SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester

8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester

1/19

UNIT 1

Scientific Measurement & Experimentation

Designing experiments

Induction

Making a generalization from repeated obseration !all plants

"ae green leaes# !la$s#

Deduction

%iguring t"ings out b means of an experiment in $"ic" $e

test a prediction or "pot"esis

'ariable

Somet"ing t"at can c"ange !(ualitatie) (uantitatie#

Dependent ariable

Measured or calculated

Independent ariable

*"anged b experimenter

Depends on

Dependent ariable Independent ariable

+ffects

*ontrolled ariable

,eld constant so t"e don-t influence results

SUMM+./ N0TES SE*0ND SEMESTE.%IN+


2/19

,pot"esis

+ prediction t"at is 2ustified $it" an explanation and testable

If33333333333 t"en333333333333because333333333333

*ontrol group

Trials in an experiment t"at are sometimes used to disproe

somet"ing

.andom error

+ll experiments inole some amount of uncertaint) no

measurement is perfect

4urpose

Statement t"at summarizes t"e reason for performing t"e

experiment

Multiple trials

Effect of random error minimized

*ollecting Data

engt"

T"e distance bet$een 5 points

Mass

6uantit of matter in an ob2ect

'olume

+mount of 7D space an ob2ect occupies

Temperature

+erage kinetic energ of particles

Independent isc"anged in

Dependent $ill beaffectedin some$a

+nexplanationbased onpreiouskno$ledge orexperience


3/19

Electric current

T"e flo$ of electric c"arge to a medium

Electric potential

T"e $ork per unit of electric c"arge in an electric field

4recision

,o$ carefull measured a (uantit is

SI Units

8ilo k 1999 1km : 1999m

,ecto " 199 1"m : 199mDeca da 19 1dam : 19m

;asic unit : m)

g) In order

to aoid parallax it is essential t"at our ee is at t"e same leel as

t"e t"ing ou are measuring>

%UN*TI0NS

;eaker "olding=mixing li(uids N0T measuring

Eaporating dis" to let a li(uid eaporate

*ruciblefor "eating at reall "ig" temperatures

Test tubeto "old li(uids) "eat t"ing up) mix t"ings !small (uantities of

li(uids) not er "ig" temperatures#

Erlenmeer flask "eating) mixing

?raduated clinder for measuring li(uids

?raduated pipette for more accurate measuring of li(uids

'olumetric pipette for een more accurate measuring of li(uids !onl

one olume#

'olumetric flask to prepare solutions of one specific concentration

%unnel pouring) filtering


5/19

Scoopulato transfer="old solids

4.0*ESSIN? D+T+

D/MENSI0N+ +N+/SIS

*elcius to 8elins

@5A7

*B 8

C5A7

ine grap" $"en 5 sets

of data to plot are numbers


6/19

Meancalculated b adding up all t"e results and diiding b total

number of trials

1>5 C 1>7 C 1>5 C 1> C 1>7 = mean : 1>F

Medianmedian alue is t"e one in $"ic" "alf of t"e results are greater

and "alf of t"e results are smaller !if it is an een number ou calculate

t"e mean of t"e 5 middle ones#

1>5

1>5

1>7

1>7

1>

Interpolationinoles using a grap" to determine unkno$n alues

$it"in a set of data

Extrapolation

inoles using a grap" to determine unkno$n alues

outside of a set of data !b extending trend line#

Slope .+TE !a GperH relations"ip#

Slope : rise =run

*onclusionans$er t"e purpose and support or refute "pot"esis

2ustif b referring to data analsis

explained using logic) possibl proposing a t"eor

Ealuationsources of error

suggestions for improement

implications !$" do results mater +re t"e useful#


7/19

UNIT 7ENE.?/

EnergJ abilit to do $ork or Gcause c"angeHKorkJ moing somet"ing L$ork : force x distance4otential EnergJ stored energ due to position !grait# andcomposition !*"emicals 4E#8inetic EnergJ energ of moement !"eat#

T"ermal EnergJ energ t"at all ob2ects "aedue to t"e random moement of t"eir particles

K0.8 : %0.*E DIST+N*EON x 7m : 1P Q 15N x 9>m : OQ 19N x19mm : >1Q

a$ of *onseration of EnergJ GEnerg can c"ange from oneform to anot"er) but cannot be created or destroedH

ex> *"emicals 4E 8E ?raitational 4E 8E "eat escapesinto space

,eating *ureJ grap" of temperature s> timeT,E.M+ ENE.?/

,eatJ flo$ of t"ermal energ from one ob2ect $it" "ig"ertemperature to an ob2ect $it" lo$er temperature

