A 3-D models • 197

Acceptability of risk assumptions • 316

Acceptability criteria • 20 Acceptance

public • 324 Accidental emissions • 69 Accidental exposure • 169 Accidental release • 194

anhydrous ammonia • 286 at Bhopal (toxic gas) • 219 at Mexico City (toxic gas) • 219 of anhydrous ammonia • 286 studies, on • 286

Accidental release modeling comparison of the techniques • 283

Accidental releases frequency and magnitude, of • 79 historical data • 79 of dioxin at Seveso • 74 of methyl isocyanate at Bhopal• 74 oftoxic gas • 71; 7 4

Accidents frequency • 182 reporting system (MARS) • 288 scenario for H2S release • 286 severe, major • 320

Accumulation factors • 307 Acid rain • 309 Actual levels • 309 Actual loads • 309 ADABAS database

management system • 288 ADAM code • 248; 285; 287; 291 Adiabatic flame temperature • 113 ADPIC code • 254 Advection-diffusion model • 224 Aerosols • 257; 281

liquid • 195 AFTOX code • 224; 234; 285 Airentrainment•195; 199

model, for • 275 Airborne dispersion models • 101

SUBJECT INDEX

ALARP • See Risk principle AWHA code • 285 ALWAS multi-media system • 285 Ammonia • 71; 73; 95; 103; 107; 145; 199;

251;257;284;286 accidental releases, of • 73 dispersion range, for • 93 lethal concentration range • 92 list of accidental releases • 72

Ammonia accidents • 74 Ammonia dispersion

modeling, of • 204 Ammonia spillage • 95 Analytical models • 200 Aperture

equivalent diameter • 100 equivalent diameter, of • 98

ARCHIE code • 246 Atkins ES code • 252 ATMAS code • 271 Atmospheric pollution

effects • 317 Atmospheric transport

ATMAS code • 271 Atmospopheric turbulence • 90

B BCF gas•270 Bernoulli's equation • 99 Biocides • 16 Blast

direct • 159 indirect • 159

Blast damages • 156 Blast effects

survey, of•l55 Blast impulse • 159 Blast injury • 159 Blast overpressure • 156 Blast wave • 132

characteristics, of • 126 BLEVE • 76; 123

description, of • 78 LPG BLEVE, at Mexico City • 78

334 SUBJECT INDEX

Boussinesq approximation • 199; 201; 255 BOX code • 264 Box models • 197; 282; 291

advanced type, of • 196 description, of • 205 for aerosols or reactive chemical clouds •

199 for dense gas plumes • 198 for instantaneous release • 282 for pure vapors • 198 Gaussian tracer models • 196 generalized Box models • 200 review, of • 198 SLUMP code • 253 with energy conservation • 220

Britter & McQuaid code • 285 Bulk Richardson number • 258; 268 Burro field trials • 267; 273

c Canvey report • 43; 85; 91; 134 Carbon dioxide • 114 Casualties

categorization, of • 126 estimation of the number, of • 160 from explosion • 128 from fire balls and BLEVE • 123

Cause-consequence analysis • 34 CEC directory • 16 CEC documentation center • 287 CHARM code • 235; 285 Check-List analysis

definition, of • 169 Chemical accidents

cause, of • 71 evacuation causes • 71 frequency, of • 71 Sorenson's list, of • 71

Chemobyl • 328 China Lake field trials • 252; 273; 276; 278 Chlorine • 71; 103; 107; 108; 110; 145;

221;240 dispersion range, for • 93 lethal concentration range • 92

Chlorine accidents • 74 Chronic exposure • 169 CIGALE2 code • 239; 280 Clear space • 162 Closure of second order • 201; 27 5

Cloud density • 194 inertia effects • 196

Clouds model for non-reactive cloud • 199

COBRA code • 239 Code evaluation

3-D hydrodynamic model • 274 Code of practice

definition, of • 169 Combustion • 112 Competent authority

definition, of • 169 Computer codes

CRUNCH•106 for dense gas dispersion • 104 for dense gas modeling • 225 RISKAT•109

CONCAWE•25 Consequence

categories, of • 51 Consequence analysis

codes, for • 98 DECARA code • 288 of chemical installations • 288

Consequence assessment method for hazardous product release •

177 of accidental release • 83

Consequences from heat radiation

on people/equipment • 153 of damage-causing event • 176

Conservation models • 200 Continuous emissions

comments, on • 317 Cost benefit analysis • 326 Cost effectiveness analysis • 326 Costs

external costs • 317; 318 Cox & Carpenter model • 279 Coyote field trials • 267 CRA • See Comparative RA Cremer & W amer's studies • 81 Critical levels • 309 Critical loads • 309

concept, of • 309 dose-based model • 309 information, for • 309

CRUNCH code • 237

SUBJECT INDEX 335

Cumulative frequency • 172 Cumulative risk

defmition, of • 169

D Damage

assessment, of • 142 biological damage • 16 economic loss • 15 from explosion • 113 from fire • 113 from missiles • 158 property damage • 15 to buildings

from ground shock • 158 Damage categories

indicators, for • 319 Damage contour

for explosions • 157 Damage criterion • 156 Damage radius

according to TNO • 157 Damage type

limit values for UVCE • 158 Damages • 321

to frame structures • 157 to people/equipment • 152

DAP • See Decision aiding process DAP advanced techniques

artificial intelligence models • 328 decision conferencing • 328 decision support systems • 328 expert systems • 328 influence diagrams • 328 knowledge based decision systems • 328 neural networks • 328

DAT • See Decision aiding techniques methodology • 322 overview • 325 purpose of • 322 typical applications • 324

Data for risk quantification • 318

Databases CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS • 193 Ennes •193

Davenport's List • 80; 134 Davenport's survey • 88 Deaths

relationship for primary deaths • 127 DECARA code • 288 Decision

aiding process (DAP) • 323; 328 aiding techniques (DA1) • 321 relative costs and benefits in DAP • 323

