Success factors of bioenergy for CHG mitigation in Scandinavia Satu Helynen VTT Energy
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Transcript of Success factors of bioenergy for CHG mitigation in Scandinavia Satu Helynen VTT Energy
ENERGY
Success factors of bioenergy for CHG mitigation in Scandinavia
Satu HelynenVTT Energy
1. Use of biomass based fuels in Europe
2. Role of forest industry in bionergy sector
3. Combined heat and power (CHP) production
4. Development of new technologies on bioenergy
5. Financial and legislative incentives
6. Future challenges
IEA Bioenergy Task 38 workshop 12-13 November 2001 in Edinburgh
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Current use of biomass fuels
Source: ALTENER AFB-net V, Task 2: Import & Export Possibilities and Fuel Prices
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Source: ALTENER AFB-net V, Task 2: Import & Export Possibilities and Fuel Prices
Annual biomass resources andthe share of the present use
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Annual fellings in Europe
Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 1999, Temperate and Boreal Forest Resources Assessment 2000, FAO
ENERGY
IM PORTS1213.6
INDIGENOUS ENERGY 382.0
OILCOALNATURAL GASNUCLEAR
ELECTRIC ITY IM PORTS
155.8149.0143.6235.4
43.9
Stock changes and statis tical difference
Stock changes of fuel peat7.9
Exports of fuel peat
0.6
FUEL PE AT 50 .7
WO OD 279.0
HYDRO POW ER 52.3
E. A lakan gas Sou rce : S tatistics F inland
ENERGY BALANCE IN FINLAND 2000 (PJ) ELECTRIC ITY
PRODUCTIO N BY
CONDE NS ING POW ER
Hydro power 52.3
Im ports 43.9
Nuclear235.4
Natural gas 1 .6
W o o d 4 .2
Coal 49 .7
Peat 12 .0
Oil2.0
Wood 12 .7
20.5
154.2
45.8
45.8
42.3
ELECTRIC ITY
SUPP LY
HEAT
SUPP LY
76.3
109.6
157.1
43.9
203.0 9.2Losses
Other 6.4consum ption
24 .9
Electric ity exports 1 .2
Transport 1 .9
Losses 257.6
EnergyBalance2000.cdr
15 .10.01
Crude oil and NLG 485.9
Stock changes 7 .0
Oil refinery 478.9 Oil products
Stock changes 1 .6
140.0 2.0 2.1 8.52.1
49.7 42.3 1.7 2.6 0.6
2.60.9
6.18.9
TRANSP ORT182.1 PJ
Oil exports
International m arine bunkersNon-energy use and statistical d ifference
Natural gas 63 .1
Oil71 .0
Coal31 .6
211.2
27.043.0
22.7
1.4
Coal transform ation
Raw m ateria l use
INDUS TRY
511.6 PJ
Peat 12 .5Wood 166.7
DH9.5
157.1Wood48.3
Oil74 .6
Natural gas2.6
Peat0.9
HOUSE HOLDS
AGRICULTURE
COM MERCE AND
PUBLIC SECTOR
321.9 PJ
109.6
DH 85.8
1.2
9.2 Coal2.6
Oil8.5
Natural gas6.1
Wood 9.2Peat 2.6 SE PARATE
DHPRODUCTIO N
1.227.8
Oil4.8
Coal1.7
Natural gas 8.9
ELECTRIC ITY FROM
INDUS TRIALCHP
42.3 14.9
Peat 4.0
Wood 37.8Oil2.1
Coal 42.3
Natural gas 59.6
Peat 25 .9
12.0
M UNIC IPAL
CHP 27.8 9.5
Losses 8.8
14.9
85.8
20.5
Electric ity 1 .9
E N E R G Y
15.3
ENERGY
Existing power and heating plants usingbiomass in Finland
Combustion pcs/MWth
- grate firing up to 100 MW >200/>2000
- fluidised bed boilers: 5 - 300 MW bubbling bed 30/2500
20 - 600 MW circulating bed 15/1500
- recovery boilers for black liquor up to 500 MW 20/4300
Gasification
- fixed bed gasifiers up to 10 MW 10/50
- fluidised bed gasifiers up to 100 MW 2/100
ENERGY
Background for the development and choice of fluidised bed technology
debarking of logs was moved to paper, pulp and saw mills:
boilers needed for demolition of wet bark (up to 60 %
moisture content) wet bark did not satisfy steam demand of the mill alone, coal
and peat were used as additional fuels municipalities built peat fired pulverised fuel boilers that have
converted to bubbling beds using also wood chips paper and pulp mills converted grate boilers to bubbling beds
in order to utilise in the same boiler milled peat, coal,
wood chips and sludges
ENERGY
COM BINED HEAT AND POW ERGENERATION
SEPARATE HEAT AND POW ERGENERATION
Total efficiency 85 %
Fu
el
100
Fu
el 1
33
Boiler losses10
Boiler losses7
Boiler losses7
Electromechanical losses5
Electromechanical losses 3
Condensation losses 32
Electricity 28
Heat 56
Heat 56
44
70
56
63
Electricity 28
Total efficiency 64 %
ENERGY
Biomass CHP technologiesPower output, MW e
Fuels Technology Status
< 1 solid biomass Stirling (< 500 kWe) D
biomass (flue gas) ORC -Organic Rankine Cycle D
biogas Engine C
1 - 3 solid biomass Direct combustion and steam turbine/engine C
solid biomass Gasifier and engine C
liquid biomass Engine D
> 5 (max. 280 MW under construction)
solid biomass Grate or fluidised bed combustion and steam turbine (Rankine)
