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Weter kmseflm

Yukmrfb, Dmrxasde lmf @efafasde

Kudpu`mf tu`asmf lm`md ouku afa mlm`mc cmsa` pernudu`mf, perleomtmf lmf

rmjutmf nmnmsmf-nmnmsmf sejmrmc nermkmf kara la Aflbfesam se`mdm sedoa mf

tmcuf, ladu`ma sejmk =111 cafnnm ?773. \u asmf-tu`asmf lm`md ouku afa

latu`as ketakm smym defnmjmr la fa!ersatms =" #nustus =1$% &mkmrtm,

fa!ersatms 'ufn Kmrfb sertm (msfmym )b`ymfm )mlepbkmf *a`bsb+a lmf

)bflbk \mfa, )urbkertb. eoefmrfym erm e+brdmsa afa, smym defu`as %7

dmkm`mc `eoac dmkm`mc lmf mlm =7 dmkm`mc ymfn oerkmatmf lefnmf sejmrmc

nermkmf kara la Aflbfesam. #kmf tetmpa, cmfym efmd dmkm`mc smjm ymfn sesuma

lefnmf kepeftafnmf peferoatmf ouku afa.

/e`m`ua kudpu`mf tu`asmf afa, smym oercmrmp lmpmt dedoerakmf sudomfnmf

pefnetmcumf sejmrmc nermkmf kara la Aflbfesam. mym oeruftufn dedperb`ec

kesedpmtmf uftuk defnmrufna rmfmc a`du pefnetmcumf ymfn kedulamf

dedoerakmf kbftraousa omna kedmjumf afte`ektum` smym. A`du pefnetmcumf

talmk perfmc fetrm` lmf pefnmflmamf boyekta!atms lm`md a`du lmpmt terus

lapertmfymkmf. #lm keoerpacmkmf lmf per`mmfmf lm`md sejmrmc sete`mc

rle 'mru lakmrefmkmf ruftucfym fmrmsa-fmrmsa ymfn oerkmatmf lefnmf

sejmrmc nermkmf kara la Aflbfesam lmf `eoac defjmla mmfm lm`md rumfn

puo`ak. ejmrmc !ersa rle 'mru te`mc lakbftruksa sesuma lefnmf sedmfnmt

mdmf. /mkm, sejmrmc m`terfmta+ puf latmdpa`kmf.

=

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Werastawm =185

)ertmdm km`a smym defu`as sejmrmc nermkmf kara la Aflbfesam mlm`mc ketakm

smym oeroamrm seputmr perastam =19% la lepmf derekm ymfn perfmc defjmla

kbromf rle 'mru, ymfn oerfmufn lm`md )mnuyuomf Kbromf rle 'mru

< )mkbrom5 pmlm = ktboer =111 la nelufn (mymsmf \efmnm Kerjm Aflbfesam

ermkmf 7 eptedoer, ymfn dedoufuc sejud`mc jeflerm` \A-

#:. )erfymtmmf omcm )KA defnbrnmfasmsa >7 omna read becmrtb

oukmf sekmlmr +mktm oamsm, tetmpa defjmla sudoer pbkbk kemosmcmf

readffym.

/efurut !ersa resda, kmrefm )KA lapmflmfn seomnma smtu-smtufym lm`mfn lmra

perastam keja terseout, dmkm sulmc se`mymkfym rmtusmf raou mfnnbtm )KA la

dmfm puf derekm oermlm lakejmr lmf laoufuc semrm oermdma-rmdma )mftms

pu`m perastam ymfn terjmla pmlm 7 eptedoer =19% atu laseout >7;)KA

lefnmf pefekmfmf pmlm 0)KA4fym kmrefm )KA derupmkmf pe`mku utmdm.

&unm tepmt jakm asta`mc ymfn lapmkma mlm`mc >estmpu ermkmf eptedoer 75.

)KA junm `mymk latudpms kmrefm seoe`udfym te`mc lum km`a 0dedoerbftmk0

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seoefmrfym lm`mfn sesufnnucfym lmra pedoufucmf pmrm jeflerm` atu oe`ud

je`ms 6 mtmu omckmf justru mfnnbtm da`ater 6 tetmp smjm asta`mc terseout

lanufmkmf lefnmf dmksul uftuk dedbjbkmf )KA. 'mckmf pefnnufmmf

asta`mc >estmpu tmdpmk sekm`a sefnmjm la`mkukmf uftuk defnmsbsamsakmf

bpermsa da`ater ymfn kbfbf lalm`mfna b`ec )KA atu lefnmf pb`asa rmcmsam

&erdmf, >estmpb ymfn terkefm` kejmdfym

mdpma pefncujufn read becmrtb pmlm =113, pederaftmc lmf pejmomt

da ater Aflbfesam defnnufmkmf 2cmftu0 )KA uftuk defmfnnmpa setamp

dmsm`mc kerusucmf mtmu nejm`m pedomfnkmfnmf. Kmtm-kmm kufa lm`md

mmfm read atu mlm`mc 0omcmym `mtef kbdufasde0. #nef-mnef

tersedoufya lmra rnmfasmsa \mfpm 'eftuk

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cuoufnmf lam`ektas lefnmf kbdufasde mtmu `eoac tepmt lefnmf atrm kcmym`a

0kbdufasde 0.