Decision-aiding techniques cost benefit analysis • 326 cost effective analysis • 326 multi criteria outranking technique • 326 multi-attribute utility technique • 326

DEGADIS code • 223; 224; 242; 281; 285 DEGAIS code • 244 Demand frequency data • 36 DENS1 code • 264 DENS-20 code • 252 Dense gas cloud formation • 194 Dense gas dispersion

behavior, of • 195 effect of buildings & obstacles • 260 model evaluation method • 223 passive phase • 196 review of mathematical modeling

techniques • 242 review of models • 207

Dense gas dispersion modeling ground-level concentration • 89

Dense gas dispersion models • 194 3-D models • 196 Box models • 196 comparison of models • 209 for continuous release • 224 Gaussian models • 196 methodology for evaluating • 267 tabulation of models • 225; 227; 230 type, of • 196

DENZ code • 237; 238; 280; 285 Desert Tortoise field trials • 253; 267 DiDOT model• 285 Diffusion • 222 Diffusion coefficients

for neutral density gases • 90 Discharge • 317

gas or vapor discharge • 96 liquid discharge • 96 two-phase flow • 96

Discharge models • 93; 97 Discharge rate calculations

codes, for • 98 Discharge-rate calculations • 98

336

Dispersion method for estimating • 83

Dispersion modeling flat terrain • 261 for risk studies • 253 inclined ramp • 261

Dispersion models 3-D models • 197; 200 advanced box models • 196 advanced similarity • 206 advanced similarity models • 197 comparison

jet release models • 217 K-theory • 209 slab models • 211

conservation models • 197 dense gas • 221 energy conservation • 221 evaluation, of • 264 for sloping terrain • 225 Gaussian plume • 193 integral model • 220 intermediate (slab) • 200 intermediate models • 197 K-£-model • 207 K-theory • 206; 207 K-theory models • 196; 197 Lagrangian statistical • 201 Lagrangian, 3-D • 219 practical use, of • 201 predictive capabilities, of • 279 semi-empirical • 224 steady-state flow • 196 steady-state plume models • 196 top hat • 221 transient flow • 196 transient puff models • 196

Dispersion process characteristics, of • 242

DispTool code • 235 Distribution

Gaussian normal• 143 DNIOH institute • 288 Documentation center

on industrial risk • 287 DOE • 194; 275 Dose

definition, of• 143; 169 estimation at the centerline • 107 maximum • 107

SUBJECT INDEX

Dose rate defmition, of • 169

Dose-response • 146 Dry adiabatic model • 266 Dust explosions • 79

E Eagle field trials • 267 EAHAP code • 285 Effects

damage to equipment • 152 to people • 152

fatal• 168 from a failure • 96 from a leak • 96 mitigating effects • 83 mitigation, of • 162 non-fatal• 168 of blast overpressure • 125 of bum injury • 151 of concentration exposure • 143 of explosions • 155 of heat radiation • 154

on buildings • 153 on people • 151 on people/equipment • 152; 153

of overpressure • 156 on buildings • 156 on people • 159 on people/buildings • 161

of scale • 309 of thermal radiations • 150 of toxicity • 141 transboundary • 309

Effects models • 141; 155 TEM model• 147

EIA • See Environmental Impact Assessment

Eidsvik model• 241; 275; 279; 284 Electricity

spark discharge • 115 static • 115

Emergency nomograms, for use in • 240

Emergency plan defmition, of • 169

Emergency services defmition, of • 169

SUBJECT INDEX 337

Emission values method • 309 Entrainment • 220 Environmental risk • 168

indicators • 309 Environmental risk criteria • 174 Equivalent cloud mass

equation for atmospheric dispersion • 86 equation for jet dispersion • 86

Equivalent mass concept • 88 Erlangian distribution • 43 ETA

accident scenario modeling, using • 33 basic steps • 33 event tree

initial event • 33 post-accident • 33 pre-accident • 33

ETA (event tree analysis) • 33 Eulerian mesh cells • 222 Evaluation of policies • 289 Evaporating pool• 101

GASP code • 102 hand calculation method • 102 LPG impact estimation • 102 SPILLS code • 102 vaporization rate, of • 102

Event tree analysis definition, of • 170

Events•176 damage-causing • 176 frequency • 176 initiating. 176 initiating event • 14

Excess risk definition, of • 169

Explosion • 76; 124 blast parameters • 132 casualties from secondary missiles • 128 cause, of • 130 condensed phase • 126; 131 confined • 125 confmed gas • 131 confmement degree • 126 crater formation • 159 damage circles for UVCE • 157 data for calculation • 112 definitions, of • 125 dense-phase explosion • 76; 77 description,of•155 detonation • 125

distance • 127 dynamic impulse • 112 efficiency • 130 estimating the effects, of • 132 fatality relationship • 128 fatality, from • 128 flammability limits • 112 flammability range • 126 frequency, due to • 130 ground shock • 158 ignition probability • 131 impulse and duration time • 127 maximum pressure, of • 131 missiles, from • 133 of pressurized vessel• 132 of unconfmed vapor cloud • 130 overpressure • 112 primary blast deaths • 128 primary blast effects • 127 primary deaths, from • 161 probability • 134 scaling law • 126; 127 secondary blast effects • 128 secondary deaths, from • 161 shock wave • 125 shock-wave • 158 unconfmed • 125 unconfined vapor cloud • 129 vapor cloud

BLEVE•76 confmed•76 unconfined • 76

yield • 112 Explosion effect models

discussion, of • 162 Explosion models

ACMH2 code • 133 FLAX code • 133

Explosions • 75 at Bhopal (methyl-isocyanate) • 75 at Flixborough (cyclohexane) • 74 at Oppau (dense-phase, of ammonium

nitrate/sulfate) • 77 at Pemis (Shell refinery) • 77 at Westwago (dust) • 79 in Spain (propylene) • 74

