Summary Goto

8/12/2019 Summary Goto

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Japanese cases to establish the Sound Material-CycleSociety

Naohiro GOTOAssociate Professor

Department of Ecological

Engineering

Toyohashi University of Technology

1 IntroductionThe human being has consumed a large amount of resource and energy and has exhausted a

large amount of environmental load material without considering limit of the earth, under asocial system of mass production, mass consumption, and mass disposal. However, it is

required conversion to a new production/ consumption system and a social economic system

for establishment of sustainable society as today's various global environmental concerns and

the waste problems become serious.

The Sound Material-Cycle Society is a concept for the ne! social system"

#n narro! sense$ it is a society !hich does not discharge !aste into the

society %y recycling" &ur pro%lems are not only !aste pro%lem %ut also

resource pro%lem" &n the other hand$ the Sound Material-Cycle Society is

achieved %y improving the productivity of the resource and energy 'ratio

of production and consumption to input of resource and energy( %y the

saving and recycling the resource in the !ide sense" E)ective use of the

resource and discharge control of !aste is important" Please do not

misunderstand The Sound Material-Cycle Society as *+ar%age , society"*

2 Waste discharge and treatment in Japanased on .aste Management And Pu%lic Cleansing /a!$ 0apanese !aste is

divided into t!o 1inds$ *#ndustrial !aste* of the gar%age !hich goes out of

the factory and *Municipal !aste* !hich is the household ru%%ish" /ocal

governments have responsi%ility for municipal !aste treatment and each

company has responsi%ility for industrial !aste treatment" #n some region$

the municipal !aste includes not only !aste from house %ut also !aste

from o2ce and restaurant"


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1) Municipal waste

The amount of the municipal !aste is 34$5,,$,,, tons in 4,,5 6scal

year$ and the !aste amount each day a person %ecomes 5"51g" The localgovernment 'city level( collects gar%age$ and the Ministry of

Environmental Protection totals the data that the each local government

collected in data concerning gar%age"

The ma7ority of the household ru%%ish is ra! gar%age 'left-over food$

scraps from coo1ing and out of use-%y date food( and paper or plastic

used as container or !rapping material$ so measures against this

gar%age are re8uested"

Figure 1 Breakdown according to weight and volume household garbage

(Ueta et al)

#n 4,,5 6scal year$ amount of recycled !aste %y the separated !aste

collection and the intermediate processing is 3$95,$,,, tons$ and

amount of the group collection$ !hich is collected %y the resident group

etc"$ is 4$:9,$,,, tons" Supposing amount in !hich %oth are matched is

amount of recycle$ the amount of recycle is :$43,$,,, tons$ and ratios of

total processing !aste to the group collection and the amounts of

recycling %ecomes 53",;"

The loss in !eight processing rate of gar%age is "9;" ecause the area of 0apan is small$ the reduction %y

incineration occupied the main current" ?inal disposal to land 6ll is :"@;


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!ith decrease tending for these several years" #n the remaining capacity

of the land 6ll is 5@9$>5,$,,,m > and the remainder years are 55"4 years"

This is a value !hich increases for :"=; increase and 5": years in theremaining capacity compared !ith the previous year" The remaining

capacity of the 6nal disposal is %eing improved from the rise of

consideration to the !aste pro%lem in recent years" o!ever$ the

reduction in the amount of the 6nal disposal is re8uested strongly

%ecause it is di2cult to construct a ne! disposal place %y the citiBen

protest"

2) Industrial wasteAs for industrial !aste$ %ecause each enterprise is disposing and

treating$ the detail situation is incomprehensi%le" /ocal governments do

the 8uestionnaire survey etc" to each entrepreneur$ Ministry of The

Environmental totals it$ and the situation of industrial !aste is clari6ed

for that"

The amount of a total e haust of industrial !aste in 0apan is a%out

9,,$,,,$,,, tons in 4,,5 6scal year$ and this is a%out eight times the

municipal !aste" #n %rea1do!n of the industrial !aste$ a%out :, percent

of the amount of a total e haust is occupied %y si high-ran1ing types of

industrial sector$ agriculture industry$ electricity$ gas$ heat supply$ !ater

service industry$ construction industry$ pulp$ paper$ paper 6nished goods

manufacturing industry$ iron and steel industry$ and mining industry"

A%out :, percent of the amount of total e haust is occupied %y three

high-ran1ing articles$ sludge$ animal !aste and construction !aste"


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Figure 2 industrial waste discharge according to industry sector and kind

waste(The Ministry of nvironment)

The ratio of the amount of the recycle$ the amount of ma1ing to the loss

in !eight$ and the amount of the 6nal disposal is almost the same as the

previous year" The amount of the recycle is a%out 5:>$,,,$,,, tons$ the

amount of ma1ing to the loss in !eight is a%out 5=3$,,,$,,, tons$ and

the amount of the 6nal disposal is a%out 94$,,,$,,, tons" 9@; of the

e hausted industrial !aste is recycled and 5,; is disposed of 6nally" The

remaining capacity of the 6nal disposal is 5= '#ncrease for

>"5 years and >$>4,$,,,m > compared !ith previous year($ and reduction

in the amount of the 6nal disposal is re8uested as municipal !aste is"

3 Concept of the Sound Material-Cycle SocietyThere are two sides in the purpose of the The ecycling!based" society. #ne is an

environmental load decrease, and another is effective use for the resource and energy. $s for

current environmental measures, the principal ob%ect was put on the &nd of ipe

Technology", which processed the environmental load material exhausted from the man

activity for the environmental load decrease. However, we cannot deal with new

environmental load material (for instance, dioxin and endocrine disrupters) discovered one

after another and a large amount of exhausted wastes only by the &nd of ipe Technology".