T"ermal EnergJ energ t"at all ob2ects "ae due to t"e!random# moement of t"eirparticles

Depend on 7factors

TemperatureJ aerage kinetic energ of particles

,eat *apacitJ t"e abilit !GcapacitH# to "old "eatS4E*I%I* ,E+T *+4+*IT/

Specific ,eat *apacitJ "o$ muc" "eat energ isneeded to "eat up 1kg of a substance b 1c

6 : c !x# m !x# T units @ Q/kg!x#c LT : TfR Ti,ig" ,eat *apacitJ "olds a lot of "eat) "eats up slo$l) coldsdo$n slo$l !ex> Kater#

o$ ,eat *apacitJ opposite 6uantit of "eat energ : specific "eat capacit !x# mass !x#temperature c"ange

6 : c !x# m !x# T1# 15Q of energ are needed to raise t"e temperature of 5g of

?raitational4E*"emical 4EElastic 4E

1# temperature5# mass7# "eat

K"en 5substances areput toget"er t"eparticles $it" "ig"speed bump intot"e ones $it"slo$ speedmaking t"e slo$

ones speed upand t"e fast onesslo$ do$n coming


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$ater from 51c to 7Oc> *alculate t"e specific "eat capacit of$ater>

6: 15Q 6 : c !x# m !x# T*: c : 3336333333

M : 5g m !x# T

Tf : 7Oc c : 33315Q333

Ti : 51c 5g!x#1c

T : 1c c : F>1OA 3332333

g!x# c

*+0.IMET./*alorimetrJ measuring "eat transfer

+ssumptionJ 6+: @6;+ll of t"e "eat lost b G+H is gained b

G;HSample calculation R determine t"e "eat capacit of a metalMetal Kater6: 6 :*: * : F>5 Q=g!x#cM : 79g M : F9g

Tf : 79c Tf: 79c

Ti : P9c Ti: 59c

T : @9c T : 19c

S4E*I%I* +TENT ,E+T

atent "eatJ G"idden "eatH) "eat t"at is used N0T to raisetemperature) but rat"er to c"ange state

6 : !x# m : Q=gDepending on a substance-s specific latent "eat its abilit to c"angestate aries> If it "as a "ig" latent "eat it means t"at it "as to usemore "eat energ to c"ange state per gram) t"is takes more timebecause more energ is used> K"en t"e specific latent "eat is lo$ it"as to use less energ to c"ange state per gram so it c"angesfaster>6 : !x#m 6 : 599Q=g !x# Ag : 1OA Q

MET,0DS 0% ,E+T T.+NS%E.*onductorJ conducts "eat G$ellHInsulatorJ conducts "eat poorl%luidJ li(uid or gas.adiationJ a form of "eat energ transfer in $"ic" $aes of

electromagnetic radiation trael t"roug" space) and areeentuall absorbed

1# 6+ : c !x# m !x# T5# 6+: @6;

7# * : 3336;333 m x T

6$ater: F>5Q=g!x#c L F9g L

19c: 1OP9Q

6$ater : @6metal1OP9Q : @1OP9Q

*metal : @1OP9Q = 79g !x# @9c : 1>15 Q=g !x# c

*alorimetermac"ine to measurecalorimetr

6uantit of "eat energ : latent "eat!x# mass


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Ex> In summer if ou don-t $ant it to be so "ot don-t $ear blackclot"es because t"e absorb muc" more "eat t"an lig"t colors>Same "appens $it" cars and arious ot"er ob2ects>

;lack : absorb all colors K"ite : reflect all colors*onductionJ t"e moement of "eat t"roug" a substance

$it"out t"e moement of t"e substance itself

Ex> If ou $ant to make a fring pan ou use materials t"at are

conductie*onectionJ t"e moement of "eat b a fluid !li(uid) gas#because t"e fluid moes !up#

Sea breezes !da#J1# air aboe land rises b conection because land "eats uper fast so particles "eat up expand and float up5# land becomes region of lo$ pressure

7# "ig" pressure air moes to lo$ pressure region

1# particles moing rapidl5# collide $it" neig"bors7# temperature spreads t"roug"out t"esubstance

1# "eat5# densit decreases because olumeincreases7# it rises !buoant#F# "eats air aboe


10/19

and breezes !nig"t#J opposite

UNIT FEcolog R .elations"ips in t"e biosp"ere

0.I?IN +ND E'0UTI0N 0% I%E;iosp"ere;iome : large ecosstem !tropical rainforest#Ecosstem : communit C non@liing !abiotic# factors*ommunit : all t"e population in an area4opulation : seeral indiiduals of t"e same species0.?+NISM : one liing t"ing0rgan sstems0rgans

