Suggestions of methods to oxygenize the deeper part of

The Baltic ProperPeter Kjaerboe1, Stefan Nyström, Arne Moberg2, and Nick Aladin3

1 – KTH, 2 - o2gruppen, 3 - LaboratoryBrackish Water Hydrobiology, Zoological Institute of RAS

The Baltic Sea Day

St. Petersburg, March 21-23, 2007

Efficiency

• Systems forced by natural renewable energy

• More efficient systems commonly found in nature

Problem: oxygen-deficit in The Baltic Sea

• Red area, oxygen less than 2 ml/l

• Black, hydrogen sulphide no life except certain bacteria

• October 2006, SMHI

What if we succed to oxygenize The Baltic?

• Among other species, neccesary for diversity and survival of mankind, this pal can be saved

• Value of fish 1 billion euros and tourism 0,2 billion euros per year

”Continuity of mass” yearly flows, q, km 3 /year

Rain 200Brakish out 1 000

Salt in 500

Evaporation 200

Run off 500

Circulation in The Baltic Sea

• Section view

• From Sea Research institute Helsinki, Finland

• Salt water entrainement into The Baltic Sea, plan view

Density depends on temperature and salinity

• Plimsoll, legend

Example ship side

Syreverk, idea presented 2005 in Gotland

• Syreverk can mix sweet with salt, picture. It can also mix sweet

Waves, energy from wind

• Kinetic energy

transformed into

potential

Hydraulic model

Syreverk during test,

• Scale

length 1:85

velocity 1:9

Wessel with model

Run off through Danish sounds except west Sweden and Denmark

Saltlock in The Big Belt sound, idea presented in 2005

• Meteorological tide causes alternating flow in/out

• Moore salt can be brought into the Baltic Sea by reducing the outflow, also look at

http://o2gruppen.se/swe.html

Located in Denmark, Big Belt Sound

Saltlock

• Saltlock overview

• Saltlock closed

• Saltlock open

Mechanism

• Cyclones with low air- pressure passing Denmark brings water

• Saltlock open when inflow, closed when outflow

Wind and surface currents

Direction and approximate values of currents due to meteorological tide

a b c• Velocity profile in Big Belt Sound regarding saltinflow,

bottom, and brackish water flow. Approximate velocities around 0,2 to 0,4 knots, a. When easterly or southerly wind reaches 25 m/s the outflow has an average velocity of 1 knot, b. Inflow, velocity profile with an average velocity of approximately 1,25 knots. This occurs when westerly or northerly winds reaches 25 m/s.

More info!

• O2gruppen see http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4607854240164995996  and http://o2gruppen.se

Oscillations, time and causes

• Thousands of years due to ice• 250 years due to change of speed of earth rotation• 80 year due to solar activity atmospheric activity,

cyclone-anticyclone• Yearly due to change of inclination of rotation• Monthly due to gravitational forces with moon• Weekly due to cyclone ocillations• Daily due to rotation• Hours due to moon• Minutes due to wind, waves• Seconds due to breathing

Adaptation

• Living species have been developed with these oscillations and has adapted to them

• Examples are hibernation, diapause, even resting during every seven day, Sunday

Peter works with heating of buildings

• Windows examples • The floatglass and the window is one of the more important engineering ideas lately. Most people can afford good hygiene indoors, light is good for health and makes cleaning possible, (You can see!), without high heating cost

• Several panes affordable!

Engineering measures are used in many all day situations

Measures, example• Insulation, furnace

• Knives, penicilin• Plough, stove, refrigerator

• Pencil, computer• Tools• Wheels, ship on water

and in air• …

Situation, example• Except in building

hygiene also • Health• Food production and

preparation• Work• Industry• Transport

• …

Engineering have always both positive and negative

consequences

As long we can argue without reservations and with somebody listening we can find solutions either stop, replace or invent something better

However man made solutions always less efficient than natural

Present work

• Model 3 will soon be presented

• Model 4 will soon be presented

Thank You for Your attention