C
solid biomass and waste
Gasifier connected in existing steam boiler (Rankine)
C
solid biomass and waste
Pressurized gasification or combustion with gas and steam turbine (IGCC)
D
ENERGY
Combined heat and power (CHP) production in municipalities
Pcs. MW (thermal) MW (electricity)Austria 40 300 naDenmark 11 480 150Estonia 2 28 7.5Finland 33 3500 1250Poland 50 800 200Slovakia 12 1282 123Sweden 24 na naUK 3 58 7
ENERGY
Finnish experiences how to reduce priceson biomass-based fuels
competition and operating fuel market are needed: more
than one fuel supplier operating nationally and hundreds of
local contractors presently short-term contracts (<1 year) and contracts with
several suppliers are preferred by energy producers boilers and plants are designed for several fuels: biomass is
used only if it is the most competitive alternative harvesting and logistics of biomass-based fuels is integrated
to wood procurement for pulp and saw mills harvesting methods are developed systematically
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Fuel prices in Finland, Denmark and Swedenfor plants 1 - 5 MWth
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Fuel prices in Finland, Denmark and Swedenfor plants over 50 MWth
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Finland Sweden Denmark
€/G
J
Forest residues
Industrial by-products (solid)
Domestic (residential) firewood
Wood wastes
Refined wood fuels
Other biomass resources
Peat
Heavy fuel oil
Light fuel oil
Natural gas
Coal
ENERGY
Production methods for logging residuesin Finland
CHIPPING AT STAND
CHIPPING OF LOGGING RESIDUE AT END-USE
FACILITIES
COM PACTING OF RESIDUES
CHIPPING AT ROADSIDE
CHIPPING AT TERM INAL
TRANSPORTATION OF RESIDUES
ENERGY
20
1116
1412
12
8
112
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Logging residues Whole tree
Overhead
Roadtransport
Chipping
Foresthaulage
Harvesting
10.1
5.0
0
FIM/MWh EUR/MWh
FIM/MWh
FIM/MWh
15.8
13.6
9.1
14.315.0
10.4
7.7
11.1
13.8
10.3
7.4
8.9
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Small stemsdelimbed
Small stemsundelimbed
Logging residues Forest chips average
1982
1995
1999
EUR/MWh
LOGGING RESIDUES Chipping 34 % of costs Average price in 1999
– 44 FIM/MWh– 14.7 DEM/MWh
SMALL-SIZED WOOD Harvesting 31% of costs Average price in 1999
– 61 FIM/MWh– 20.3 DEM/MWh
SUPPORT FOR WOOD FUELS Harvesting; young stands 14
FIM/MWh (30 FIM/m3) Chipping 12 FIM/MWh
(10 FIM/m3 loose) young stands Electricity 25 FIM/MWhe
(6 - 12 FIM/MWh for fuel)
Cost structure and prices of wood fuelsin Finland
ENERGY
Stoves and small boilers for buildings:large potential to reduce the use of oil
Heating ofbuildings
Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Houses
(1000)
% Houses
(1000)
% Houses
(1000)
% Houses
(1000)
%
Biomass 26 1 300 13 360 20 578 13
Oil 597 25 519 22 180 10 944 21
Natural gas 262 11 28 1 - - 42 1
Electricity 237 10 460 20 1260 70 1019 23
District heating 1283 53 1042 44 - - 1519 34
Operation and maintenance should be easy High efficiency and low emissions-> High quality fuels: Pellets and bio-oils
ENERGY
Financial incentives for promotion of bioenergy in Finland
Investments on R&D&D in order to reduce costs of fuels
and energy production Investment subsidies: 5 % - 50 % (demonstration) Carbon dioxide taxes for fossil fuels, since 1997 only for
heat production because deregulation of electricity market Subsidies for indigenous fuels to make them competitive
compared to imported fuels: electricity produced by wood
fuels 4.2 euros/MWh (wind 6.9 euros/MWh)
ENERGY
Energy taxes in Finland 1990-2001
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
-
eu
ros
/MW
h
Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Coal Peat Natural gas
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Future challenges
Scandinavian countries have been during the last 30 years a demonstration field for new large scale bioenergy technologies:
Available commercial products for biomass and waste: bubbling fluidised bed boiler circulating fluidised bed boiler atmospheric fluidised bed gasifier
Under development: once-through supercritical fluidised bed fixed bed gasifier connected to an engine new cofiring concepts for coal boilers PFBC and IGCC gasification of black liquor concepts for integrated bioproduct (fibre, chemicals, liquid biofuels, pellets, etc.) and bioenergy production from biomass and waste