The mechanism that measures not only on the exit side but also on the entrance side, in a

word, measures which do not put out the environmental load is necessary. $s for usage of

resource and energy, fossil fuel and the mineral wealth should not be collected one way but

resource circulation and effective use of waste heat should be accomplished.

These environmental load decreases and e)ective use for the resource

and energy are not independent %ut implications" The consumption of the virgin resource is saved at the same time as the environmental load s

decreasing %y recycling of !aste" Moreover$ the resource and the energy

input to !aste treatment decrease %y developing a ne! productive

process !ith a lo! e haust of !aste" #n a !ord$ to achieve the Sound

Material-Cycle Society society is to esta%lish society of high resource

and energy productivity and a lo! environmental load types maintaining

the system !hich o)ers various functions to %e necessary in the social

life$ and this is the same as the construction of the sustaina%le society"


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*assroduction

+onsumptionisposal

*assroduction

+onsumptionisposal

educeeuse

ecycle

educeeuse

ecycle

*anufacturing process with low environmental load

+irculation use of waste

*anufacturing process with low environmental load+irculation use of waste

ecycling!based-ociety

&xisting-ociety

ecrease of environmental load

ise of resource andenergy productivity

&nd of pipe technology

#ne way collection of resource

&nd of pipe technology#ne way collection of resource

+onversion ofsocial system

Figure ! "onversion from mass consum#tion society to $%ecycling&based'

society

1) hree !s

Measures and technology to achieve the ecycling-%ased society can

divide into educe$ euse$ and ecycle$ and call these three s" educe

Decrease the e haust of !aste %y developing a ne! productive

process" #t is included to ma1e !aste a reduction %y incineration and

dryness" euse

.aste is used again as it is !ithout so putting the hand" ?or instance$

use it again after !ashing the collected glass %ottle" ecycle

Conversion !aste to resource again %y using energy" ?or instance$ %uild

in the glass %ottle again after crushing the collected glass %ottle$ and


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use it as a road pavement material"

esides these three s$ there are several methods to esta%lish the ecycling-%ased society$ not receive the product !hich %ecomes

discretion ' efuse($ separation and decomposing !aste to use again

' e6ne($ %y repairing a used product and parts ' epair("

Figure iagram of $%ecycling&based' *ociety

2)!ecycle

ecycle is one means to construct the ecycling-%ased society" There is

an e)ect of decrease the amount of the 6nal disposal %y converting the

material !hich has %een 6nally disposed up to no! as !aste into the

resource and energy %y recycling$ and consume neither a ne! resource

nor energy" o!ever$ there is respect !here the resource and energy

should %e input on to recycle and it is necessary to note it very for the

introduction of recycle"

ecycle can %e classi6ed into three 1inds depending on the form$

ReduceReduce

ReuseReuse

RecycleRecycle

RefineRefine

RefuseRefuseaw materialand product actoryactory HomeHome


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Material recycle$ Chemical recycle and Thermal recycle"

Material recycle

+enerally the recycle is the material recycle !aste$ the material isrecycled in case of conversion !aste to resource again"

Chemical recycle

Chemical recycle is to recycle !aste as a ra! material of chemical

industry$ and it is a 1ind of the material recycle ?or instance$ ma1ing

the PET %ottle oil$ and o%taining monomer !hich is the ra! material

correspond"

Thermal recycle

Thermal recycle is to incinerate !aste and collect heat" #t can %e said toconvert that !aste !hich is unused resources cannot %e used t!ice

'incineration ash($ and the last means of recycle" o!ever$ it is in

!aste !hen energy hangs greatly recycling 'Energy hangs apart as

various 1inds mi it($ and$ for that case$ is e2cient measures" efused

Derived ?uel ' D?F it is %uilt li1e the pellet after !aste is dried( is a 1ind

of thermal recycle"

3)Waste recycle in Japan

ate of recycle in 0apan is 53; in the municipal !aste and 9@; in

industrial !aste" Though they are not high 6gures$ some !astes are

recycled at a high rate in the inside

ecycled material

The material recycled at a high rate is an old paper$ steel can$ an

aluminum can$ and PET %ottle no!" ecause the old paper$ the steel can$

and the aluminum can are recycled easily$ the recycling rate is also high"

&n the other hand$ %ecause the approach on recycle 7ust started$ the PET

%ottle is lo!er than other materials the recycling rate !ith the

enforcement of Containers and Pac1aging ecycling /a!"