)erastam >7 te`mc defyeomokmf )resalef ukmrfb defjmla boyek

tulucmf omcm larafym te`mc deflm`mfna perastam terseout lmf dufu` mksa-

mksa ymfn defuftut mnmr ukmrfb latmfnkmp lmf lamla a la cmlmpmf

/mcda uo. :asmdpafn atu, mfnnbtm pmr`edef ymfn defnakmt lara lefnmf

rle 'mru defuftut mnmr )resalef ukmrfb lapemt lmra jmomtmffym lmf

latuftut sesuma lefnmf cukud ymfn oer`mku. \etmpa mtms pertadomfnmf 6

pertadomfnmf pb`atak, pefmfnkmpmf ukmrfb talmk smjm defyeomokmf pmrm

peflukufnfym oersmtu uftuk dedoe`mfym tetmpa taflmkmf atu junm mkmf

defadou`kmf kesmf - oefmr mtmu sm`mc 6 omcm rle 'mru atu talmk smc,

talmk `mymk, lmf derupmkmf peroumtmf seefmfn-efmfn lmra nb`bfnmf

da`ater G seoumc resakb pb`atak ymfn becmrtb talmk oermfa dedaku`fym.

/efnefma )erastam >7 lm`md ketermfnmf tertu`as

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8mpbrmf becmrtb la cmlmpmf /) defnefma keter`aomtmf ukmrfb lm`md

kuletm ftufn, deferdafkmf lefnmf je`ms keafnafmf mnmr )resalef

ukmrfb talmk lamla`a. becmrtb defyadpu`kmf omcm )resalef ukmrfb 0

talmk tmcu lefnmf pmsta 0kmpmf ftufn mkmf de`mfmrkmf mksafym lmf

omnmadmfm oeftuk mksa terseout. `ec seomo atu, ukmrfb talmk ob`ec

lamfnnmp seomnma brnmfasmtbras, lm`mfn lmf pmrtasapmsa lmra >ermkmf 7

eptedoer, seomnmadmfm laasymrmtkmf b`ec /edbrmflud )mr`edef 1

*eorumra, lmf tercmlmpfym talmk lmpmt lakefmkmf cukudmf. )mlm =? /mret

=19", /) defmout kedom a dmflmtfym seomnma presalef lmf

de`mrmfnfym de`mkukmf kenamtmf pb atak smdpma la`mfsufnkmf )eda`u.

Kedulamf ukmrfb defjmla tmcmfmf pb`atak la fenera ymfn am perjumfnkmf

sejmk dulm. Am defafnnm` lufam seoe`ud )eda`u =1"= oer`mfnsufn.

Keflmta ukmrfb te`mc tamlm, mjmrmf-mjmrmffym tetmp smjm defncmftua afnmtmf

brmfn. 8acmt smjm /enmmta ukmrfbputra, dedperb`ec sejud`mc raftmfnmf

lmra +brdmsa terteftu lm`md fenmrm ketakm mlm lukufnmf lmra mrus ommc

ymfn oenatu kumt tercmlmpfym uftuk defjmla fbdbr smtu pmrtma oer`mdomfn

kepm`m omftefn. /eskapuf /enmmta ukmrfbputra terpa ac defmckblma

kmpm` bfn a`ak ymfn tersafnkar lmra lermp pedomfnufmf, nufmfnmf puf

tmk surut secafnnm kmpm` puf pemc lmf mlm lum fmckblm. m`mcsmtu m`msmf

taflmkmf kurmfn terpuja atu la mkukmf kmrefm kcmtar keomfnkatmf

dmrcmefasde lamfnnmp seomnma aleb`bna pefmftmfn tercmlmp kedmdpmfmf

pederaftmc defjm`mfkmf pedomfnufmf oerfufsm kmpatm`asde.

eoefmrfym kmtm dmrcmefasde sulmc `mdm talmk terlefnmr lmf sulmc jmrmfn

pu`m brmfn defnefm` dmkfm kmtm atu. /mrcmefasde perfmc defjmla asata`mc

pbpu`mr ketakm ukmrfb oermlm la pufmk kekumsmmffym. 'enatu ukmrfb

%

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surut lmra pmfnnufn pb`atak, `mdomt `muf kmtm atu jmrmfn terlefnmr.

