Summary Biology Lesson

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Summary Biology

LessonViruses and Monerans


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VIRUS

The virus is a microorganism that is very small (invisible) can not be seen with the light microscope

but can be seen with electron microscope using size-0.25 0.025 mill microns.

Characteristics

Form of the virus depends on the type. Based on the virus has an capsomer arrangement following

form:

Ball / round

Trunk

OvalAstigmatism

Cube

T shape

Polihedral

Virus body size between 20-300 nanometers. One nanometer.

In general body of the virus consists of :

Head

Neck

Sheath

Tail

Genetic material

Consists of only DNA or RNA.

Capsid

Capsid composed by units called capsomer. Protective protein DNA / RNA. Giving the virus

body shape.

Nucleocapsid

Structure mix between core and capsid.

The virus is a transition between inanimate objects with living things

Viruses are often debated status as a living being because he is unable to perform thebiological function freely. Because of its distinctive characteristics of these viruses are always


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associated with certain diseases.

VIRAL REPRODUCTION

Viruses can only reproduce in living cells or tissues media. This process is often called the

replication of virus reproduction. The process of viral replication since attached to host cells until the

formation of a new virus called lysis cycle. Cycle lysis viruses that have been successfully investigated

are viral lysis cycle T / Bakteriofage that attack the gut bacterium Escherichia coli.

THIS LYSIS CYCLE THROUGH THE 5PHASES,NAMELY:

Adsorption

Bakterifage tail attached to the cell wall of Escherichia coli which is still in normal

circumstances.

Penetration of host cells

Skin the tail end of the virus with the cell wall of Escherichia coli that has fused the

soluble, forming channels of the body of the virus into the cell cytoplasm of bacteria. This

channel Melelui viral DNA into the cell cytoplasm of bacteria and mixed with it.

Synthesis

After the viral DNA mixed with the cytoplasm of bacteria, viral DNA takes over the

control function of DNA in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of bacteria.

Then the viral DNA to control the formation of new viral DNA and control the

formation of protein the virus body wall using materials available in the bacterial cytoplasm.

Establishment of new virus

Having formed viral DNA from the body through a complex process further form new

viruses.

In each bacterial cell can produce hundreds of new viruses.

Host cell lysis solution

LYSOGENIC

DNA from bakteriofage that goes into bacterial cells without forming virions. This dikarnakan

bacteria have resistance so that the virus becomes virulent (virus was not malignant).DNA viruses

that attach to the DNA of bacteria will form a foreign gene, called profage. If the bacteria-containing


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profage breed will be produced by bacteria that contain profage well..Such breeding phase is called

the lysogenic cycle. Had lost the immunity of bacteria become virulent and profage will continue

with lysis cycle again.

The role of viruses in the life

Viruses in plants

Tobacco mosaic virus

Inhibiting the growth of tobacco

Tungro

Viruses that attack the rice plant to become stunted.

Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (GO)

The virus that causes citrus phloem damaged.

Etcetra ...

Virus in animals

New Castle Disease (NCD)

This virus attacks the nervous animal poultry livestock like chickens, birds andducks. The disease is often called the Newcastle / parrot fever.

Foot and Mouth Disease

The virus that attacked livestock such as buffaloes, cows, sheep and horses.

The virus is primarily attacked at the mouth around the teeth, toes, nails and

putting milk

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)

The virus causes cancer in chickens.

Adenovirus

The virus causes infection in the lungs and tumors.

Herpes

virus that causes chickenpox disease, genital infections and cancer.

Rabies


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The virus that causes inflammation of the lining of the brain in dogs, cats and

monkeys.

Virus in humansEbola

Influenza

This virus attacks the respiratory tract so that the patient experienced difficulty

breathing.

Rabies

The disease is often called mad dog disease

Polio

This virus attacks the nerves in children under five years of motion system.

Human Immunodeficiecy Virus (HIV)

The disease AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a disease that resulted in

a decreased immune disease is caused by the HIV virus that specifically attacks the

white blood cell.

Hepatitis

Virus hepatitis A and hepatitis B causes infected people suffer from hepatitis A and

B. hepaitis

Paramyxovirus

Paramyxovirus is a cause measles and mumps.