Explosions in peace time estimated frequency, of • 81

Exposure definition, of • 170

338 SUBJECT INDEX

F Failure frequency • 44 Failure mode and effect analysis

definition, of • 170 Failure rate data • 36

for electronic /mechanic components • 48

Fatalities • 168 acute • 310 delayed • 310 estimate of off-site fatalities • 136

Fault tree analysis definition, of • 170 for nuclear reactor • 47

Fault tree frequencies • 42 Fault tree method • 42 Fawcett's list • 70; 81 FEM3 code • 223; 244; 274; 276; 277; 280;

281 FEM3A code • 283 FEMA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)

• 26 FHA (Fault Hazard Analysis) • 27 Field experiments

at China lake • 27 6 at China Lake, with LNG • 270 at Map lin Sands • 276 at Maplin Sands, with LNG, LPG • 270 at Porton • 270 at Shell Gadilla • 270 at Shell Maplin • 270 at Thomey Island • 270; 276 Burro 8, LNG • 272 LNG spill on land • 270 LNG spill on water • 270 results comparison • 219 review of large scale spills • 277 review, of • 208; 269; 275 with chlorine • 270 with freon • 270

Field test validation of Box-type model • 282 of CIGALE2 code • 280 of DEGADIS code • 281 of Eidsvik code • 275; 284 of enhanced Box-type model• 282 ofFEM3 cotle'• 272; 274; 277; 278; 281;

283 of HACS code • 276

ofHEGADAS code • 276; 284 of MARIAH code • 284 of MARIAH-II code • 274; 281 of MARIA-II code • 277 of SIGMET code • 272 of SIGMET-N code • 274; 277 of SLAB code • 272; 273 of TNO code • 260 of various codes • 272; 285 of ZEPHIR code • 274; 277; 284

Field trials analysis of experimental data, from • 273 comparison with model predictions •

269;283 results of tests/simulations • 271

Fire • 75 classification • 114 combustion process • 114 fireball • 123 fireball diameter • 123 fireball duration • 124 flash fire • 123 jet fire • 121 LPG jet flame • 121 probability • 134

Fire types flare fire • 75 flash fire • 7 5 table for identifying • 75 torch fire • 75

Fire-ball • 7 8 Flame

burning time • 113 thermal radiation • 113 view factor • 113

Flammability • 114 criterion • 83 limits • 106 limits, of • 114

Flash frre • 76; 113 heat radiation, from • 155

Flash point • 115 Flixborough • 159 Flothmann model • 253 Fluorine • 287 FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect analysis) •

30;31 F-N approach • 182 F-N curves • 172; 176; 182; 321 Fokker-Planck • 236

SUBJECT INDEX 339

Freon • 205; 267; 271; 276 Frequency • 320

of unconfined vapor cloud explosions • 130

Frequency categories • 51 Frequency data

by Davenport • 80 for ammonia • 81 for chlorine • 81 for explosions in peace time • 81 for propylene • 82

Froude number • 221 FfA

AND or OR gates • 43 fault tree analysis • 32 fault tree generation • 32 hazard warning tree • 37 single cause failure • 32 system states • 32 top-down procedure • 32 top-event, in • 31

FfA (Fault Tree Analysis) • 31 Fuzzy sets • 326 Fuzzy-logic • 49

operators • 53 risk assessment, with • 54

Fuzzy-set theory • 54 Fuzzy-sets • 49

cardinality, of• 53 membership-function, of • 53

G Galerkin • 244 Gas cloud

hemispherical• 106 Gas concentration

indoors • 108 outdoors • 108 time-averaged • 106

Gas concentration curves for chlorine • 105 for flammable gases • 105

Gas discharge calculation, of • 99 gas flow rate • 99 sonic flow • 99 subsonic flow • 99

Gas dispersion calculation methods • 105

coefficients • 107 dense gas • 103 description, of • 103 Gaussian models • 102 Gaussian models, use of • 106 hand calculations • 103 modeling

in sloping terrain • 285 models for neutral clouds • 102 models for positively buoyant clouds •

102 momentum •103 over flat/unobstructed terrain • 196 over variable terrain • 272 puff-release • 91 range

for butane • 106 for propane • 106

Gas dispersion modeling • 88 estimating uncertainties, in • 266 for dense gas • 90 for neutral density gas • 88 recent developments • 277

Gas dispersion models review, of • 104

Gas infiltration rate • 108 Gas release

expansion phase • 194 inside a building • 110 mechanisms, of • 194 mixed phase • 195 outside a building • 108 passive phase • 195 slumping phase • 195

Gas release scenarios for pressurized tank • 94

Gaussian model • 291 Germeles & Drake model • 240 Gifford • 103 GIS (Geographical Information System) •

23 Glass

shattering effects, of • 157 Goldfish Series field trials • 287 Gradient transfer hypothesis • 201 Gravitational slumping • 194 Gravity slumping • 91 Green's functions • 199 Group dynamics • 329

340

H H2S • 260 H2S toxicity

review, of • 286 Haber's rule • 149 HACS code • 276; 291 HACS database • 251 HACS system • 290 HAZAN (Hazard Analysis) • 28 Hazard

attenuation factor • 43 definition, of • 170 identification • 42 of explosion • 17 4 offrre •174 of storage • 174

Hazard analysis defmition, of • 170 fuzzy-logic method • 49 impacts identification • 3

check -list • 3 matrix • 3 networks • 3

impacts prediction • 3 integrated system, for • 290 ZHA method • 49

Hazard assessment computer system, review, of • 290 defmition, of • 170 for food-chain • 4

Hazard catalogue • 51 Hazard frequencies

classification, of • 50 Hazard identification • 4

comparative methods • 22 fundamental methods • 22 IAEA publications • 1 logic diagrams methods • 22 objectives, of • 6 procedure, for a HIP • 8 techniques, for • 25; 26 UNEP publications • 1 UNIDO publications • 1 using fault tree • 42 WHO publications • 1

Hazard identification techniques • 47 cause-consequence analysis • 34 checklists • 26 comparative method, for • 26

SUBJECT INDEX

Dow and Mond indices • 27 ETA analysis • 33 FHA method • 27 FMEA method • 31 guidance table on implementation, of •