Tissue : group of cells*ell : basis of life0rganellesMolecules+toms

*,+.+*TE.ISTI*S 0% I'IN? T,IN?S1# made of cells5# exc"ange matter & energ $it" enironment

7# reproduceF# respond to t"eir enironment


11/19

#regulate internal condition !"omeostasis#

E'0UTI0NEolution is a process of gradual c"ange) in $"ic" t"e

c"aracteristics of organisms c"ange slig"tl eac" generation)

resulting in noticeable c"ange oer man generations>+# Mec"anism : "o$ it "appens

: Gnatural selectionH!i# 0rganisms tend to reproduce beond t"eir resources!ii# T"ere is ariation $it"in a population!iii# Nature GselectsH $"ic" organisms surie!i# 0rganisms $it" beneficial c"aracteristics

!GadaptationsH# reproduce and pass on t"eseadaptations to t"eir offspring

;# .esults!i# 4"letic eolution

?radual c"ange in t"e c"aracteristics of a speciesoer man generations

!ii# SpeciationT"e creation of ne$ species) as numbers of apopulation eole independentl in differentenironments

;I0DI'E.SIT/1# ;acteria R single@celled prokarote !simple cells#5# 4rotists R single@celled eukarote !complex cells) contain

nucleus euglenab# +lgae R single@celled eukarotic) autotrop"ic !self@feeding

p"otosnt"esis#Ex> ?reen algae

7# 4lants R can perform p"otosnt"esis !use energ from sun tomake food#a# Mosses R don-t "ae proper rootsb# %erns R "ae proper roots) produce spores) don-t "ae

seedsc# *onifers R needle s"aped leaes and cones) GnakedH seeds

Ex> GeergreensH pine treesd# %lo$ering plants R flo$ers $"ic" produce seeds) seeds in

fruitsEx> %lo$ers and fruits

F# %ungi R multicellular) "eterotrop"ic) do not "ae digestiesstem


12/19

Ex> Mus"rooms) molds# +nimals

a# *nidaria R one opening) tenticlesEx> *orals) 2ellfis") anemones

b# %lat$orms R flat bod coered $it" cilia !moe t"roug"

enironment#Ex> 4lanarian

c# Molusc R one coiled s"ell or t$o) t$o openingsEx> S(uid) octopus) clam) snail

d# +nnelids R bod encircled $it" man ringsEx> Korms) leec"

e# +rt"ropods R exo@skeleton) 2ointed appendages!i# *rustaceans R "ard outer skeleton!ii# Insects R O legs and 5 pairs of $ings!iii#+rac"nids R P legs) no $ings

f# Ec"inoderms R gro$ arms backEx> starfis"

g# *artilaginous fis" R don@t "ae bonesEx> S"arks) ras

"# ;on fis" R scales) fins and gills) s$im bladdersEx> tuna

i# +mp"ibians R lie in ,50 and landEx> Salamander) frog

2# .eptiles R coered $it" "ard) dr scales) dr eggs!ecot"erms) "eat from outside#

Ex> snakes

k# ;irds R coered $it" feat"ers and $ings) endot"erms !"eatregulated#

l# Mammals R "air skin) milkEx> *apbara

.E+TI0NS,I4S IN E*0S/STEMSEcolog R stud of relations"ips in t"e enironment

Ecosstem R all t"e biotic and abiotic t"ings in an area;iotic R liing+biotic R non@liing,abitat R $"ere and organism lies !GaddressH#Nic"e R $"at an organism does !G2obH#Smbiosis R relations"ips in ecosstem1# Mutualism C=C

;ot" organisms benefitEx> %lo$er : insect gets food) reproduction !insectcoered in pollen goes to next plant#