Table 1 main recycling goods (2++!)

E haust amount recycling

amount

recycling rate Usage


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old paper Paper and

hard%oard domestic

consumption>,$

Al reproduction

ground metal

PET %ottle Production

9>= 1t

collection

4@= 1t

Collection

rate

@5",

Pet %ottle

Te tile goods

plastics product

Chemical recycle

&ther than paper$ can and PET %ottle$ glass %ottle is also recycled" There

are t!o 1inds of glass %ottle$ one !ay %ottle and returna%le %ottle" After

!ashing returna%le %ottle$ the %ottle is recycled$ and after crushing one

!ay %ottle$ the cullet is recycled for ne! %ottle or the road pavement

material$ etc" Consumption of the one !ay %ottle is 5@@1t and that of

returna%le %ottle is 45:1t"


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Cement is made %y %a1ing mi ed materials that the lime stone$ clay$ and

the iron dice %y 7ust proportions" ecause the element 'calcium$

aluminum$ silicon$ and iron( included in the ra! material of cement isincluded in the incineration ash$ cement can %e made from the

incineration ash" ' o!ever$ it is necessary to remove heavy metals and

chlorines from the incineration ash %eforehand"( Therefore$ the cement

industry is very po!erful as the receiver of the !aste incineration ash"

Moreover$ dio in is decomposed almost completely though dio in might

%e included in the incineration ash %ecause it %a1es it at the high

temperature '5>3, or more( !hen cement is made"

Steel industry

The process of removing iron o ide in the iron ore 'reduction( is done

!ith the %last furnace in the steel industry$ and the !aste plastic is used

as a reducing agent at this time" This method is called a %last furnace

reduction method" #n the %last furnace$ co1e is turned on !ith the iron

ore$ co1e gasi6es$ and the car%on mono ide is discharged" This car%on

mono ide reacts chemically !ith the iron ore$ and the o ygen of iron

o ide is removed" ecause the !aste plastic is the same car%on material

as co1e$ the iron ore is reduced %y %lo!ing in to the %last furnace after

used plastic is crushing and granulation processed as !ell as co1e"

#n 0apan$ there are t!o steel companies !hich have !aste plastic recycle

technology" &ne is 0?E holdings #nc"$ another is Hippon Steel Corporation"

The Hippon Steel has a technology !hich recycles !aste plastic as not

only reductant for a %last furnace %ut also fuel gas and li8uid" &n the

other hand$ though 0?E recycles !aste plastic as reductant$ it is

developing technology !hich recycles !aste plastic including polyvinyl

chloride'PIC(" PIC has %ad impact on the %last furnace$ so %efore !aste

plastic is input$ it re8uires to remove PIC from !aste plastic" 0?EJs ne!

technology solve this pro%lem"

")#ro$lem of recycling

Though the introduction of recycle is !orthy in the point to decrease the

e haust of !aste to the society$ there are various pro%lems of the input

energy and the merchanta%ility$ etc"$ too"


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Energy turned on to recycling

Energy is necessary for recycle" There is a possi%ility that theenvironmental load increases !hen energy necessary for recycle

produces %y using the virgin ra! material if it is large" #t is necessary

to avoid putting huge energy to construct the ecycling-%ased

society"

?irst of all$ it is necessary to ma1e the reduction give priority 6rst of

all !hen thin1ing a%out the priority level of a%ove-mentioned > "

ecause$ reduction discharges fe!er environmental loads than reuseand recycle does" He t is reuse$ and 6nal is recycle" ?irst several

measures %esides recycle should %e considered" After that$ if the

necessity of recycle still is e isted such as to icity pro%lem$ the

impact given to the society and the 6nal disposal dump and !astes$ it

is necessary to thin1 a%out recycle"

Demand for recycled goods

ecently$ the 1itchen !aste !hich goes out of the home in various

places is %eing performed to the recycled approach %y an organic

fertiliBer" o!ever$ if there is no receiver of the organic fertiliBer$

organic fertiliBers accumulate in the society and recycling is not

promoted" The old paper has occurred to a similar situation"

Moreover$ the discretion collection of the PET %ottle gro!s more than

the amounts in the processing facilities the amount of the PET %ottle

collection !hich can %e the acceptances though it started in recent

years$ and there is a region !here the receipt !ith the processing

facilities is not advanced either"

.e should consider not only is recycled products %ut demand of the

products" The green purchase la! enacted to solve such a pro%lem

promotes the consumption of the reproduction goods$ and is paid to

attention as a la! !hich supports the recycling system"

Though recycle is important$ recycle should %e recogniBed the 6nal

means %ecause the resource and energy is necessary$ and the receiver


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of the reproduction goods is not secured"

" Countermeasure for % he Sound Material-Cycle Society& in JapanThe Sound Material-Cycle Society is a 1ey !ord !hich sho!s the

approach on the sustaina%le society most !idely !idespread no!adays"