46 HAZOP study • 28 human reliability analysis • 34 implementation of • 45 logic diagrams method • 31 PHA method • 27 review, of • 25 safety audit • 26 safety audit I review • 26 SHA method • 28 what if - analysis • 30

Hazard reduction measures • 65 Hazard sources • 7 Hazard structure • 42 Hazard warning

approach • 41 concept•41 failure, of • 42 probabilistic approach • 43 quantitative safety monitoring system •

42 statistical approach • 43

Hazard warning approach benefits, of • 44 practical use, of • 44

Hazardous substance definition, of • 170

HAZOP•22 guide diagram for batch processes • 36 guide words for computer based systems

• 41 guide words for procedures • 38

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) • 26;28;29 definition, of • 170

HAZOP study • 12 advantages and drawbacks • 30 benefits, of • 30 for computer based systems • 40 for micro-processor based systems • 40 of batch processes • 35 of chemical processes • 34 of computer based systems • 39 of construction activities • 39 of continuous processes • 34

SUBJECT INDEX 341

of human error • 39 of PLC-systerns • 39 of procedures • 37

guide words, for • 37 pitfalls, of • 30 potential, of • 30 responding to deviations • 38

HAZOPtearn composition, of • 41 requirements, to • 30

Health occupational• 319 public • 319

Health effects • 321 acute • 168 chronic • 310 genetic • 310 indirect • 310 long-term effects • 15

Health impacts • 286 Health risk • 168 Health risks

comparative assessment • 310 indicators • 310

Heat flux injury level • 157 Heat of combustion • 113 Heat radiation

fatality and injury levels, for • 153 from a catchment fire • 119 geometric view factor • 119

Heat radiation intensity • 151 Heat transfer • 222 Heat transfer effects • 197 Heavy gas • See Dense gas. See Dense gas Heavy metals • 16; 309 HEAVYGAS code • 207; 252 HEDAGAS code • 219 HEGABOX code • 240; 255; 261 HEGADAS code • 200; 224; 234; 242; 255;

261;276;279;281;284;285 HEGADAS-II code • 239 High velocity jet

from a refrigerated vessel • 95 HIP

activities identification • 13 basic information • 13; 14 data evaluation, for • 21 defining the scope, of • 10 estimating acute fatalities • 15 expert judgment • 22

factors influencing the scope, of • 12 general objectives, of • 8 hazard prioritization • 16 individual risk criteria • 20 information/data on fixed facilities • 13 inventory of activities • 17 key factors • 12 major accident probability

for fiXed installations • 18 major accidents

consequences to environment • 18 consequences to people • 17 monetary consequences • 18

major accidents probability for hazardous materials transportation

• 19 objectives of documentation • 23 organization of documentation • 23 plant life-cycle, of • 8 probabilistic safety criteria • 20 QRA techniques • 22 reports • 24 risk prioritization • 17 risk ranking method • 21 scenario development • 15 societal risk criteria • 20 specific objectives and use, of • 9

Holes/cracks effect, of • 95

Hot work definition, of • 170

Human reliability analysis • 34 Hydrocarbons

ignition tern perature of paraffinic HC • 115

IAEA•25 IARAMS•8 Ignition • 112; 114

data for calculation • 112 energy • 115; 116 flash-point • 112 of substances in air • 116 probability, of • 116; 134 source • 112 stoichiometry of fuel-air mixtures • 112 temperature • 115

Ignition sources • 115

342 SUBJECT INDEX

Ignition sources density • 116 Ignition sources probability • 116 llT Heavy Gas code • 240 hnpact categories • 320 Individual fatality risk

estimation, of• 175 Individual fatality risk levels • 183; 184 Individual risk • 51; 177

criteria • 173 estimation, of • 17 5

Inert gas • 114 Information

on diffusion models • 193 on toxic materials

Haber publication • 145 MHAP monographs • 145 NIOSH/OSHA publications • 145

on toxicological data • 145 RTECS-NIOSH CD-ROM • 146 TOXLINE CD-ROM • 146

Inhalation ammonia • 145 chlorine • 145

INIS • 193 Initial mixing • 91 In juries • 168 In jury risk criteria

for toxic exposure • 185 Injury risk levels • 184 Injury to people

from explosions • 159 INPUFF code • 234 Integration

of risk elements • 317; 321 Intermediate models

shallow layer models • 200 slab models • 200

J Jet fires • 7 6 Jet-plume model• 243

K K-epsilon model• 278 Kletz's list • 70; 80 Knowledge • 312 K-theory models • 196

description, of • 206

MARIAH code • 206 SIGMET code • 206 SIGMET model• 196 ZEPHIR code • 206

L Laboratory experiments • 258; 269

freon dispersion • 270 LNG dispersion • 262

Lagrangian particle dispersion models LASAT code • 223 numerical problems, of • 221

Lagrangian particle method • 222 LCso• 150 LDso• 150 Lethality. 127; 143 LFL • 271; 273 LFL (Lower Flammability Limit) • 201 Life • 310

years of lost life (YOLL) • 310 Likelihood • 5; 174 Liquefied gases

stored under pressure • 95 Liquid discharge • 99

two-phase flow • 100 Liquid flow rate • 99 Liquid spills • 101 LLNL code • 254 LNG• 103;244;262;264;271;278;282 LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) • 201 LNG dispersion

FEM3 code • 274 MARIAH II code • 274 SIGMET-N code • 274 ZEPHYR code • 274

LPG • 103; 282 LPG flash fire • 76

M Magnitude data

by Davenport • 80 Major accident

dermition, of • 170 Major disasters • 69 Major hazard incidents • 69

Cremer & Warner's studies • 70 Fawcett's list, of • 70 Kletz's list, of • 70

SUBJECT INDEX 343

list of case histories • 70 nuclear technology • 70 predictions

for ammonia • 70 for chlorine • 70

Rijnmond report • 70 vessel failures

Smith & Warwick's survey, on • 70 Wiekema's list, of • 70

Major hazard installation definition, of • 170

Maplin Sands • 267; 270; 276; 278 Maplin Sands field trials • 240; 285 MARIAH code • 206; 219; 241; 284 MARIAH ll code • 279 MARIAH-ll code • 241; 280 Markow models • 312 MARS system • 288 Materials

flammable • 75 Matthias model • 264 Measurement error • 314 MERCURE-GL code • 255 Meteorological stations • 90