/mrcmefasde lmf ukmrfb derupmkmf sumtu cm` ymfn talmk oasm lapasmckmf

kmrefm dmrcmefasde mlm`mc rudusmf pertmdm ymfn laetuskmf b`ec ukmrfb.

eomnma msms pmrtma, dmrcmefasde oermkcar lefnmf oer+usafym )A ke lm`md

)mrtma :edbkrmsa Aflbfesam

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calup ymfn seomnamf oesmr terlara lmra kmud petmfa kea`, ouruc kea`,

pelmnmfn kea`, pe`mymr kea`G kmud dmrcmef mlm`mc ymfn sedumfym kmud

kea`. :a safa ukmrfb defbom dedoelmkmf semrm tmjmd mftmrm kbfsep

dmrcmeffym lefnmf kbfsep prb`etmramf lmra kmud sbsam`as 'mrmt, terutmdm

kbdufas. &akm struktur dmsymrmkmt Irbpm te`mc de`mcarkmf kmud ouruc

seomnma nb`bfnmf tertaflms mtmu prb`etmr, seom`akfym dmsymrmkmt Aflbfesbam

ymfn oe`ud aflustram`as dedpufyma kmud dmrcmef ymfn junm sefnsmrm lmf

de`mrmt. :aseout junm, lm`md tu`asmf ukmrfb, Dmrcmef lmf Wrb`etmr, ymfn

ladumt lm`md Hakarmf _mkymt pmlm =1, dmrcmef talmk cmfym defnmu

pmlm kmud petmfa daskaf, tetmpa defmkup kmud prb`etmr lmf kmud de`mrmt

`maffym. `ec kmrefm atu, dmrcmef `eoac `ums lmra prb`etmr kmrefm am

defmkup senm`m dmmd kmud de`mrmt `maffym. Keflmta ledakamf, la lm`md

perjumfnmf, kmud prb`etmr dedmafkmf permfmf peftafn kmrefm kmud prb`etmr

te`mc defnefm` mrm prbluksa kmpatm`asde - la m`md perjumfnmf

mftakmpatm`asde lmf adperam`asde atu oerjm`mf seomnma pe`bpbr.

'mna ukmrfb, rmkymt daskaf derupmkmf pmlmfmf desamfak lmra prb`etmramt

lm`md pedakarmf Kmr` /mrL. #rtafym, derekm afa derupmkmf ke`bdpbk ymfn

sekmrmfn `edmc lmf termdpms cmk-cmkfym, tetmpa fmftafym ketakm lanermkmf

lm`md ne`brm re!b`usa mkmf dmdpu defnuomc lufam. /eskapuf ledakamf,

kbfsep dmrcmef seomnmadmfm ymfn lapmcmda b`ec ukmrfb, darap sekm`anus

oeroelm lefnmf kbfsep prb`etmramt da`ak /mrL. eomnmadmfm kmud

prb`etmramt, kmud dmrcmef atu daskaf, oermlm la `mpasmf omm dmsymrmkmt

lmf jud`mcfym jutmmf. 'eroelm lefnmf kmud prb`etmr /mrL, kmud dmrcmef

atu talmk oekerjm uftuk brmfn `maf lmf derekm deda`aka 0m`mt prbluksa 0fym

seflara, seperta dasm`fym mfnku` lmf tmfmc nmrmpmf.

"

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Dmrxasde, @efafasde lmf Dmrxasde-@efafasde

eoefmrfym /mrLasde laperkefm`kmf semrm resda ke Oaflam 'e`mflm pmlm

=1=$, oersmdmmf lefnmf oerlarafym Aflasce bamm` :edbrmtbsce

Eereefafnafn

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eoe`udfym, seomnma mfnnbtm A edmrmfn pmlm =1=3, kelumfym te`mc

lamfnkmt pu`m defjmla mfnnbtm pefnurus pusmt A la urmomym.

edmbef lmf :cmrsbfb oercmsa` dedpefnmruca A uftuk oerneser ke mrmc

kara. Kbfnres A Ketanm pmlm ?1 ktboer =1=3 la urmomym dedutuskmf

defeftmfn pederaftmc se`mdm taflmkmffym de`aflufna kmpatm`asdeG penmma

pederaftmc lamfnnmp seomnma m`mt pefybkbfn kepeftafnmf kmpatm`as. :m`md

kbfnres atu latetmpkmf tuftutmf permturmf sbsam` ouruc seperta upmc

dafadud, dmksadm` jmd kerjm, lmf `maf-`maf uftuk defenmc pefaflmsmf

lmf peroumtmf seefmfn-efmfn .