Especially$ it is often used as a catchphrase of environmental

management" There are several countermeasures for the Sound Material-

Cycle Society" ?or instance$ Hational government has esta%lished several

la!s" #n enterprises$ the approach of the %eer$ the car$ the semiconductor$

and paper manufacture such as each factory is famous in the enterprise"

Moreover$ the attempt at the Bero emission is done in the industrial par1!hich several factories gathers$ G&GUM& region'Kamanashi Prefecture($

Gita1yushu$ Ga!asa1i$ and ##DA city 'Hagano Prefecture($ etc"" #t is also

important that countermeasures %y not only industrial sector %ut also

house sector" #n industrial sector$ it is easier to ma1e countermeasure

compared !ith that in house sector %ecause of mass and unify !aste" #n

house sector

1)'aw

ecently$ la! !hich aims at Bero emission society construction are

enforced$ such as resource e)ective use promotion la!$ construction

materials recycle la!$ food recycle la!$ green purchase la!$ revision /a!

Concerning ational Use of Energy$ recycling act for electrical appliances$

and Containers and Pac1aging ecycling /a!$ etc" asic la! of them is

*?undamental /a! for Esta%lishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society* and

in the la!$ the recycle %ased society is de6ned as follo!s"

The society of !hich it is controlled the product %ecome !astes$

promoted the product %ecome the circulation resources properly !hen

product %ecomes !aste$ and product !hich can not %ecome circulation

resources is disposed properly 'disposal as !aste is said( is secured$ and

the consumption of the natural resource is controlled$ and the load to the

environment is decreased as much as possi%le"

ecycling-%ased society is to use !aste as resource$ to reduce

environmental load and to control natural resource consumption" An


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individual la! is enacted %ased on this ?undamental la! of recycle %ased

society" ecycling act for electrical appliances and Containers and

Pac1aging ecycling /a! !hich is an individual method are descri%ed asfollo!s"

+onstruction materials recycle law ood recycle law aw for ecycling of -pecified

0inds of Home $ppliances +ontainer wrapping recycling law

(undamental 'aw for sta$lishinga Sound Material-Cycle Society

ecycle based society image

(undamental 'aw for sta$lishinga Sound Material-Cycle Society

ecycle based society image

esource effective use promotion laweduction, re!use, and recycling obligation

esource effective use promotion laweduction, re!use, and recycling obligation

1reen purchase lawurchase promotion of

environmental product

2aste *anagement andublic +leansing aw

roper processing of waste

2aste *anagement andublic +leansing aw

roper processing of waste

evised +onservationof &nergy aw+# 3 reduction

evised +onservationof &nergy aw+# 3 reduction

Figure , %elated chart of various laws which aim at -ero emission society

(undamental 'aw for sta$lishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society

This /a! de6nes *a Sound Material-Cycle Society* as a society

5 !here the consumption of natural resources is minimiBed and the

environmental load is reduced as much as possi%le$ %y restraining

products$ etc" from %ecoming !astes$ etc"$

4 promoting appropriate recycling of products$ etc" !hen they have

%ecome recycla%le resources$ and

> securing appropriate disposal of the recycla%le resources not recycled$

!hich means the disposal as !astes"

This la! focuses on 6nal disposal reduction" The Sound Material-Cycle

Society should include not only !aste reduction %ut also concept of future

society"


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Waste Management and #u$lic Cleansing 'aw

The aim of this la! is proper treatment of !aste" As mentioned %efore$

!aste pro%lem is serious in 0apan mainly due to lac1 of 6nal disposal" #norder to ma1e the 6nal disposal %e long$ it is re8uired to reduce volume of

!aste %y com%ustion" Com%ustion facility should %e large scale due to

e2ciency and environmental protection" .aste treatment system should

%e managed strictly" &ne of focuses a%out the management is 8uality of

person or company !ho plays some roles in !aste treatment system" ?or

!aste management %usiness$ there are three 1inds of license$ collection

and transportation$ intermediate treatment and 6nal treatment" /ocal

government gives these licenses to company individually" ?or e ample$ acompany !ho %rings !aste from A prefecture to prefecture must have

licenses in %oth prefecture" #t is very di2cult to get !aste treatment

license$ %ecause the la! prohi%its for improper company to the !aste

treatment %usiness" ut this high standard also prohi%its for proper ne!

comer$ so there is no competition in !aste treatment and treatment cost is

very high"

#n this la!$ 5< 1inds of industrial !aste is de6ned$ ashes$ sludge$ !aste oil$

!aste acid$ !aste al1ali$ !aste plastics$ !aste paper$ !aste !ood$ !aste

6%er$ animal and plants !aste$ !aste ru%%er$ !aste metal$ !aste glass

and ceramic$ construction !aste$ animal !aste$ animal dead %ody$ dust

and %y product in !aste treatment" The licenses for !aste management

are permitted according to 1ind of !aste" ?inal disposal site$ land 6ll$ also

is classi6ed according to 1ind of !aste"