Ex> 4lant : bacteria get food) plant gets nitrogen5# *ommensalism C=9


13/19

0ne benefits ot"er is not affected Ex> .emora attac"ed to s"ark

7# 4arasitism C=@ !parasite = "ost# 0ne benefited ot"er "armed

Ex> Tape$orm) guinea $orms

F# 4redation C=@ 0ne predator!C# ot"er pre !@#

Ex> %ox eat bunn

%0K 0% M+TTE. +ND ENE.?/ IN T,E ;I0S4,E.EMatter R ant"ing t"at "as mass and takes up spaceEnerg R t"e abilit to cause c"ange+utotrop"=producer R an organism t"at produces its o$n food4"otosnt"esis R a c"emical reaction performed b plants Calgae in $"ic" energ from t"e sun is used to conert *05C,50 : glucoseCoxgen,eterotrop"=consumer R an organism t"at needs to feed of

ot"ers.espiration R t"e process $"ere oxgenCenerg is taken inand *05and ot"er $astes are released,erbiore R an animal t"at feeds off plants*arniore R an animal t"at feeds off ot"er animals0mniore R an animal t"at feeds off ot"er animalsCplantsScaenger R an animal t"at feeds off dead pre4redator R t"e animal $"ic" captures t"e pre4re R t"e animal $"ic" is being captured b t"e predator

Detritus R plant=animal $aste of remainsDecomposer R lie off detritus

M+TTE. .E*/*ED=ENE.?/ N0TEnerg is eentuall conerted into "eat $"ic" is lost in space

so t"e sun produces more "eat> 0n t"e ot"er "and matter is al$asbeing used b some organism $"ic" $ill continue on into anot"erand $ill create a c"ain>

Main organisms for matter R decomposersMain organisms for energ R plants

%ood *"ain %ood Keb


14/19

4ramid of Numbers!animals# 4ramid of energ


15/19

*arbon *cle : t"e c"emical c"anges in $"ic" organic !carboncontaining# compounds are c"anged from one to anot"er

404U+TI0N D/N+MI*S1# 6uadrat Sampling 5# *apture@mark@recapture

Ex> +rea of (uadrant R OAO cm5 N : n1!x#n5 +rea of total s(uare R O>F m5 n7OAOcm5x 33331m5333 : >9OAO m5 N : 9 !x# O9

19999 cm5 5O7P>O lentils : 3333x3333 N : 11>7P people>9OAOm5 O>Fm5

7OF>F lentils O>F m5

Detritus !non@liingorganic matter# eaten

b decomposers

N : total population sizeN1: animals captured) marked and releasedN5: total number of animals recapturedN7: number of recaptured animals t"at "ae t"emark


16/19

4opulation size

;irt" rate moing intoImmigration a countr

Deat" rate moing out of Emmigration a countr

inear gro$t" @ it gro$s b t"e same amount in eac" time stepExponential gro$t" R rapid gro$t"*arring capacit R amount of species a certain area can "oldDnamic e(uilibrium R $"en t"e ecosstem "as reac"ed its carringcapacit

*arring*apacit

Dnamice(uilibrium

Slo$gro$t"

.apid=exponentialgro$t"


17/19

Important eents1# +griculture !19999

ears ago#5# Industrial

reolution


18/19

;I0MES 0% T,E K0.D

;I0ME *IM+TE) S0I IM40.T+NT 4+NTS)+NIM+S

Taiga!boreal forest#

@coniferous forest!pine trees#@$ater log soil@long seere $inters)$armer $eter

@lnx@sno$ "are@caribou

Temperate forest @dense soil) ric" in"umus!t"ick#@"ot in summer@cold in $inter

@s(uirrels) mice)rabbits) deer andbear@birds !blue 2a#@bobcat) moose)

mountain@lions)$oles@plants!lic"ens)mosses) oak) mapletree and $alnut tree

?rassland @"ot summer@cold $inter@5@Aprecipitation=ear@less t"an 19@1trees="ectare

@soil $it" "umuscompost

@ bison@insects@birds@prairie dogs@ferrets@$"eat

@re@$ild flo$ers@sunflo$ers@droug"t resistantflo$ers

Desert @less t"an 5cm ofprecipitationannuall

@scorpions@arid region $it"sparse to almostnonexistent plant life@egetation indeserts depends onprecipitation leels@more rainfall!s"rubs)droug"t resistanttrees#@lessrainfall!scatteredplant life) bareground#@driest deserts)drifting sand

dunes!no life at all#@cactus!spines)


19/19

p"otosnt"eticsstems) $axcoating reduce $aterloss#@kangaroo rat)

cootes) "a$ks)o$ls) road runners)snakes) lizards

Tropical forest @$arm temperature$et@599cm rainfall

@moneks) snakes)birds@cannop) ferns)ines

Tundra @long summer das@s"ort $inter lig"t@temp> cold

@t"in top soil@permafrost !top soilal$as frozen#

@s"allo$@rootedgrasses@small plants

I : 4 !x# + !x# T

Ecological %ootprint

1# %ood5# Kater7# StuffF# Transportation# Energ

Impact onenironment

4opulation

+ffluence!ric"ness#

Tec"nolog

SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester

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