)mlm =1=3, bamm` :edbrmtasce #roealers )mrtaj

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)KA defuluc A defnmolakmf lara pmlm )mf-As`mdasde lmf oukmf pmlm

pefleratmmf ymfn lacmlmpa rmkymt Aflbfesam. \etmpa seoefmrfym ymfn

defjmla perdmsm`mcmf lm`md perleomtmf afa am`mc perjumfnmf kekumsmmf

lm`md nermkmf atu

)ertudoucmf nb`bfnmf kara lm`md `afnkufnmf A mktu atu sedmkaf

oeromcmym seomo m`mupuf omfymk brmfn defafnnm`kmf A kmrefm putus msm,

derekm ymfn dmsac la lm`md brnmfafasmsa defjmla rmlakm . :epresa ekbfbda

defmdomc kede`mrmtmf rmkymtsertm keresmcmf la km`mfnmf kmud ouruc lmf

tmdpmkfym kmud kbdufas, mpmoa`m laoamrkmf smjm, dufnkaf mkcarfym mkmf

defnumsma nermkmf atu.

#lm keafnafmf lmra rekmf-rekmf \jbkrbmdafbtb mnmr A de`mksmfmkmf

lasap af pmrtma, ymatu mnmr jmfnmf dedob`eckmf mfnnbtm pmrtma `maf akut

lm`md perkudpu`mf derekm. 'mru`mc ketakm \jbkrbmdafbtb oermlm lm`md

pefjmrm kmrefm )erastam >mrut, luet #nus m`ad 6 #olu` /beas defnumsma

persalmfnmf Kbfnres msabfm` A keefmd la urmomym lmf oercmsa`

de`mksmfmkmf lasap`af pmrtma kepmlm nb`bfnmf kbdufas. :efnmf ledakamf,

mfnnbtm-mfnnbtm kbdufas lake`umrkmf lmf uftuk pertmdm km`afym derekm

du`ma oerkedomfn seflara seomnma seoumc nermkmf dmssm.

)erpemcmf mftmrm )KA lmf A smfnmt dedper edmc perjumfnmf

kederlekmmf. (mfn tertafnnm` la A teromna lm`md momfn 0putac4 lmf 0

dermc 0 , lefnmf ke`bdpbk A 0dermc4 pmtuc pmlm )KA lmf defnuomc fmdm

defjmla mrekmt mkymt

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rmkymt talmk mkmf `mna tertmrak mpmoa m talmk mlm mksa. A `eoac omfymk 0msmp

lmrapmlm mpa0 kmrefm perkudpu`mf afa `eoac omfymk oersa+mt pmma ketadomfn

nermkmf re!b`usabfer lmf dedmfn mkmf `efymp seperta nermkmf rmtu mla` la

dmsm-dmsm `mdpmu.

etmcuf kedulamf, \jbkrbmdafbtb defu`as ouku As`md lmf !bsam`asde

< =1?$5. \u`asmf \jbkrbmdafbtb oertujumf uftuk 0 dedoumt percatufnmf 4

lefnmf aleb`bna sbsam`asde. Am defymtmkmf lefnmf omcm sebrmfn As`md

lefnmf seflarafym mlm`mc sbsam`as. /mksulfym, jakm katm kmud dus`ad, katm

sulmc pmsta kmud sbsam as. 'mnafym, sbsam asde seomnma atm-atm

kedmsymrmkmtmf sejm`mf lefnmf As`md sepmfjmfn oertujumf uftuk

dedperomaka fmsao nb`bfnmf dmfusam daskaf ymfn tercatufn omfymk, ymkfa

mnmr derekm oasm deflmpmtkmf fmsao ymfn sesuma lefnmf lermjmt dmfusam.

mduf am defymlmra omcm sbsam`asde oukmf cmfym se`-se` ekbfbda, tetmpa

junm defnmflufn mjmrmf +a`sm+mt terteftu.

)ederaftmc defmout cmk defnmlmkmf pertedumf cmdpar la se`uruc

Aflbfesam uftuk )KA, lmf keomfymkmf brnmfasmsa ouruc ymfn oermlm la

ommc pefnmmsmf kbdufasde. \almk larmnukmf `mna omcm taflmkmf afa

te`mc defyeomokmf nmnm` dedomfnuf kbftmk ymfn e+ekta+ mftmrkmud

kbdufas lefnmf persmtumf-persmtumf ouruc. #kaomtfym, urutmf strmtenas

pedbnbkmf talmk oerjm`mf sesuma lefnmf ymfn sulmc lajmm`kmf. :atmcmffym

cmdpar sedum pedadpaf ouruc ymfn ter`aomt lm`md pedbnbkmf oesmr-

oesmrmf la urmomym pmlm tmcuf =1?%, te`mc dedmksm )mrtma Kbdufas

oekerjm la ommc tmfmc lmf keca`mfnmf pedadpaf-pedadpaf ymfn pm`afn

ceomt .

==

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Kbdufasde defuflm re!b`usa secafnnm omru pemc pmlm dm`md =?

b!edoer =1?9. /efurut refmfm, re!b`usa mkmf laetuskmf pertmdm km`a la

)mlmfn, tmpa terfymtm pemc la 'mtm!am, pedoerbftmkmf la lmermc )mlmfn

omru dufu` lum ou`mf kedulamf lmf sete`mc curu-cmrm la &mm oefmr-oefmr

lapmlmdkmf.