'aw for !ecycling of Specified *inds of +ome ,ppliances

/ocal government collects 4, percent in a used consumer electronic

'television$ air conditioner$ refrigerator$ and !ashing machine( !hich is the

o%7ect of recycle la! for electrical appliances$ and the shop is collecting

the other :, percent as a %ul1y gar%age item" These used consumer

electronics are serious pro%lem of lac1 of !aste disposal place" Moreover$

treatment %ecame a pro%lem from respect of the Luorocar%on collection

'The amount of ultraviolet rays !hich reached the ground increased if

Luorocar%on !as an oBone-depleting su%stance$ and the oBonosphere !as

destroyed$ and it !as in the living thing the inLuence( in refrigerator"


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Therefore$ the recycle la! for electrical appliances !as enacted for the

recycling promotion of a used consumer electronic" The feature of this la!

o%ligates the recycle treatment to the manufacturer and it o%ligates thecollection to the retail store" Moreover$ the manufacturer assumes that the

processing cost can %e claimed to the consumer$ and is aiming at a fair

cost load"

+onsumer +onsumer etail storeetail store

ocal1overnment

ocal1overnment

ecyclefactory

ecyclefactory

+ost load

eceipt anddelivery obligation

-pecifiedreceipt place

-pecifiedreceipt place

*anufacturer

e!use and recycling obligation

+ollection and 4eeping

Figure . %elated chart of consumer/ retail store/ manufacturer/ and local

government in recycle act for electrical a##liances

Problem

#n the recycle facility electrical appliances are decomposed to mainly

metal$ plastic and mi ed !aste" Metal is easy to %e recycled" &n the other

hands$ plastic is not easy to %e recycled$ %ecause there are many 1inds of

plastic" #n order to recycle plastic$ !aste plastic should %e separated

according to material" ut plastic includes many chemicals" Such

chemicals ma1e plastic recycle %e di2cult" And there is no information

!hich chemicals are used for plastic" Ho! electrical appliances

manufacturing company is trying to nifty 1ind for plastic for electrical

appliance parts"

'aw for promotion of sorted collection and recycling of containers and pac aging

The o%7ective of this la! is to reduce and recycle container !rapping !aste

!hich is %out 3@; in capacity and a%out 4>; in !eight among municipal

!astes" The feature is that three people *Consumer*$ */ocal +overnment*$

and *Entrepreneur* related to the container and the pac1aging !aste

clari6ed the role in the recycle of the container !rapping" The consumer


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does discretion$ the local government collects discretion$ and the

entrepreneur recycles" Actually$ the entrepreneur can consign the %usiness

to The 0apan Containers and Pac1aging ecycling Association !hich is thethird person organiBation !ith the municipality" The containers and

pac1aging material are plastic$ pet %ottle and glass %ottle"

ocal government+ollection and

4eeping

ocal government+ollection and

4eeping

&ntrepreneur ecycling

&ntrepreneur ecycling

The 5apan +ontainersand ac4aging

ecycling $ssociation

The 5apan +ontainersand ac4aging

ecycling $ssociation

+onsignment

+onsumer iscretion exhaust

+onsumer iscretion exhaust

Figure 0 %ole of "onsumer/ local government and entre#reneur in aw for

#romotion of sorted collection and recycling of containers and #ackaging

Problem

.ho pays recycle cost This /a! sho!s an ans!er for the 8uestion partially"

The 0apan Containers and Pac1aging ecycling Association is found to

ma1ing a %ridge %et!een recycle facility and collection site" As the recycle

technology$ several technologies are recogniBed$ te tile and plastic sheet

manufacture 'for PET %ottles($ paper production$ molded plastic production$

D?' efused derived fuel($ synthetic oil and so on"

Companies !hich manufacture pac1ing pay cost to the association" ut the

fare is not enough" /ocal governments also pay cost to the society" As local

government recycles the !aste$ it pays much to the society" As recycle

increases$ cost should reduce" #f so$ local government must %e !illing to

recycle"

#n this la!$ recycla%le pac1ing material is strictly de6ned" ut actually other

pac1ing material is also recycla%le" .hy this situation occurs Some


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ca&ital# and enli htenment to the &eo&le

Construction materials recyclin law

Enforcement

years

"une# $%%$

Pur&ose 6ischar e control# ma1in to loss in wei ht# and re&roduction &rofit of

construction waste

Feature 7bli atin of discretion dismantlement and recyclin

The dismantlement method and the &rocessin cost are s&ecified in the

contract(

6ismantlement construction trader8s re istration system

2nstallation of tar et of recyclin

Food recyclin lawEnforcement

years

"une# $%%.

Pur&ose Promotion of dischar e control# ma1in to loss in wei ht# and re&roduction

use for food waste

Feature The entre&reneur and the consumer try to use the re&roduction oods to

control the dischar e of the food waste etc(

7bli ation in country+ Securin of the ca&ital# and collection use and

research and de3elo&ment of information

'e istration system of fertili)er and entre&reneur who ma1es it to

fodder


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Table 2 aw which su##orts circulation ty#e society(continued)

9reen &urchase lawEnforcement

years

5&ril# $%%.