ANETZ•90 MHAP monographs • 145 MicroHACS • 290 Missiles

cause, likelihood, and effects, of • 134 distance traveled, by • 134 probability, of • 134

Mitigating effects • 162 discussion, of • 163 evacuation • 162 medical treatment • 163 sheltering • 162

Model comparisons • 284 with field data

China Lake • 239 Frenchman Flats • 239 Maplin Sands • 239 Thomey Island • 239

Model parameters concentration

ground-level• 194 maximum ground-level• 194

Model review 3-D models • 200; 207 advanced turbulence • 208 atmospheric dispersion • 223

Box models • 197; 198 by Havens (1982) • 205 dense gas (H2S) • 208 dense gas dispersion • 208; 267; 277 dense gas models • 194 dense gas problems • 195 heat transfer problems • 208 model validation • 267 of two-phase jets • 256 older models • 198 shallow layer models • 200 turbulence models • 208 up to 1982 • 201

Model validation • 267 overview, of • 268 with field trials • 282

Modeling problems • 203 Models

for pollutant pathway • 308 Momentum • 195 Monte Carlo • 224 Monte-Carlo techniques • 47 Multi-attribute utility technique • 326 Multi-criteria outranking technique • 327

N N20 4 •223;244;273 Navier-Stokes • 197; 219; 241; 252; 280 Navier-Stokes equation • 200 Navier-Stokes equations • 201 Nevada field trials • 284 NFPA•21 Nikmo & Kukkonen model• 256 Nitrogen • 114; 276 Noise • 317; 319 Nomograms

for use in emergency case • 240 Non-flashing liquid flow • 100 NPSDEP model• 285 NTIS•193 Numerical models • 200

0 OB/DG code • 234; 285 OME code • 264 Ooms/DEGADIS code • 242 OSHA' (operability and support analysis) •

28

344 SUBJECT INDEX

Overpressure • 125 description of the effects, of • 155 duration time • 156 negative phase duration • 126 positive phase duration. • 125

p

PAM method • 150 Pareto distribution • 79 Particle-in-cell model • 224 Pasquill • 103; 258 Pasquill categories • 87

influence, of • 92 Pasquill category • 147 Pasquill stability classes • 89 Pasquill's formula • 88 Pathway model

for pollutants • 307 PCB •16 PC-FACTS database • 70 Peclet number • 222 Perry handbook • 158 PHA (Preliminary Hazard Analysis) • 27;

31 definition, of • 171

PHA analysis • 12 PHAST code • 285 Phosgene • 145 Pipe breaks • 95 Plant commissioning • 29 Plant operations

modes description • 29 Plume dispersion • 198 Poisson discrete distribution • 43 Poisson probability distribution • 42 Pool fire • 75; 76; 113

burning time, of • 120 calculation methods, for • 118 description, of • 118 flame size • 113 heat radiation, from • 154 point source method • 118 solid flame method • 119 thermal radiation, from • 118 volume emitter method • 119

Population risk definition, of • 169

Parton Down field trials • 273 Potential hazard index (PHI) • 16

PRA (Probabilistic Risk Assessment) • 69 Pressure vessel • 85

failure, of • 131 reliability, of • 70

Pressurized vessel explosion, of • 132

Primary blast lethality contour, for • 160

Probabilistic safety assessment IAEA safety series, on • 1

Probabilities • 143 Probability • 176; 320

density function • 108 density function (pdf) • 316 of explosion • 135 of fire/explosion • 134

assessment method • 135; 136 of ignition • 135 of ignition/explosion

estimation, of • 134 Probability theory • 312 PROBAS product register database • 288 Probit • 128

definition, of • 143 for ammonia • 143 for chlorine • 142 for phosgene • 143 transformation, of • 144

Probit equation • 113; 143; 146 constants, for • 145 for concentration exposure effects • 143 for damage to frame structures • 157 for direct blast injury effects • 159 for eardrum rupture • 159 for injury from missiles • 160 for peak overpressure • 157 for thermal radiation effects • 151 for whole body translation • 160

Probit function • 143; 146; 149; 153 Probit model

for thermal radiation • 152 PSA • See Probabilistic safety assessment PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) • 1 PSC•190

defmition of criteria • 180 PSC (Probabilistic Safety Criteria) • 167;

173 Public aversion • 173 Puff dispersion • 198

passive • 195

SUBJECT INDEX 345

Puff model• 147; 286 Puff models

for instantaneous release • 198 Puff release

instantaneous • 198

Q

QRA • 173; 188; 288 assessing the results, of • 180

QRA (Quantitative Risk Analysis) • 173 Qualitative risk

assessment criteria, for • 187

R RA • See Risk assessment. See Risk

Assessment Radiation

from a point source • 118 heat level • 15 3 solid flame method • 119 thermal radiations • 15 volume emitter method • 119

Railroad accidents with ammonia • 73

Rapid ranking method definition, of • 171

RDX explosive • 131 Release

equivalent cloud mass • 86 estimation of source term • 83 flashing flow • 85 instantaneous, from a pressure vessel •

85 Marshall's estimation method • 86 non-flashing flow • 85 slow release, from a pressure vessel • 85

Release models • See Discharge models Release rates • 97

for propane, butane • 98 Release type

dense gas, in gaseous form • 194 liquefied gas, pressurized, at ambient

temperature • 194 liquefied gas, supercooled • 194

Residential area • 185 Review

of atmospheric diffusion models • 193 of atmospheric dispersion models • 193

of dense gas dispersion modeling • 208 Reynolds' number • 268 Richardson number • 199; 205; 206; 207;