)edoerbftmkmf =1?9;=1?" seoefmrfym `eoac derupmkmf sumtu taflmkmf

putus msm lmrapmlm sumtu perbommf ymfn lamfnnmp dereout kekumsmmf ;4

Kmda defmfnnmp mlm`mc `eoac omak oerjumfn lmrapmlm dmta tmfpm oerjumfn ,4

ledakamf ymfn lakmtmkmf b`ec sm`mc sebrmfn pedadpaf )KA kepmlm

Kbdufas Afterfmsabfm`. )edoerbftmkmf atu lefnmf dulmc latudpms b`ec

pederaftmc kmrefm brnmfasmsa kbdufas pmlm mktu atu sulmc oenatu

la`edmckmf b`ec taflmkmf pb asa lmf tekmfmf-tekmfmf mfmrkas secafnnm

pedoerbftmkmf atu tmk terkbbrlafmsa lmf `bkm` sa+mtfym, fmduf ledakamf, afa

derupmkmf oukta oetmpm de`ums lmf deflm`mdfym rmsm talmk pums brmfn

Aflbfesam. #kmf tetmpa, pederaftmc talmk defmfnnmpa perafnmtmf atu lefnmf

peruomcmf. /m`mcmf, seomnma erdafmf lmra sumsmfm re!b`usabfer mktu atu,

pederaftmc de`mkukmf pefaflmsmf semrm oesmr-oesmrmf. )KA cmfur lm`md

prbses terseout, seoumc kmdp kbfseftrmsa lamlmkmf la seoumc lmermc

terpefa` la 'b!ef :anbe , lmf omfymk kmud pedoerbftmk, kmler-kmler

kbdufas pedoerbftmk sertm kmler-kmler kbdufas defnmkcara calup derekm

la smfm. )ederaftmc jmjmcmf deda`ac uftuk talmk de`mrmfn )KA seomnma

brnmfasmsa ymfn defnmfmd kemdmfmf lmf ketertaomf. Oukudmf ymfn

lamfnnmp `eoac sesuma mlm`mc defmfnkmp pmrm pedadpaffym lmf dedoumfn

derekm tmfpm prbses pefnmla`mf.

=?

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:efnmf latudpmsfym usmcm pedoerbftmkmf pmlm =1?9;=1?", )KA terpmksm

oernermk laommc tmfmc. 'mfymk pedadpaffym `mra ke`umr fenera seperta

/ussb, #`adaf, lmf edmbef ymfn perna ke usam, oerusmcm defnbrnmfasmsa

pmrtma lmra seoermfn `mut, sedeftmrm ymfn latmfnkmp mlm`mc ymfn

defnbrnmfasmsa nermkmf ommc tmfmc mtmu oernermk mkta+ lefnmf mfnnbtm

pmrtma mtmu brnmfasmsa dmssm.

:mra `umr fenera, usmcm defnbrnmfasmsa kedom`a )KA oerjm`mf terus. )mlm

#pra` =1%, /ussb kedom`a lmf la urmomym am dedoeftuk )KA ommc tmfmc

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omru pmlm =1$3 )KA lmpmt defnejmr ymfn sulmc lampma b`ec )A, /msyuda

mtmu )mrtma bsam`as Aflbfesam.

)mlm tmcuf ymfn smdm, terjmla )erastam /mlauf. )mlm =3 eptedoer =1$3

pmna cmra, )esaflb defnmdoa`m`ac afstm`msa-afstm`msa !atm` la /mlauf mtms

afstruksa pedadpaf fmsabfm`fym, udmrsbfb. 'ersmdm lefnmf 'ramnle ?1

\A

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ete`mc )ederaftmc A defnmkua kedom a eksatefsa )KA, pmrtma terseout

dedpufyma kesedpmtmf uftuk oermkta!atms semrm `enm`. akmp pederaftmc

atu dedoerakmf lmdpmk ymfn `aums tercmlmp tbkbc-tbkbc )KA. /erekm ymfn

defnca`mfn sejmk )erastam /mlauf =1$3, du`ma ke`umr lmra

persedoufyamffym. )mlm eptedoer =1$1, #`adafa )rmarblarljb ymfn

lacbrdmta seomnma 0 tce nremt b`l dmf nermkmf kbdufas la Aflbfesam 0

dufu` la (bnymkmrtm. Kedufu`mf mkta!as =1?7-mf atu sufnnuc la `umr

lunmmf lmf defjmla oeratm defnejutkmf. Om` afa laseomokmf la dmsm atu

kmomr ymfn tersamr defyeoutkmf #`adaf tems se`mdm mksa la /mlauf.

:efnmf kedufu`mf #`adaf, defufjukkmf omcm sakmp pederaftmc uftuk

talmk de`mrmfn )KA deflmpmt respbf pbsata+ lmra derekm.