The nature of viruses that show characteristics as living things adalahn ability to:

Entering network

Tying oxygen

Can be crystallized

Active Gerakkannya

duplicate themselves

Prevention

Use of vaccines (a substance which contains pathogenic microorganisms that have been attenuated)


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Bacteri

Eubacteria

Has no nuclear membrane (karioteka) so that their nuclei are called prokaryotic

Unicellular (all). Having a cell wall made of peptidoglycan (sugar + protein)

FEATURES AND PROPERTIES OF BACTERIA (Eubacteria)

Microscopic living things (microorganisms)

It can be seen with light microscope

Size 10 x (0.5 - 1) micron

Unicellular

Prokaryotic

Solitary (alone) or colony

If the environment extreme form endospores as part of self defense tools (called the

dormancy)

BODY STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

Mucus layer

protect against drought and as a storehouse of food and protect themselves from attack

host cells

Cell wall

Ingredients: peptidoglycan (sugar + protein / amino acid)

Function: provides protection

gives a form that always remain

Cell membrane

function: the exit point of substance

nature: semipermiabel

Flagellum

Supporting mobility (not all there)

Pili


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Become a channel on the conjugation (DNA kesel able to inject some others)

Cytoplasm

as tempatberlangsungnya chemical reactions in cells

Mesosom

folds to the inside of the cell membrane serves as a place of cellular respiration

(energy provider)

Ribosome

where protein synthesis

DNA

genetic trait carriers

Plasmids

non-chromosomal circular DNA

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

Based on the shape

Coccus:Bacillus / trunk

spirillia

Based on the tool motion

Peritrik

Ampitrik

Atrik

Monotrik

Lopotrik

Based on the need for oxygen

Aerobic

Examples of nitrifying bacteria: N2 fixing bacteria that help from the free air and

fertile agriculture:

Nitrite Bacteria: Nitrococcus and Nitrosomonas

2NH3+ 3O22HNO2+ 2H2O + E

Bacteria Nitrate: Nitrobakter


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HNO2 + HNO3 + O2 H2O + E

Anaerobic

Example denitrifikan bacteria: Micrococcus denitrificans + Clastridisium tetani

adverse agricultural

Facultative aerobes

Obligate anaerobes

Explain the point!

Based on its way of life

Autotrop

Kemoautotrop

Fotoautotrop

Heterotrophs

Saprophyte

Parasite

Based on Gram stain

Gram staining: knowing engineering and cell wall composition of an antibiotic resistance of bacteria

/ resistance

Technique:

crystal violet staining (UK)

washed with asetton / alcohol

lost when the purple gram-negative bacteria

if tetapungugram-positive bacteria

Benefits of Bacteria

Profitable

Fixing nitrogen in bean roots: Rhizobium radicicola

Acetobacter xilenum: nata de coco maker

Lactobacillus lactis Streptococcus bulgaris + yogurt maker

As a biopesticide: Bacillus thuringensis

Producing Biogas: methanogenic bacteria

Producing antibiotics: Streptococcus griceus + S. aureofaciens

Eschericia coli: food rot Dlm colon kitadan help synthesize vitamin K

Nitrogen fixing bacteria: nitrifying

ex. Azotobacter: live freely in soil


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Acetobacter to convert alcohol into acetic acid on tape

Harm

Mycobacterium tuberculosa

Mycobacterium leprae

Salmonella typhosa

Shigella desentriae

Diplococcus pneumonia

Triponema pallidum

Vibrio comma: cholera

Pasteurella pestis

Neisseria gonorhoe

Clostridium botulinum: from food poisoning

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

asexual binary fission

Paraseksual give genetic material

Conjugation

Tranduksi

Transformation

Overcoming detrimental bacteria

o Sterilization

o heating 121oC for 15 '

with preesure cocceratau otoclav

goal: turn off baktetri, spores and other organisms

o Pasteurized

heating 60oC for 30 'cool 60oC heat again and again 3-4 x

o Food preservation

o Coagulation, cooling etc.


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Archaebacteria

Cell wall contains no peptidoglycan. Life extreme environments. Eubacteria distinguished

because it has a structure, the structure of metabolism, and nucleic sequence of different.

Methanogenic bacteria (biogas)

Bacteria that produce methane from hydrogen and CO2 gases

Bacteria halofil

Bacteria that live in environments with high salinity

Bacteria termoasidofil

Bacteria that live in extreme heat environments


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Exercise

1. Scholar who first discovered the virus is ....

a.

