and relevant industry

knowledge.40

■ In Italy, 23.7% of all hires were considered difficult in the ICT sector in 2011, a

percentage similar to the share for all sectors.41 However, recruitment difficulties

are more prevalent among computing professionals and computer associate

professionals where about one third of hires projected for 2011 were considered

difficult.

■ In Norway, shortages of engineers are reported in the ICT sector and well as

skills shortages in software development and data technicians. According to an

employer survey in 2012, 17% of ICT firms had to recruit persons with an

educational background other than that initially required.42

■ In the UK, according to the 2011 IT employer survey, 11% of IT employers are

aware of skills gaps among employees and, of these, one third report this for IT

and telecoms staff (34%).43 Skills gaps are prevalent in large firms and seem to

be concentrated in the occupations of programmers / software development

professionals and web design / development professionals. Non-technical skills

38

E-skills Monitor (2010). 39

IDC Insight (2009); Didero M. et al. (2009). 40

FAS (2012). 41

Sistema Informativo Excelsior (2012). 42

NAV (2012). 43

National Skills Academy for IT (2011).


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gaps were also a concern for about two thirds of employers reporting skills gaps.

Gaps most commonly mentioned are interpersonal skills and sales-related skills,

and to a lesser extent, the ability to align IT activity with business needs and to

identify new product/process opportunities enabled by IT and telecoms

Assuming a continuation of past trends, skills gaps will emerge in relation to high

level technical skills among ICT professionals (for the design and development of

advanced services) but also in terms of managerial/customer oriented skills.

However, a decline in demand may occur for other types of ICT hard skills such as

traditional programming, given the introduction of more innovative programming

techniques.44

The re-emergence of skills gaps and the rapid evolution of new skills/applications

within the sector pose particular challenges for on-going skills development and

supply. In these circumstances strong co-operation between ICT companies and the

education and training sector is essential to guarantee that learning and development

is flexible, up-to-date and rapidly responsive to needs.

Useful resources

European level resources

EU statistics (Eurostat)

Annual detailed enterprise statistics for services (NACE Rev.2 H-N and S95) [sbs_na_1a_se_r2]

Employment by occupation and economic activity (from 2008, NACE Rev. 2) [lfsa_eisn2]

Employment by sex, age and economic activity (from 2008, NACE rev.2) (1 000) [lfsa_egan2]

Employment by sex, age and detailed economic activity (from 2008, NACE Rev.2 two digit level) (1 000) (lfsa_egan22d)

Graduates in ISCED 3 to 6 by field of education and sex [educ_grad5]

Eurostat, ICT survey on ICT usage in enterprises, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/information_society/data/database

Publications and reports

Cedefop (2012) Skills Forecasts Online Tool http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/about-cedefop/projects/forecasting-skill-demand-and-supply/skills-forecasts/detailed-data.aspx

Digital competence: identification and European-wide validation of its key components for all levels of learners (DIGCOMP), http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/DIGCOMP.html

Danish Technological Institute (2011), ‘Testing and refining criteria to assess media literacy levels in Europe’, for European Commission, DG Information Society and Media, http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/literacy/docs/final-report-ML-study-2011_en.PDF

44

European Commission (2010). In traditional programming, the programme performs operations on data, while in more innovative programming techniques, the programme instructs objects to perform actions that in turn perform operations on data. This introduces an additional level of abstraction over traditional programming techniques and thus requires different skills sets.

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/information_society/data/databasehttp://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/about-cedefop/projects/forecasting-skill-demand-and-supply/skills-forecasts/detailed-data.aspxhttp://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/about-cedefop/projects/forecasting-skill-demand-and-supply/skills-forecasts/detailed-data.aspxhttp://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/DIGCOMP.htmlhttp://www.dti.dk/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/literacy/docs/final-report-ML-study-2011_en.pdf


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European Commission (2009) ‘Anticipating the development of the supply and demand of e-skills in Europe 2010-2015’, http://www.eskills-monitor.eu/foresight-2/

European Commission (2010) ‘Monitoring e-Skills Demand and Supply in Europe. Current Situation, Scenarios, and Future Development Forecasts until 2015’, http://www.eskills-monitor.eu/foresight-2/

European Commission (2012) ‘Commission Staff Working Document: Exploiting the employment

potential of ICTs’,

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=822&langId=en&newsId=1270&moreDocuments=yes&table

Name=news

Kolding, M., Robinson, C., Ahorlu, M., (2009) ‘White paper, Post Crisis: e-Skills are Needed to Drive Europe’s Innovation Society’, IDC EMEA,

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/idc_wp_november_2009_en.PDF

OECD (2002), ‘Measuring the information economy 2002’,

http://www.oecd.org/internet/interneteconomy/2771153.pdf

OECD (2011), ‘PISA 2009 Results: Students on Line: Digital Technologies and Performance’ (Volume VI), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264112995-en