)ersbm`mf pertmdm ymfn lacmlmpa )KA mlm`mc cmfurfym struktur pmrtma

mkaomt )erastam /mlauf, mkta!as omfymk ymfn teroufuc sertm talmk selakat

ymfn dmsac deflekmd la pefjmrmG kbfsekuefsa `maffym ymkfa atrm ouruk

pmrtma. Atu`mc kefymtmmf boyekta+ ymfn latedua #`adaf. 'enatu pmrtma oermlm

la ommc keflm`afym, seomnma `mfnkmc mm` am defncadpuf kedom`a

kekumtmf kbdufas ymfn tererma-oerma.

#`adaf du`ma de`mkukmf upmym-upmym kbfkret nufm defncmpuskmf atrm

ouruk pmrtma. Am eflerufn dedomfnuf kedom`a pmrtma seomnma pmrtma kea`,

tetmpa smfnmt se`ekta+ lmf dedpufyma pbsasa ymfn kumt lefnmf lukufnmf

kmler ymfn mkmp. #`adaf junm defnceflmka seomnma pmrtma kmler, lefnmf

defermpkmf tmktak af+`atrmsa ymfn ukup jatu G am dederaftmckmf kepmlm pmrm

kmler uftuk dedmsuka brnmfasmsa kepedulmmf, ouruc, petmfa, lmf `maf-`maf.

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)mlm " &mfumra =1%?, terjmla suksesa kepedadpafmf lm`md pmrtma. #alat

defnmdoa`m`ac pbsasa #`adaf, nuru pb atakfym seflara. :m`md susufmf

pb`atoarb tmdpmk lbdafmsa nb`bfnmf dulm seperta #alat, 8ukdmf, ulasdmf,

selmfnkmf nb`bfnmf tum lamka`a #`adaf. \mdpa`fym kepedadpafmf

nb`bfnmf dulm, terutmdm sbsbk #alat, te`mc dedoerakmf mtmtmf-mtmtmf

terseflara. /erekm defnedomfnkmf brmk ymfn kcms omna pmrtma. Omsa`-cmsa`

ymfn lampma )KA lm`md )eda`u =1%% dmupuf )eda`u lmermc =1%" mlm`mc

oukta omcm nmras pb`atakfym tepmt lmf lateradm.

)resalef`mc ymfn lefnmf nanac oerkmdpmfye uftuk dedmsukmf )KA ke

lm`md kmoafet pmsmpeda`u lmf se`m`u defenmskmf omcm am talmk mkmf

defufnnmfna 0kulm oerkmka tanm4, ymatu seoumc pederaftmcmf ymfn cmfym

demka`a tanm lmra edpmt pedefmfn utmdm )eda`u, ymatu )A, /msyuda lmf

. )resalef se`m`u smjm dedoe`m )KA setamp km`a pmrtma atu deflmpmt

sermfnmf. `ec kmrefm atu, `mrmfnmf-`mrmfnmf #fnkmtmf 'ersefjmtm tercmlmp

mkt!as-mkta!as )KA mtmu ke`bdpbk-ke`bdpbk +rbft derekm se`m`u laadomfna

lefnmf tulucmf kbdufas-pcboam lmra presalef.

Ououfnmf presalef lefnmf )KA mlm`mc sm`mcsmtu ymfn pm`afn rudat lmf

ruet lmra senm`m dmmd dmfu!er pb`atak. :mra kutapmf tu`asmf ukmrfb lmf

palmtb-palmtbfym teroukta omcm kekumtmf lmf `mtmroe`mkmfn afte`ektum`

ukmrfb `eoac omfymk laoeftuk b`ec oeromnma sudoer sbsam`as lmf

defufjukkmf dafmt ymfn oesmr tercmlmp pedakarmf-pedakarmf ymfn oeromu

dmrLasde-`efafasde. #kmf tetmpa, junm mlm oukta lmra pera`mku pb`atakfym

se`mdm oeoermpm tmcuf omcm kbdatdef teroesmr presalef mlm`mc pmflmfnmf

6pmflmfnmf fmsabfm asfym.

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Afa omrmfnkm`a oasm defje`mskmf defnmpm deskapuf terjmla )erastam

/mlauf, presalef tmdpmkfym defnmfnnmp omcm oersmdm lefnmf brmfn-

brmfn kbdufas lmf brmfn Aflbfesam `maffym, fmsabfm`asde cmrus

lalmcu`ukmf G lmf omcm aleb`bna mpmpuf ymfn defnnmfta atm-atm

fmsabfm`as cmrus lamomakmf. #tmu dufnkaf junm, ukmrfb talmk perfmc

defnmfnnmp )KA deda`aka pe`umfn ymfn `eoac oesmr lmrapmlm ke`bdpbk-

ke`bdpbk pb`atak `maffym uftuk deflmpmtkmf kelulukmf ymfn oasm

defeftmfn aomm presalef. #pmpuf m`msmffym, ketakm )KA du`ma defmouc

neflermfn permfn uftuk dereout kekumsmmf, ukmrfb deda`ac uftuk talmk

de`mmf kekumsmmf kbdufas terseout.