Beyerinch and Adolf mayerb. Adolf mayer and ivanowski

c. L. Pastour and D. ivanowski

d.

Beyerinch and Dimitri .I

e. Adolf Meyer and L. Pastour

2. The vaccine is a vaccine can be given orally to Prevent...

a.

DBD

b.

Trachoma

c. Polio

d.

Rabies

e.

Smallpox

3. Bacterial cells are often called prokaryotik, because ...

a.

Have no cytoplasm

b.

Cells are very small and transparent

c. Cell membrane was always thin

d. Does not have nucleus membrane

e.

Often cause disease

4. Nitrosomonas bacteria are examples of bacteria kemoautotrop. These bacteria can

synthesize food by using ...

a.

Sunlight energy

b. Energy physics

c. Chemical energy

d.

Organic matter

e. Other living things

For about no.5-7

5. Show form stem...

a.

1b.

2

c. 3

d. All wrong

e.

All right

6. Show form spirillia...

a.

1

b.

2

c. 3

d. All wrong

e.

All right

1

2

3


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7.

Show spherical shape...

a. 1

b. 2

c.

3

d.

All wrong

e.

All right

8. Some bacteri are photoautrophic. This kind bacteria have organel called...

a.

Chloroplast

b. Chlorosome

c. Capsule

d.

Fimbria

e. Gas vacule

9. Soft- tender hairs in several bacteria called...

a.

Pillus

b.

Flagellumc. Endospore

d.

Whiphair

e. Cillia

10.Example bacteria that cause human desease is...

a.

Sulfolobus

b.

L. Bulgarius

c. Mycobacetrium tuberculosis

d.

Nitrosomonas

e.

Pseudomonas solana caerum

Essay

1. Please list the five diseases caused by viruses...

2. State the form of virus...

3.

State the form of bacteria...

4. Mention species of archaebacteria...

5. Explain the cycle of lysis...


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Answer

1. D. Beyerinch and Dimitri .I

2.

C. Polio3. D. Does not have nucleus membrane

4. C. Chemical energy

5.

A. 1

6. B. 2

7. C. 3

8.

A. Chloroplast

9.

A. Pillus

10.C. Mycobacetrium tuberculosis

Essay

1.

TBC, polio, herpes, rabies and HIV

2. Form of the virus depends on the type. Based on the virus has an capsomer arrangement

following form: Ball / round, Trunk, Oval, Astigmatism, Cube , T shape, and Polihedral.

Virus body size between 20-300 nanometers. One nanometer.

In general body of the virus consists of : Head, Neck, Sheath, Tail, Genetic material, Capsid,

Nucleocapsid

3.

Coccus, spirillia, and bacillus4. Methanogenic, halofil, termoasidofil

5.

Cycle of lysis:

Adsorption

Bakterifage tail attached to the cell wall of Escherichia coli which is still in

normal circumstances.

Penetration of host cells

Skin the tail end of the virus with the cell wall of Escherichia coli that has

fused the soluble, forming channels of the body of the virus into the cellcytoplasm of bacteria. This channel Melelui viral DNA into the cell cytoplasm

of bacteria and mixed with it.

Synthesis

After the viral DNA mixed with the cytoplasm of bacteria, viral DNA takes

over the control function of DNA in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of

bacteria.

Then the viral DNA to control the formation of new viral DNA and control

the formation of protein the virus body wall using materials available in the


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bacterial cytoplasm.

Establishment of new virus

Having formed viral DNA from the body through a complex process further

form new viruses.

In each bacterial cell can produce hundreds of new viruses.

Host cell lysis solution


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Note:

Materi virus dan bakteri saya terjemahkan dengan

http://translate.google.co.id/?hl=id&tab=wT# dengan berbagai perubahan

Gambar yang di soal saya ambil dari D:\ulfaaaaaaa\Pelajaran\Biology (slide 4)

Beberapa soal saya ambil dari sumber buku dirumah saya, Sains 1a, Drs. Slamet

Prawirohartono dan Prof. Dr. Suhargono Hadisumarto

Software yang saya gunakan adalah Ms. Office word 2010

Gamabar yang di cover saya ambil dari

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Summary Biology Lesson

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