Pur&ose Promotion of &rocurement of en3ironmental article etc( such as countries

Feature Ma1in of &romotion &rocurement &olicy of &rocurement in country etc(

etc(

7ffer of information concernin en3ironmental article etc(

6issemination by entre&reneur

6issemination with en3ironmental label etc(

6issemination and e,amination by country

'e3ision Law Concernin 'ational :se of Ener y

Enforcement

years

"une# $%%$

Pur&ose E,haust amount reduction of carbon dio,ide &romote conser3ation of ener y

of home a&&liance

Feature The conser3ation of ener y tar et 3alue and the tar et fiscal year are

&ro3ided in home a&&liance(

7b;ect article 5ir conditioner# refri erator# tele3ision# ome 5&&liances

Enforcement

years

5&ril# $%%.

Pur&ose Establishment of recyclin system of used consumer electronic e,hausted

from home

Feature Manufacturers owe recyclin and retailer owes the obli ation of the

collection(

The consumer bears a&&ro&riate cost(

7b;ect article 9lass 3essel# PET bottle# container made of &a&er wra&&in # and &lastic

container wra&&in

container wra&&in recyclin method

Enforcement

years

5&ril# $%%%


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Pur&ose Establishment of recyclin system of container wra&&in waste e,hausted

from home

Feature The consumer and munici&ality and entre&reneur8s roles are s&ecified(

6iscretion e,haust of consumer

Cities# towns# and 3illa es are se&arated arba e collections(

The entre&reneur commerciali)es it a ain(

7b;ect article 9lass 3essel# PET bottle# container made of &a&er wra&&in # and &lastic

container wra&&in

2) co-Industrial par . co- own

As ne! environmental city plan to promote the Sound Material-CycleSociety$ *Eco-to!n %usiness* !ere founded %y the Ministry of Economy$

Trade and #ndustry and the Ministry of the Environment in 0apan in 5


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Figure 3a#anese co&Town

The outline of Eco-to!n of the Sapporo City and the Gita1yushu City is

sho!n as follo!s as a typical eco-to!n region"

Sapporo City

Sapporo Eco-to!n is one !hich collected the recycling facilities of the


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municipal !aste and the construction !aste 'industrial !aste(" As for

private companies other than plastic facilities of ma1ing to oil$ the pro6t is

ta1en" #t is di2cult for the oil ma1ing facility to ma1e a successful %id forthe !hole 8uantity$ %ecause the receipt of plastic is a competitive %idding"

Figure 4 *a##oro co&Town

AreaF A%out 4>ha"

Creation periodF 5


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#norganic sludge disposal facility '>,,1Nday(

Special incineration facility '>,tNday(

A%olition concrete reproduction facility '5$,,,tNday( +ar%age recycling center '3,tNday(

A%olition tire recycling facility '>5tNday(

Plastic oil ma1ing facility '9>"3tNday(

PET %ottle seat ma1ing facility '5,tNday(

PET %ottle$ La1es$ ma1e$ facility

Construction system scrap recycling center '5=,tNday(

#nside marsh resource selection center '5,3tNday(

#nside marsh plastic selection center ':4"@tNday("

*ita yushu City

Eco-to!n in Gita1yushyu city is the ma imum in 0apan" .e could call$

*Silicon Ialley of the environmental industry* %ecause university$ local

government$ %ig enterprise$ and venture company are concentrated and it

forms Eco-to!n" The feature is that the proof area and the environment

industrial comple es e ist" The proof area is an area in !hich it centered

on the research and development$ and the university and the enterprise$

etc" are concentrated" The environment industrial comple es are the areas

!here a real plant operates"

Figure 1+ #roof area


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Figure 11 environment industrial com#le5es

Figure 12 %esource

circulation and

environmental control

*ystem %esearch 6nstitute7 6t

does a 8oint research on a

#ro#er control technology of

#rocessing technology/

recycling technology/ and

environmental #ollutant

control technology (Fukuoka University)

Figure 1! "lose ty#e 9naldis#osal dum# #roof

research facilities7

5#erimental study where

in:uence of oo-e water/

#owder dust and stink etc;

on the outside are decreased

by making the closed ty#e

9nal dis#osal dum# #roof

interce#ted concrete dome (Fu8ita "o;ltd)

/ist of recycle facility in environment industrial comple es

PET %ottle recycling %usiness

The PET %ottle %y !hich cities$ to!ns$ and villages collect discretion is

recycled %ased on Containers and Pac1aging ecycling /a! and reproduction

PET resins !hich %ecome ra! materials of the 6%er etc" are produced"

&peration in processing performance 4,$,,,tN0uly$ 5


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&2ce automation apparatus recycling %usiness

&2ce automation apparatuses of the copier and the fa $ etc" are

decomposed$ it selects highly$ and parts of re-use and the reproduction ra!materials of the high 8uality are produced"

