Sultan Hashim

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Transcript of Sultan Hashim

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Pengiran Temenggong Anak Hashim; one of four Wazirs in Brunei.Became the 25th Sultan in 1885.Known as Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamadin.

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Son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin the 2nd.Had been Pengiran Temenggong since 1852.Acted as regent when Sultan Abdul Momin became old.

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Sultan Hashim inherited much smaller kingdom than his father was a Sultan.1885; Brunei was only the size of modern Brunei [plus(+) Limbang and Panduran district].He knew both the British North Borneo Company and the Brooke Government wanted more Brunei’s land.

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Map showing the Loss of Territories 1841 - 1905

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He also knew that Brunei was not strong enough to stop them from taking control of these lands.When he became the the Sultan, although he was aware of Sultan Abdul Momin’s aware, he still had to sign an agreement to cede Terusan to Sarawak.

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Signed in; 17 September 1888Between; ~Sultan Hashim [on behalf of Brunei]

~Sir Hugh Low [on behalf of Britain]

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1887; Sultan Hashim appealed by letter to the British Crown to prevent either partition or any further losses of Brunei territory.British were worried about both the French and the Germans capturing territory in Asia, so they responded Sultan’s appeal.

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September 1888; Britain sent Sir Hugh Low from Perak to negotiate a treaty to give the British control of Brunei’s external affair.

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Among the terms of Treaty of Protection were;

~Brunei’s status was changed to British Protectorate, with Sultan as sovereign ruler.

~Britain took over responsibility for Brunei’s external affairs. Brunei was guaranteed protection against attack by foreigners.

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~The Sultan could not cede or lease any territory to foreigner powers or their subjects without the British consent.

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Brunei thought that this Treaty of Protection would save from any foreign intervention especially from Charles Brooke.This didn’t happen because as far as the British concerned, Charles Brooke was not a foreigner but a British. When Charles Brooke seized Limbang in 1890, British did not stop him..

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Charles Brooke seized Limbang on 17 March 1890.Charles Brooke was attracted to Limbang because it was the richest food-growing district in Brunei.He argued that Limbang was part of the land given to him in 1884 as part of the Terusan concession.

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Map showing the location of Limbang

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Limbang was the Kuripan property of Sultan Hashim.He strongly opposed Charles Brooke’s seizure of Limbang and protested to the British Government.This led to an investigation headed by Noel Trevenan.

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In his investigation, Trevenan invited 15 of the 33 local chiefs to a meeting to ask for their opinion.12 of 15 local chiefs were in favor of joining Sarawak which was under Charles Brooke.

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Sultan Hashim objected to the way this was done because;

~It took no account of the opinion of the chiefs who were not invited.

~Those who were invited were all Brooke’s supporters.

~The official accompanying Trevenan all worked for Charles Brooke.

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Sultan Hashim asked British to honour the 1888 Treaty of Protection, instead the British accepted Trevenan’s report and confirmed Charles Brooke’s annexation of Limbang in July 1891.

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Belait was the Tulin property of the Pengiran Di-Gadong.Troubles in Tutong and Belait areas dated from about 1895.The Main Cause of the trouble was the heavy taxes imposed by the Tulin holders to the people in both areas.

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The Belait and Tutong chiefs opposed strongly to the varied and unjust taxes imposed on them.People suffered and were exploited which were a cause much resentment.The disturbance began when the people in Belait and Tutong murdered the taxes collectors.

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Sultan Hashim sent his son in-law, Pengiran Tajuddin to stop the troubles occurring in both areas.Many rebels were executed by the Sultan’s order and many also fled to Limbang.

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These disturbance gave Charles Brooke the oppurtunity to annexes Tutong and Belait.Charles Brooke was supported by the British Consul in Singapore, Hewett.

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1st July 1901; Charles Brooke and Hewett asked Sultan Hashim to cede Belait and Tutong in return for an annual payment of $3,000 from Sarawak, Sultan Hahim refused.

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19th June 1902; Charles Brooke and Hewett tried and been rejected again.Sultan Hashim said “what would happen to me, to the chiefs and my descendant? I should be left like a tree, stripped of branches and twigs.” Belait and Tutong therefore the remain part of Brunei.

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Sultan Hashim felt that the British not really protecting Brunei.1903; Sultan Hashim wrote a letter to Sultan Hamid of Turkey.In the letter, Sultan Hashim asked for help to get back Limbang.It was discovered by British and it was confiscated.

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The British Government worried that Sultan Hashim would ask for help from other foreign powers, and decided to send Malcolm McArthur to Brunei.His job was to write report about the Problems in Brunei.

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McArthur saw the problems was created by Charles Brooke and the British North Borneo Company.He recommended a new agreement to supplement the 1888 Treaty of Protection.He said that these additions would make the Treaty of Protection stronger, and would help to protect Brunei.

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Signed; on 31st December 1905.By; ~Sultan Hashim [on behalf of Brunei]

~John Anderson [representing the British Government]

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Under the new agreement, Brunei accepted a British Resident to advise the Sultan on both external and internal affairs except those relating to Islamic Religion.The Sultan received an annual allowance of $12,000 while the Pengiran Bendahara and Pengiran Pemancha were given $6,000 each.

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Brunei’s first British Resident was Malcolm McArthur and was appointed in 1906.Brunei then had a British Resident until 1959.It remained a British Protectorate until 1st January 1984 when Brunei regained full independence and sovereighty

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