National level resources

Belgium

Walloon Agency for Telecommonications and ICT (2012) ‘ICT Barometer’ (Baromètre TIC 2012 de la Wallonie, Agence Wallonne des Télécommunications, la plateforme ICT de la Wallonie), http://www.awt.be/web/dem/index.aspx?page=dem,fr,b12,000,000

Cyprus

HRDA (2010), ‘Employment Forecasts for Higher Level Occupations 2010-2020’, http://hrda.org.cy/easyconsole.cfm/page/project/p_id/28

HRDA (2010) ‘Employment Forecasts for the Cyprus Economy 2010-2020’,

http://hrda.org.cy/easyconsole.cfm/page/project/p_id/27

Czech Republic

Czech Future Skills, www.czechfutureskills.eu

Petr Doucek, Ota Novotný, Iva Pecáková, Jiří Voříšek: (2007) ‘Human resources in ICT: Analysis of supply and demand for IT experts in the Czech Republic’ ISBN: 978-80-86946-51-1 (not available online)

Czech Statistical Office, Statistics on information technologies in the Czech Republic, http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/information_technologies

National Training Fund (2008) ‘Forecast of graduates 2011-2016’, Available at the National Training Fund (contact through http://en.nvf.cz/narodni-observator)

National Training Fund (2012) Budoucnost profesí v ICT službách (‘Future skill needs in ICT services in 2008-2020 period’) http://www.budoucnostprofesi.cz/sectoral-studies/ict-sector.html

Denmark

Danmarks Statistik (Statistics Denmark) (2012), RAS9: Beskæftige de efter branche (DB07), socio-økonomisk status, alder og køn, (Employed by economic activity, socio-economic status, age and gender) http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280

France

CAS (2012) CAS, DARES analysis, ‘Occupations in 2020’, March 2012, http://www.travail-emploi-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2012-022.pdf

http://www.eskills-monitor.eu/foresight-2/http://www.eskills-monitor.eu/foresight-2/http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=822&langId=en&newsId=1270&moreDocuments=yes&tableName=newshttp://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=822&langId=en&newsId=1270&moreDocuments=yes&tableName=newshttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/idc_wp_november_2009_en.PDFhttp://www.oecd.org/internet/interneteconomy/2771153.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264112995-enhttp://www.awt.be/web/dem/index.aspx?page=dem,fr,b12,000,000http://hrda.org.cy/easyconsole.cfm/page/project/p_id/28http://www.czechfutureskills.eu/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/information_technologieshttp://en.nvf.cz/narodni-observatorhttp://www.budoucnostprofesi.cz/sectoral-studies/ict-sector.htmlhttp://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280http://www.travail-emploi-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2012-022.pdfhttp://www.travail-emploi-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2012-022.pdf


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Germany

FreQueNz (2010) Zukünftige Qualifikationserfordernisse durch Web 2.0 (‘Future skill needs through Web 2.0’) http://www.frequenz.net/uploads/tx_freqprojerg/Abschlussbericht_Web_2.0_final.pdf

Ireland

Department of Education and Skills (2012) ‘ICT Action Plan: Meeting the High-Level Skills Needs of Enterprise in Ireland’, http://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Policy-Reports/ICT-Action-Plan-Meeting-the-high-level-skills-needs-of-enterprise-in-Ireland.pdf

Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (2008) ‘Future Requirement for High-Level Skills in the ICT Sector’ http://www.egfsn.ie/media/egfsn080623_future_ict_skills.pdf

Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (2012) ‘Addressing High-Level ICT Skills Recruitment Needs; Research Findings’, http://www.egfsn.ie/media/EGFSN31012012-Addressing-High-Level-ICT-Skills-Recruitment-Needs.pdf

FAS (2012) ‘Vacancy Overview 2011’, http://www.fas.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C59C2E9F-E626-4806-9DEE-7061EBD0B091/0/VacancyOverview2011Report.pdf

FAS/ESRI (2010) Occupational Employment Forecasts 2015, http://www.fas.ie/NR/rdonlyres/FDBB3580-C466-4002-8EE7-C289E9E8BAB2/999/OccupationalEmploymentForecastsMarch2010.pdf

Italy

Unioncamere – Ministero del Lavoro, Sistema informativo Excelsior, (2011), ‘I fabbisogni professionali e formativi del settore ICT’ (The vocational and training needs of the ICT sector in 2011)

http://excelsior.unioncamere.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=41&Itemid=86&limitstart=8

Lithuania

National platform of programming equipment and services technologies, http://www.nsstp.lt/projektai/it-kompleksin-programa

Slovakia

Košice IT Valley (2009) Identifikacia sucasnych a ocakavanych potrieb firiem v oblasti informacnych a komunikacnych technologii v regione vychodneho Slovenska (‘Identification of current and expected needs of enterprises in the ICT sector in Eastern Slovakia’)

http://www.kosiceitvalley.sk/public/File/identIT/IdentIT-online.pdf

Slovenia

Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Information Society Directorate (Direktorat za informacijsko družbo) http://www.arhiv.mvzt.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/informacijska_druzba/