238;240;241;250;258;259;262;279 Rijnmond Report • 81 Risk

categories • 318 criteria • See Risk criteria definition, of • 171 environmental • 306 fatal risk • 17 3 from major hazard • 187 from normal operations • 168 impacts • 187; 306 mitigation, of • 189 prioritization,of•20 quantification • 318 quantification, of• 175;178 ranking

matrix approach • 309 Risk analysis

model uncertainty • 315 of individual risk • 173 of societal risk • 112 uncertainty, in • 315

Risk assessment comparative • 305

methods & tools • 320 criteria, for • 184 criteria, for qualitative RA • 187 dangerous goods

model, for • 289 OAT results • 327 OAT tools • 326 environmental impact • 3 fire and explosion • 110

methodological approach • 111 methodology • 2 of toxic gas • 106 potential use, of • 305 problematic of • 2 quantitative

elements, for • 312 results (severe accidents) • 321 setting boundaries • 306 system boundaries, for • 306

Risk categories • 168 environmental risk • 168 occupational risk • 168 public health risk • 168

346 SUBJECT INDEX

public risk • 168 Risk contour

for home destruction by explosion • 128 Risk contours • 150 Risk criteria • 168

best estimate • 189 definition of risk levels • 181 environmental• 174 for accident propagation • 189 for explosion overpressure • 187 for individual fatality • 188 for injury/damage • 157 for land use • 189 for new development • 189 for plant classification • 189 for societal risk • 188 for toxic exposure • 185 implementation, of • 188 individual risk • 172 pessimistic approach • 189 recommendations on the

implementation, of • 182 societal risk • 172 targets, for • 186 tolerable risk • 190 use of target criteria • 189

Risk definitions • 169 annual fatality rates • 17 4 avoidable risk • 187 F-N curves • 174 individual risk • 174 individual/societal risk criteria • 174 mean fatalities per event • 17 4 societal risk • 17 4

Risk indicator environmental • 309 overall • 317 single • 317

Risk level • 173 Risk levels

acceptance, of • 180 cumulative • 187 definition, of • 180 final assessment, of • 187 for accident propagation • 185 for heat radiation • 185 for individual fatality • 183 for individual risk • 173 for injury • 184 for property damage • 185

procedure for estimating • 178 societal • 182 societal fatality • 179

Risk management • 314; 323; 324 definition, of • 171

Risk matrices • 17 6; 179 Risk principle • 190 Risk profile matrix • 52 Risk quantification • 47 Risk ranking methods • 21

Dow and Mond indices o 27 fire & explosion index o 21 general process hazard index • 21 material factor index • 21 relative ranking of plant risks • 27 special process hazard index • 21 toxicity index • 21

Risk relationships derivation, of • 176

Risk significance • 48 Risk sub-criteria • 189 Risk type

involuntary risk • 167 voluntary risk o 167

RISKMOD code • 289 RUL • 310. See Utility loss

s Safeguards

assessment, of • 188 SAFEMODE system • 291 SAFEMODE tool • 290 SAFER code • 235 SAFETI code • 285 Safeti Technica • 98 Safety assurance • 187 Safety audit

definition, of • 171 Safety criteria

probabilistic • 167 Safety report

definition, of • 171 Safety team

definition, of • 171 Scaling law

for casualties • 160 Sensitivity analysis • 323; 327 Separation distance o 189 Severe accidents • 9

SUBJECT INDEX 347

SHA (System Hazard Analysis) • 28 SIGMET code • 206; 241; 272 SIGMET-N code • 280 Simulation

of experimental LNG spills • 271 of field experiments • 260 of field trials • 281

SINDIM code • 223 SLAB code • 223; 224; 235; 254; 264; 271;

273;274;278;285;286 Slab models • See Box models SLUMP code • 252 Societal fatality risk levels • 17 8

procedure for estimating • 179 Societal risk • 172; 176; 178 Societal risk curves • 183 Societal risk levels • 182 Software

AIRTOX•234 CHARM•234 EHAP•234 for dense gas modeling • 234; 235 PHAST•234 SAFETI• 234 TRACE•234 WHAZAN•234

Source term • 83 Source term estimation

for ammonia • 110 for chlorine • 110 for two-phase mixtures, inside a building

•110 simple models, for • 98

Spillage of refrigerated liquid onto land • 94 onto water • 95

Spills • 16 ammonia • 281 Burro series, LNG spill • 272 catastrophic dispersion, LNG • 272 cryogenic • 195 dense gas • 269 large-scale tests

Nevada•272 LNG • 271; 272; 273

on water • 207 on water, LNG • 273

SPILLS model • 219 Spills modeling

of hydrocarbons • 222

review, of • 219 Spreading velocity • 196 SSHA (Subsystem Hazard Analysis) • 27 Statistical analysis

of fault tree • 42 Steady plume • 198 Steam • 114 Storage mode • 194 Substances

explosive • 15 flammable • 15 toxic • 15

Superheated liquid flow • 100 Susceptibility • 141

defmition, of • 171 Sutton's formula • 88

T Target levels • 309 Target loads • 309 Technica manual• 98; 100 TEM (Toxic Effect Model) • 147 TEMmodel

description, of • 148 dose calculation • 149 dose-effects • 149 doses inside buildings • 149 gas dispersion • 148

Terrain dispersion over variable terrain • 272 sloping • 225; 285 soil roughness • 194

Thermal radiation effects • See Effects, of Thermal radiations

from fires • 75 Thomey Island • 103; 219; 261; 268; 269;

281; 283 Thomey Island field trials • 203; 207; 237;

239;240;252;253;256;257;259;260; 267;273;275;276;278;279;280;282; 285 critique of the dataset • 279

Threshold quantity • 15 defmition, of • 171

Time dependence • 311 TNO

multi-energy method for explosions • 133

TNO yellow book • 98; 103; 288

348 SUBJECT INDEX

1NO-model • 288 TNT•157

efficiency factor • 132 equivalence technique • 132 equivalent mass • 132; 133 equivalent mass concept • 88 explosions • 125 explosive • 77; 131