Processing performance 3$9,,tNyear

?actory enhancing in 0une$ 4,,5

Car recycling %usiness

An improvement of the recycling rate and proper processing such as the oil

Luorocar%on are advanced corresponding to the used car recycling initiative$

and the high-8uality recycling ra! materials are produced"

&peration in 49$,,,N?e%ruary$ 4,,, year 'for!ard planning( during 5:$,,,processing performanceNyear 'present(

Consumer electronic recycling %usiness

The high-8uality recycling ra! materials are produced %y highly

decomposing and selecting four domestic electric e8uipment articles

'television$ refrigerator$ air conditioner$ and !ashing machine( %ased on

recycling act for electrical appliances"

?our articles during a%out 3,,$,,, processing performanceNyear"

&peration in April$ 4,,,

?luorescent tu%e recycling %usiness

The luminescent material$ the glass$ and the metal$ etc" are chieLy classi6ed

from the used$ Luorescent tu%e e hausted %y the o2ce$ and the recycling

ra! materials are produced"

&peration in processing performance 3$4=,tN&cto%er$ 4,,5 year

Medical treatment tools recycling %usiness

Medical devices are crushed$ processed the high fre8uency$ classi6ed$ the

collection container is manufactured$ and the solid fuel and the cement ra!

material are produced"

Processing performance @$@,,tNyear'operation for 49 hours(

&peration schedule in Septem%er$ 4,,4

,ichi #refecture

Eco-to!n in Aichi prefecture is recogniBed on Septem%er 4,,9 and it is the

ne!est eco-to!n in 0apan" Eco-to!n in Aichi prefecture does not locate in a

speci6c par1" #t utiliBes e isted facility fully" Aichi esta%lishes %usiness

council for environmental industry" Many companies 7oin the council and


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discuss seed for ne! environmental %usiness"

Aichi also focus on the importance of information a%out environment" tosucceed environmental %usiness$ mar1et research is important" &n the

!aste %usiness$ ho! much !aste discharges is most important

information" Aichi arranges some 1ind of information a%out material Lo!

and sho!s ho! much !aste discharge is anticipated"

#ro$lem of co-town

The eco-to!ns !hich are introduced in this te t are e amples of success

eco-to!n" Unfortunately the other eco-to!ns are almost failed" .hich Eco-to!n succeeds or not depends on several reasons"

. -illin of local o3ernment

$ Commitment of &ri3ate com&any

As mentioned a%ove$ there is no perfect mar1et principle in !aste

treatment" #t means that government contri%utes to !aste treatment

%usiness much" Many recycle or treatment facility should %e concentrated

in eco-to!n" Hum%er of companies in eco-to!n depends on !illing of local

government" /ocal government should support facility in eco to!n from

su%sidy$ ta $ license and so on"

At %eginning stage$ huge su%sidy from national government is entered to

the eco-to!n" The national government stops su%sidy soon$ then local

government must continue to pay su%sidy as !aste treatment cost" ?acility

in Eco-to!n often introduces more novel technology than traditional !aste

treatment facility such as com%ustion facility$ so cost to the eco-to!n

facility is very high" ?or e ample$ some city introduced D? facility as a

core technology of eco-to!n" ut D? technology often does not !or1$

%ecause it is not mature technology" So local government pays more

money for treatment cost compared !ith traditional com%ustion facility" To

avoid this 1ind of situation$ each facility in eco to!n should %e

independence from su%sidy of government" .hen each facility gets pro6t$

the eco-to!n must %e sustaina%le"


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3) Countermeasure in nterprises

efore the term of Sound Material-Cycle Society %ecomes popular$ the

term of Oero emission !as popular in 0apan" The Bero emission !as a%oom after Asahi re!eries$ /td" achieved the factory s ma1ing to the Bero

emission in the %eginning in 0apan$ and each enterprise competed and the

Bero emission of the factory !as achieved" The reason !hy the %eer

industry achieved Bero emission is it discharged a fe! 1inds and a large

amount of !aste" Moreover$ it is organic material" Then it is easy to recycle

such !aste" The Bero emission of the enterprise does only !aste

management and environmental protection" #t can %e said that the

achievement of the Bero emission is severer than this attestation for !astemanagement though #S&59,,5"

Some points for corporate ma1ing to the Bero emission are as follo!"Ma1e the %asic environment plan" oard of the enterprise should

positively ta1e leading in this" Ma1ing to the Bero emission is not

persisted in if the %oard does not understand though the person in

charge ma1es the plan" Ta1e concrete data at the factory" Especially$ the material Lo! and the

energy Lo! are necessary" This contri%utes to not only ma1ing to the

Bero emission %ut also chec1ing e2ciency of the resource and energy

possi%le$ and the productivity improvement of the enterprise"

The consideration of the Bero emission must in6ltrate the employee"

Thorough discretion in the site achieves recycling !aste" #t is necessary

for not only the regular mem%er %ut also the part-timer especially the

in6ltration of consideration"&pen data to the pu%lic" The trust of the citiBens and the consumerJs

union can %e o%tained" #t leads to improvement of the corporate image

that ma1ing data pu%lic to outside the company"