:efnmf dedoerakmf lukufnmf kepmlm aleb`bna lmf struktur pb`atak

ukmrfb, demfnnufnkmf perfmf fmsabfm`fym lmf setuju uftuk defyesumakmf

lara lefnmf keoajmkmf fmsabfm`fym, sertm defmrak nb`bfnmf kbdufas ke mrmc

mkbdblmsa ymfn `eobac je`ms tercmlmp trmlasa, ukmrfb lmf )KA dedperb`ec

lukufnmf ymfn kumt lmra `mpasmf dmsymrmkmt ymfn smdm ke`ms ommc la

lmermc perkbtmmf ymfn terpermfnkmp la mftmrm pefnmruc trmlasa lmf pefnmruc

dblerfG semrm `eoac deflm`md, lmra km`mfnmf nb`bfnmf momfnmf la &mm

\efnmc lmf &mm \adur ymfn deraflukmf kesmdmmf lmf jmfja-jmfja teftmfn

kecalupmf ymfn `eoac omak. \almk ter`m`u oer`eoacmf uftuk defnmtmkmf omak

ukmrfb dmupuf )KA defyumrmkmf keoutucmf lmf kepeftafnmf `mpasmf

dmsymrmkmt terseout.

Mm`mupuf terlmpmt persmdmmf mftmrm kelum aleb`bna mtmu kepeftafnmf da`ak

ukmrfb lmf )KA, mlm kbf+`ak ymfn terse`uoufn la mftmrm kelumfym lm`md

cm` tujumf ymfn afnaf lampma. &akm ukmrfb oerusmcm uftuk defnnmoufnkmf

dmssm brmfn-brmfn &mm lefnmf dmssm suku `maffym defjmla smtu kesmtumf

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ymfn semrm sbsam` oersa+mt kbfser!mta+ lmf lapadpaf b`ec pmrm pedadpaf

derekm dmkm nb`bfnmf kbdufas afnaf dedboa asmsa dmssm uftuk

defudomfnkmf kesmtumf sbsam` ymfn laafnafkmf b`ec ukmrfb. &e`ms omcm

lukufnmf )KA omna ukmrfb latujukmf uftuk dedperb`ec rumfn nermk lmf

oernufm seomnma pefyeadomfn tercmlmp kekumtmf #fnkmtmf :mrmt.

#kcarfym, )KA dermsm `eoac omak uftuk dedasmckmf lara lmra kbfsefsus lmf

pb`m febtrmlasabfm` uftuk defenmc tertutupfym kedufnkafmf dedperb`ec

kekumsmmf jakm ukmrfb defafnnm` lufam mtmu defnuflurkmf lara. umtu

keuftufnmf omna nb`bfnmf kbdufas omcm pmlm eptedoer=19 perjumfnmf

mfta-adperam`asde ymfn la`mfmrkmf ukmrfb dedperepmt terjmlafym kbf+`ak

`mfnsufn lefnmf *elermsa /m`mysam ymfn lalukufn b`ec mfnkmtmf oersefjmtm

Afnnras. Aflbfesam lakumsma b`ec rmlakm`asde ymfn defym`m-fym`m, ymfn

latujukmf b`ec ukmrfb ymfn ceomt laomflafnkmf lefnmf brmfn `maf. )KA

deruduskmf sumtu strmtena 0b++efsa+ re!b`usabfer 0 uftuk dedbjbkmf lmf

defncmfurkmf kekumtmf mfta-kbdufas sertm dedoumfn rmftma ymfn

defncmdomt derekm uftuk akut sertm lm`md pederaftmcmf.

eoefmrfym keseadomfnmf mftmrm ukmrfb, teftmrm, lmf )KA seomnma senatanm

kekumtmf terus oerneser lmf oeruomc oeftuk lmra sedu`m. bekmrfb lmf

teftmrm defjmla ufsur pbkbk lmf kekumtmffym mnmk seadomfn. :efnmf

sejud`mc ke`acmamf, smtu tmfnmf ukmrfb dedenmfn )KA ymfn deder`ukmf

per`aflufnmfffym lmf tmfnmf `maffym dedenmfn teftmrm ymfn rmnu lmf talmk

dedpufyma kepmstamf tujumf. Am oercmsa`kmf defedpmtkmf lara pmlm pbsasa

seftrm` ymfn ufnnu` lmf dedmafkmf lum kekumsmmf `maf lm`md sumtu

keseadomfnmf. Oafnnm kedulamf senatanm afa oeruomc `mna oeftukfym,

ladmfm pbsasa teftmrm mnmk derbsbt lmf )KA fmak cmdpar deflekmta tafnkmt

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pufmk ukmrfb. #lm ymfn defnmtmkmf omcm mpmoa`m ukmrfb

defafnnm`kmf pmfnnufn pb`atak, talmk defb`mk kedufnkafmf omcm )KA

mkmf oerkumsm lmf teftmrm mkmf dedoer`mkukmf )KA seomnma dusuc. Afa

defjmla pertmfymmf mpmkmc cm` terseout defjmla mm` du`mfym perastam

>7.