Tolerable risk level• 180 Top hat profile models • See Box models Torch fires • 76 Toxic effect models • 141; 147 Toxic exposure criteria • 185 Toxic load • 143

calculation, of • 145 Toxicity

definition, of • 171 lethal• 146 probabilistic approach • 142

Toxicity effects • 141 Toxicity index • 21 Toxicological criteria • 146

definition, of•147 list of publications • 146

TRACE code • 285 TRAUMA code • 243; 256 TRIO VF code • 257 Turbulence • 195; 220 Turbulence closure • 197; 201; 279; 280 Turbulent flow • 100 Turbulent spreading • 91 TUV •253

u UF6•223 Uncertainty

about concentration • 313 estimating • 312 guidelines • 314 in comparative RA • 311 in data • 311 in databases • 316 in environmental RA • 312 in models • 311 in scenarios • 311 of population exposure • 313 of release quantity • 313 of toxic release probability • 312 of toxicological response • 313

on incorporation • 313 on policy implications • 314 range, of • 315 types, of • 327

Utility loss relative (RUL) • 310

UVCE • 77; 129

v Validation • 316 Van den Brand methodology • 17 Vapor cloud radius • 91 Vapor explosion • See BLEVE Vapor explosions

BLEVE•76 Vapor fence • 264; 283 Ventilation rate • 108 Vessel failures • 93

w Weather classes

Pasquill categories • 87 What if- analysis • 30 WHAZAN code • 285 Whole-body exposure

definition, of • 172 Wiekema's list • 70; 79; 134 Wind

direction • 90 profile • 88 speed •90

Wind tunnel heat transfer effects, in • 259; 282 humidity effects • 259 model comparisons with field trials • 273 modeling • 262 modeling results • 268 models• 259 scaling • 259 scaling requirements • 222 simulation

Falcon Spill Series 1987 • 264 simulation results • 260 studies • 258 testing of scale models • 263

Wind tunnel experiments assessment, of • 278 at Warren Spring Lab. • 270

Wind tunnel modeling effect of buildings • 261

Wind tunnel simulation effects of obstacles • 265

Windfield • 224 Works management

definition, of • 172

y

YOLL • See Life

z ZEPHIR code • 206; 241; 284 ZEPHYR code • 280 ZHA

classification of risk elements • 55 classification scheme • 49 consequences • 55

SUBJECT INDEX

extended method • 52 frequencies • 55

349

frequency membership-functions • 56 fuzzy risk proflle matrix • 59 Hamming metric equation • 61 individual risk decision functions • 60 linguistic risk description • 61 overall plant risk • 54 overall risk assessment • 64 procedural steps • 50 protection level • 51 risk decision criteria set • 51 risk matrix • 58 risk preference diagram • 56 risk-preference functions • 51 single risk assessment • 54 using fuzzy-logic • 52

ZHA (ZUrich Hazard Analysis method) • 49 ZHA risk profll.e matrix

plant specific • 49

INTEGRA TED REGIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT

Vol. 1: Continuous and Non-Point Source Emissions • Air, Water, Soil

CONTENTS (VoL I)

CHAPTER 1: FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL EMISSIONS

1.1. Introduction 1.2. Identification of Continuous Emission Sources

1.2.1. GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1.2.2. INFORMATION AND LITERATURE ON EMISSION

SOURCES 1.2.3. METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE SOURCE STRENGTH 1.2.4. DATA REPORTING PROTOCOLS

1.3. Non-point Source Emissions 1.3.1. PERSPECTIVES ON NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION 1.3.2. MONITORING NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

1.4. Population and Meteorological Data 1.4.1. POPULATION AND HOUSING DATA 1.4.2. METEOROLOGICAL DATA 1.4.3. METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS AND DEFINITIONS 1.4.4. EFFECT OF THE TERRAIN COMPLEXITY

1.5. Media and Modes of Environmental Transfers 1.5.1. SELECTING PATHWAYS 1.5.2. CHEMICAL INDICATORS 1.5.3. QUANTIFICATION OF EMISSIONS

1.6. Integration of Environmental Data 1.6.1. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT 1.6.2 .. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (EIS)

Summary (Chapter 1) References (Chapter 1)

CHAPTER 2: ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELS AND METHODS

2.1. Introduction 2.2. Environmental Dispersion Models

2.2.1. GENERAL TYPES OF MODELS 2.2.2. APPLICATION RANGE OF ATMOSPHERIC MODELS 2.2.3. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION IN NUCLEAR POWER

PLANT SITING

ii CONTENTS VOL. I

2.3. Computer Codes for Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling 2.3.1. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION CODES FOR NUCLEAR

APPLICATIONS 2.3.2. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION CODES FOR INDUSTRIAL

RELEASES 2.4. An Environmental Decision Support System "Inter-CLAIR" Summary (Chapter 2) References (Chapter 2)

CHAPTER 3: MODELS AND RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

3.1. General Information on Model Types 3.1.1. RIVER MODELS. 3.1.2. LAKE MODELS 3.1.3. SUBSURFACE MODELS. 3.1.4. MODELS FOR ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOGENIC

COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS 3.1.5. FUGACITY MODELS

3.2. Risk Assessment for Groundwater Pollution Control 3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2.2. RISK ASSESSMENT METHOD 3.2.3. POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 3.2.4. QUANTIFYING EXPOSURE AND RISK FROM

GROUNDWATER 3.2.5. AQUIFER RESTORATION TECHNIQUES 3.2.6. EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR GROUNDWATER

CONTAMINATION 3.3. Groundwater Models

3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.3.2. REVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS FOR

GROUNDWATER 3.3.3. GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELS 3.3.4. GROUNDWATER TRANSPORT MODELS 3.3.5. NUMERICAL GEOCHEMICAL MODELS 3.3.6. EVALUATION AND TESTING OF GROUNDWATER

MODELS 3.4. Water Quality Assessment

3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 3.4.2. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND INDEX 3.4.3. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT ANDWASTELOAD

ALLOCATION MODELS 3.4.4. MODELS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT 3.4.5. MODELS FOR ESTIMATING NITRATE AND PHOSPHORUS