/ o design %!ecycling-$ased& societyIarious approaches are necessary to design the ecycling-%ased society"

?irst of all$ it is necessary to start from the enough understanding of an

e isting product$ the environmental load and the resource and energy

consumption of the productive process" He t$ it is necessary to develop a

ne! productive process and the product to improve them" ?inally$ a social


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system !hich contains the system of la! to accept them to the society

should maintain it"

1) 'ife cycle assessment/ife cycle assessment '/CA( is to calculate all environmental loads and

the energy consumption from the manufacturing stage in the product to

the a%andonment stage and to analyBe the improvement to decrease the

environmental load in the product$ the material$ and the process"

To calculate /CA !e decide targeted product$ material$ and process$ and

set !hich stage to include !ithin the range" #f the range of the o%7ect is

decided$ generally three analyses are done as follo!s"

#nventory analysis

Environmental load and energy consumption at each stage from the

manufacturing stage to the a%andonment stage of the product etc" are

estimated"

Environmental load inLuence evaluation

Amount of C&4$ air pollutant and solid !aste !ere estimated in the

inventory analysis" These are converted into the inde of the inLuence

on the death$ the disease ris1 rate of the human race$ and the

ecosystem etc" and the environmental impact is evaluated

Environmental load improvement analysis

The change point to improve a general environmental load is e tracted"


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ecision oftarget range

raw material

product of naturalresource collection

*anufacturing

consumption and use

abandonment ofmanufacturing

+#3 emissionsolid wastewaste water

6nventoryanalysis

&nergyresource

6mpactanalysis

&nvironmental burdenimprovement analysis

The human race death and disease rate6nfluence and removal cost to ecosystem !

Figure 1


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# n p u t

?ossil ?uel 4,include oil production

Civil engineering

Architecture material:,

ousehold 4,ousehold 4, Concumption

Municipal.aste 9

Manufacture industry


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?ood+ar%age

Commodity

.aste causematerial

com%usti%le

plastic

,

4$,,,

9$,,,

@$,,,

:$,,,

5,$,,,

54$,,,

59$,,,

Consumption

incom%usti%leevarage

.aste discharge

N year

Figure 1. Material balance in house sector in a small island (>oto et al

2++ )

3) #roduct design

#t is e tremely di2cult to recycle !aste e hausted under the present

situation$ %ecause !aste is e hausted not as uniform %ut as mi ed form"

&nly lo! 8uality product can %e manufactured %y ma1ing the mi ed

!aste as ra! material" Therefore$ !aste !ith high purity is re8uested for

high 8uality reproduction goods as ra! material" Even if %ecoming !aste$

it is necessary that product is easy to collect$ reuse$ recycle and

dismantle" ecause longevity of a product ma1es environmental load

decrease$ it is re8uired to develop a long-lived product" .e should

consider an advantageous feature for recycle at development and the

design stage of such a product"

The idea to aim to esta%lish product design$ manufacturing$ and

dismantlement and reproduction goods %ased on thought !hich

considers life cycle of product is *#nverse manufacturing " ?eature of

inverse manufacturing is sho!n %elo!" long-lived

Maintenance 'repair and part e change( is easy"


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#t is easy to recycle$ and to use it again"

Hum%er of parts is little$ and used parts are reusa%le to other products$

and decomposition and !ashing are easy"

Moreover$ material$ of !hich environmental load is decreased through

the entire life cycle from resource to a%andonment and characteristic

and function is ma imiBed$ is called *Eco-material*" The eco-material is

classi6ed into instance type 'conserve consumption type$ energy

conversion type$ and energy transport and storing type($ correspondence

type 'puri6cation function type and correspondence and conversion type(

and mid-term strategies and a long-term$ vie!ed aspect types" Theproduct !hich uses the eco-material is called eco-products$ and

evaluation of environmental load !hich uses /CA from design and

production of materials done to produce the eco-products to

manufacturing product is called an eco-design"

0 Concept of supporting Sound Material-Cycle SocietyA lot of concepts for ecycling-%ased society have %een supposed" #t has

aimed to promote %oth conversions to a ne! society$ that is$ a sustaina%le

society from mass production and consumption type society" They

correspond on the idea in the point of e)ective use of the reduction of the

environmental load or the resource and energy$ though the e pressions

are di)erent" A common 1ey !ord to each concept is as follo!s"

Development of productive process$ material$ and product !hich does not

discharge environmental load #mprovement of productivity of resource and energy

He! social economic system

1) e elopment of producti e process. material. and product which does not discharge

en ironmental load

a" Cleaner Production

Concept advocated %y United Hations Environment Program 'UHEP( in

5


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pursued* according to the international declaration adopted in 5


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c" Eco-E2ciency

The environmental measures activity indicator for sustaina%ledevelopment advocated %y the .orld %usiness council for sustaina%le

development '. CSD( in 5


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necessary"

Summary Goto

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