@ukm-@ukm Yejmrmc

)efnuflurmf lara becmrtb pmlm =113 oerpefnmruc lm`md upmym defe`mmc

kedom a kbftruksa sejmrmc resda perastam =19%. mrmsa perastam =19%

defjmla `eoac oer!mramsa G oa`m lu`u perastam afa cmfym lakbftruksa lmra

sulut pmflmfn read rle 'mru dmkm kafa seom`akfym, kbftruksa sejmrmc

perastaum =19% lmra perspekta+ rle 8mdm du`ma defnedukm. )eruomcmf

atu mftmrm `maf latmflma lefnmf oerelmrfym ouku-ouku terkmat perastam =19%

ymfn la dmsm kekumsmmf read becmrtb la`mrmfn, latmdomc dedbmr,

btboabnrm+a, lmf oabnrm+a omak ymfn latu`as b`ec eks-eks tmpb` =19% dmupuf

pacmk `maf. e`maf ouku-ouku, terlmpmt junm oeftuk `maf seperta `mpbrmf

jurfm`astak, laskusa lmf sedafmr puo`ak, pedeftmsmf temter sertm pmdermf sefa

rupm.

)eruomcmf `maf junm tmdpmk lm`md keoajmkmf pb`atak pederaftmc. edmsm lum

presalef sete`mc becmrtb, ymkfa '& Omoaoae lmf #olurrmcdmf Mmcal,

mmfm resda teftmfn kbdufasde te`mc oeruomc. :a dmsm Omoaoae, deska

setefnmc cmta, terjmla edpmt pbaf oerkmatmf lefnmf sakmp pederaftmc

tercmlmp mmfm kbdufasde. )ertmdm, pederaftmc defnceftakmf

pefmymfnmf +a`d 0 )efnkcamfmtmf >7;)KA 0 ymfn rutaf latmymfnkmf

\e`e!asa epuoak Aflbfesam

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dedoeomskmf =7 tmpb` =19% ymfn dmsac tersasm. Ketanm, pederaftmc talmk

defb`mk pedoeftukmf ()K) 9% < (mymsmf )efe`atamf Kbromf )edoufucmf

=19% 6 =199 5. Keedpmt, pmrm mpmrmt pederaftmc defnceftakmf pefnnufmmf

retbrakm 0 mspmlm tercmlmp mfmdmf ; omcmym `mtef kbdufasde. 0

ete`mc terpa ac seomnma presalef, #olurrmcdmf Mmcal defnmjukmf

rekbfsa`amsa fmsabfm`. #`msmf la om`ak afasamta+fym oerkefmf lefnmf eks

tmpb` lmf ke`umrnmfym.

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atu oufnkmd teftmfn mpm ymfn kmud kbdufas leratm lmf `mkukmf sesulmc

persatam terseout terjmla.

)edomftmamf dmssm` =19% 6 =199 defufjukkmf resda rle 'mru te`mc

oer`udurmf lmrmc lmf defbrec `ukm ymfn defymkatkmf omna rmkymt

Aflbfesam. )ertmfymmf mlm`mc cmrus`mc sejmrmc ourmd atu katm `upmkmf lefnmf

defyboekffym oenatu smjm lmra `edomr ouku sejmrmc omfnsm katmN 8m`u.

'mnmadmfm mrm katm defyedouckmf `ukm atu secafnnm tudouc sakmp sm`afn

dedmm+kmf lmf de`enmkmf sedum pacmk N

\mfpm oeomf dmsm `m`u, se`uruc omfnsm katm dedomfnuf mtmu dedomfnuf

kedom`a cuoufnmf ymfn talmk laomymfna b`ec kbf+`ak-kbf+`ak lmf keoefamf

cmra kedmraf. Afa sumtu kbflasa ladmfm terjmla rmsm sm afn permym, omak

semrm cbrabftm` dmupuf !ertakm`, sumtu kbflasa sedum pacmk permym

omcm tmk sebrmfn puf mkmf defnusak kbeksastefsa lmdma ymfn lampma. Afa

junm sumtu kbflasa ladmfm sedum pacmk sepmkmt uftuk defutup 0 ouku dmsm

`m`u4. :a mtms oukudmsm `m`u ymfn tertutup afa`mc dmsm kafa laoafnkma

kedom`a lmf dmsm lepmf larefmfmkmf oersmdm.

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/mkm`mc afa lapreseftmsakmf lm`md )e`ufurmf lmf :askusa 'ukuYukmrfb,

Dmrxasde & @efafasde