CONTAMINATION

CONTENTS VOL. I

3.4.6. MODELS DEALING WITH DEPOSffiON RATE OF TRACE POLLUTANTS

3.5. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quallty 3.5.1. RISK TO THE DRINKING-WATER IN THE CASE STUDY

AREA 3.6. Resource Prediction and Management Models 3.7. Waste Loads Management

3.7 .1. RISK-BASED DECISION MAKING REGARDING MIXED­WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

3.7.2. RISK-BASED APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM LAND-BASED WASTE DISPOSAL

3.7.3. MODELS FOR ESTIMATING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM IMISCffiLE ORGANIC CHEMICALS

3.7 .4. SITE CHARACTERIZATION PROCESS AT HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SITES

3.7.5. NETWORK SIMULATION 3.8. Commercial Software for Water Models

3.8.1. DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED CODES FROM "SCIENTIFIC SOFTWARE"

3.8.2. MODELING AND SIMULATION TOOLKITS Summary (Chapter 3) References (Chapter 3)

CHAPTER 4: MODELS AND ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND HEALTH IMPACTS

4.1. Assessment of Continuous Emissions Impacts to the Environment 4.1.1. ASSESSMENT METHODS

4.2. Environmental Exposure Assessment Methods for Chemicals 4.2.1. SOURCE ASSESSMENT METHODS 4.2.2. FATE AND PATHWAYS ASSESSMENT METHODS 4.2.3. ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR SURFACE WATER 4.2.4. ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR SOIL (GROUNDWATER) 4.2.5. ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR AIR 4.2.6. ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR MULTI-MEDIA 4.2.7. MISCELLANEOUS FATE AND PATH ASSESSMENT

METHODS 4.3. Models and Computer Based Tools for Integrated Regional Risk

Assessment 4.3.1. COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR RISKS ASSESSMENT OF

COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL AREAS AND ENERGY SYSTEMS 4.3.2. ENERGY SIMULATION MODELS 4.3.3. REVIEW OF MODELS TO ASSESS HUMAN EXPOSURE TO

CHEMICALS

iii

iv CONTENTS VOL. I

4.4. Estimates of Risks from Continuous Emissions -The Dose-Response Relationship

4.4.1. BACKGROUND 4.4.2. KINDS OF EXPOSURES: DOSE-RESPONSE IMPLICATIONS 4.4.3. KINDS OF EFFECTS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR

DOSE-RESPONSE 4.4.4. DATA SOURCES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS 4.4.5. DERIVING THE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP 4.4.6. DOSE-RESPONSE MODELS FOR TIME-DEPENDENT

DOSING 4.4.7. LEVELS OF AGGREGATION IN CONSIDERING A

POPULATION AT RISK 4.4.8. UNCERTAINTY AREAS IN QUANTITATIVE RISK

ASSESSMENT 4.4.9. GUIDANCE NOTE 4.4.10. FOOD-CHAIN MODELS

4.5. Estimates of Risks from Accidental Gas Releases 4.5.1. THEMODELARCHIE 4.5.2. SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING GAS

DISPERSION 4.6. Environmental Guidelines and Their Value to Risk Management

4.6.1. GUIDELINES FOR AIR QUALITY 4.6.2. GUIDELINES FOR WATER QUALITY 4.6.3. HEALTH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS POLLUTANTS 4.6.4. CHARACTERIZING UNCERTAINTY IN INTEGRA TED

ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS. Some Additional Comments Summary (Chapter 4) References (Chapter 4)

CHAPTER 5: TOWARDS INTEGRATED RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT AT REGIONAL LEVEL

5.1. The Potential Use of Comparative Risk Assessment 5.1.1. SETTING BOUNDARIES FOR COMPARATIVE RISK

ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR REGIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT

5.1.2. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS (IMPACTS) 5.1.3. COMPARATIVE HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1.4. UNCERTAINTIES IN COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1.5. UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL

REGIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1.6. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH RISK

ASSESSMENT IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL AREAS

CONTENTS VOL. I

5.1.7. INTEGRATION OF TilE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF RISK AND TilE ROLE OF COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT

5.2. Some Methodological Issues in CRA for Severe Accidents 5.2.1. METHODS AND TOOLS OF COMPARATIVE RISK

ASSESSMENT FOR SEVERE ACCIDENTS 5.3. Basic Aspects in Decision Aiding Techniques

5.3.1. OVERVIEW OF DECISION AIDING TECHNIQUES 5.3.2. DECISION AIDING TECHNIQUES IN USE FOR

INTEGRATED RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTFORLARGEANDCOMPLEX INDUSTRIAL AREAS

5.3.3. SENSffiVITY ANALYSIS 5.3.4. PRESENTATION OF TilE RESULTS FROM APPLYING A

DECISION AIDING TECHNIQUE 5.3.5. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR DAP

Summary (Chapter 5) References (Chapter 5)

APPENDIX A: COMPILATION OF U.S. EMISSION FACTORS

APPENDIX B: SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

a) Emission From an Elevated Continuous Point Source b) Emission from Elevated Instantaneous Point Sources (Puff)

APPENDIX C: ADDITIONAL GRAPHS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE DIFFUSION PARAMETERS (avand az)

v

Environmental Science and Technology Library

1. A. Caetano, M.N. De Pinho, E. Drioli and H. Muntau (eds.), Membrane Technology: Applications to Industrial Wastewater Treatment. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3209-1 2. Z. Zlatev: Computer Treatment of Large Air Pollution Models. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3328-4 3. J. Lemons and D.A. Brown (eds.): Sustainable Development: Science, Ethics,

and Public Policy. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3500-7 4. A.V. Gheorghe and M. Nicolet-Monnier: Integrated Regional Risk Assess­

ment. Volume 1: Continuous and Non-Point Source Emissions: Air, Water, Soil. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3717-4 Volume II: Consequence Assessment of Accidental Releases. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3718-2 Set: ISBN 0-7923-3719-0

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