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Datasets on Information Society http://www.stat.si/tema_ekonomsko_infdruzba.asp

http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Database/Economy/Economy.asp

IMAD (Institute for Macroeconomic Analysis and Development) (2012) ‘Spring Forecast of Employment Trends’, http://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/analiza/Pomladanska_napoved_2012/statisticna_prilogaPNNG2012.pdf

Sweden

Statistics Sweden (2012) Trender och prognoser om utbildning och arbetsmarknad (’Trends and prognosis for training and labour market’), http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____9938.aspx

http://www.frequenz.net/uploads/tx_freqprojerg/Abschlussbericht_Web_2.0_final.pdfhttp://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Policy-Reports/ICT-Action-Plan-Meeting-the-high-level-skills-needs-of-enterprise-in-Ireland.pdfhttp://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Policy-Reports/ICT-Action-Plan-Meeting-the-high-level-skills-needs-of-enterprise-in-Ireland.pdfhttp://www.egfsn.ie/media/egfsn080623_future_ict_skills.pdfhttp://www.fas.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C59C2E9F-E626-4806-9DEE-7061EBD0B091/0/VacancyOverview2011Report.pdfhttp://www.fas.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C59C2E9F-E626-4806-9DEE-7061EBD0B091/0/VacancyOverview2011Report.pdfhttp://www.fas.ie/NR/rdonlyres/FDBB3580-C466-4002-8EE7-C289E9E8BAB2/999/OccupationalEmploymentForecastsMarch2010.pdfhttp://www.fas.ie/NR/rdonlyres/FDBB3580-C466-4002-8EE7-C289E9E8BAB2/999/OccupationalEmploymentForecastsMarch2010.pdfhttp://excelsior.unioncamere.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=41&Itemid=86&limitstart=8http://excelsior.unioncamere.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=41&Itemid=86&limitstart=8http://www.nsstp.lt/projektai/it-kompleksin-programahttp://www.kosiceitvalley.sk/public/File/identIT/IdentIT-online.pdfhttp://www.arhiv.mvzt.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/informacijska_druzba/http://www.stat.si/tema_ekonomsko_infdruzba.asphttp://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Database/Economy/Economy.asphttp://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/analiza/Pomladanska_napoved_2012/statisticna_prilogaPNNG2012.pdfhttp://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/analiza/Pomladanska_napoved_2012/statisticna_prilogaPNNG2012.pdfhttp://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____9938.aspx


November 2012

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UK

E-Skills UK (2011) ‘Technology Insights 2011’, http://www.e-skills.com/research/research-themes/future-trends/

E-Skills UK (2012) ‘Technology Insights 2012’, http://www.e-skills.com/research/research-themes/future-trends/

National Skills Academy for IT, (2011) ‘Employer survey 2011’, e-Skills UK, http://www.itskillsacademy.ac.uk/

Higher Education Statistics Agency (2012) ‘Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education in the United Kingdom for the Academic Year 2010/11’, Statistical First Release 178, June 2012, http://unistats.direct.gov.uk/

UKCES (2012), ‘Working Futures 2010-2020: Sectoral Report’, http://www.ukces.org.uk/ourwork/working-futures

Norway

Statistics Norway, Information sector, economic indicators, final figures 2010, http://www.ssb.no/iktoms_en/tab-2012-08-30-01-en.html

Information on Norwegian business sectors: http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/economy/Bransjer-en/

NAV (2012) ‘National Enterprise Survey 2012’, http://www.nav.no/Om+NAV/Tall+og+analyse/Analyser/Arbeid+og+velferd/Arbeid+og+velferd/Bedriftsunders%C3%B8kelsen.200473.cms

Iceland

Statistics Iceland, http://www.hagstofa.is

Please quote this Analytical Highlight as:

EU Skills Panorama (2012) Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) Sector

Analytical Highlight, prepared by ICF GHK for the European Commission
http://www.e-skills.com/research/research-themes/future-trends/http://www.e-skills.com/research/research-themes/future-trends/http://www.e-skills.com/research/research-themes/future-trends/http://www.e-skills.com/research/research-themes/future-trends/http://www.itskillsacademy.ac.uk/http://unistats.direct.gov.uk/http://www.ukces.org.uk/ourwork/working-futureshttp://www.ssb.no/iktoms_en/tab-2012-08-30-01-en.htmlhttp://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/economy/Bransjer-en/http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/economy/Bransjer-en/http://www.nav.no/Om+NAV/Tall+og+analyse/Analyser/Arbeid+og+velferd/Arbeid+og+velferd/Bedriftsunders%C3%B8kelsen.200473.cmshttp://www.nav.no/Om+NAV/Tall+og+analyse/Analyser/Arbeid+og+velferd/Arbeid+og+velferd/Bedriftsunders%C3%B8kelsen.200473.cmshttp://www.hagstofa.is/

SUMMARY Overview Demand · Around 2.7 million people in the EU worked in the ICT sector, in...

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